Court of Appeals of Texas January 2021 casesIn re T.J.In re Sim-Meds, Inc.Elizalde v. RamirezShamim v. Lending Partners Rodriguez v. StateDeLaGarza v. U.S. Bank Tr. N.A.Davis v. COG Operating, LLCMoreno v. StateT. L. v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs.Walgreen Co. v. GarrisonGarza v. StateIn re C.W.M.P.In re Pronto Gen. Agency, Ltd.LRF1 Dall. Logistics 1 LLC v. City of CarrolltonCity of Carrollton v. 1533 Crescent LLCMitchell-Gray v. Mountain Creek View AptsAtlas Towing & Storage, LLC v. Otr Leasing, LLCSosa v. StateWilliams v. Guadalupe-Blanco River Auth.Jones v. StateJones v. StateWarnken v. StateGarnes v. McAfeeIn re X.J.R.F 1 Constr., Inc. v. BanzVeliz v. StateEllis v. Dall. Area Rapid TransitBryant v. Brazos Kidney Disease Ctr.Gabriel v. OutlawMcCormick v. Egan Nelson, LLPHolguin v. StateO'Dell v. StateNettles v. StateIn re D. I. R.Reclaim Constr., LLC v. LopezMcDonald v. StateSoria v. StateIn re StoneBattle v. BattleFrost Bank v. DavisIn re KNL Transp., Inc.Edwards v. Boxer Prop. Mgmt.Strata Tr. Co. v. J & L Owens, Series, LLCBoerne to Bergheim Coal. for Clean Env't v. Tex. Comm'n on Envtl. QualityKing v. StateWoodland Nursing Operations, LLC v. VaughnMinor v. Diverse Facility Sols.Teerachai Supakorndej v. Shang XuIn re HajyounesNewding v. LambertIn re BuntIn re G.E.D.Cobbin v. StateRobins v. ClinkenbeardEx parte LowryGreer v. StateGrynberg v. Rodeo Res., L.P.Haley v. Wilmington Sav. Fund Soc'y, FSBIn re Loomis Armored US, LLCIn re Health Care Servs.In re ColeIn re L.M.H.Pasanisi v. VanhamIn re Teerachai SupakorndejIn re D.J.S.Sanchez v. Doctor's Hosp. at Renaissance, Ltd.Phipps v. StateIn re Tex. Christian Univ.In re MarshallBoon-Chapman, Soluta Health, Inc. v. PattersonIn re R.M.In re K.J.Aguilar v. Wells Fargo Bank State v. WetzPrestonwood Tradition, LP v. SolomonCaston v. StateIn re K.I.Vaughn v. StateCity of Del Rio v. ArredondoIn re A.R.M.Hunter-Kelsey of Tex., LLC v. BAPA Brooklyn 2004, LLCMartinez v. StateO'Dell v. StateIn re KehoePetton v. StateAGL Constructors v. PTG-HDR JVRenfro Indus. v. RojasNewman v. StateStory v. StateWilkins v. StateGuyaux v. Walnut Springs Homeowners Ass'nSmith v. StateLandzone, Inc. v. KeatonIn re E.M.P.Joseph v. JosephCastle Dental Assocs. of Tex. v. JacksonAleman v. Gyro Plus LLCIn re MaloneIn re Dolgencorp of Tex.W. Tex. J&G Mgmt. v. Citizens Nat'l Bank of Tex.Paniagua v. Weekley Homes, LLCRainey v. State1776 Energy Partners, LLC v. Marathon Oil EF, LLCSilva v. DiazRoyal Express, Inc. v. AlonsoPesina v. StateMixon v. StateIn re Estate of WiatrekReclaim Constr., LLC v. LopezIn re A.R.Brittain v. StateIn re A.S. M.Scudday v. KingSegundo Navarro Drilling, Ltd. v. Juan Salinas Ranch, Ltd.First Cash Ltd. v. JonesBarua v. Mabank Indep. Sch. Dist.Gateway Diagnostic Imaging, LLC v. RatnasabapathyIn re J.R.H.Garcia v. StateReyna v. StatePenick v. StateIn re L.P.Payton v. StateFreeman v. JohnsonIn re LohrsNomarco v. DennyState v. GuajardoDracos v. StateChambers Cnty. v. Pelco Constr. Co.Sermeno v. StateClayton Woods Homeowners Ass'n v. Cweren Law Firm PLLCT. A. W. v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs.Foreman v. ForemanIn re MorganKennard Law, PC v. CliffordLopez v. StateJohnson v. Wells Fargo Bank McIntyre v. StateIn re ArpSturgis v. StatePermit Partners v. SauerIn re L.W.Garcia v. StateCravens v. Alisam Enters.Hegar v. Zertuche Constr., LLCOrtiz v. Nat'l City Home Loan Servs.Ken Leong Chong v. StateClayton Woods Homeowners Ass'n v. Cweren Law Firm PLLCLehman v. LehmanIn re ColeIn re Benchmark Filing & Shelving Sys., Inc.Hippe v. StateArriaga v. ArriagaRhone v. City of Texas CityMiller v. Green Bank Port Arthur Steam Energy, L.P. v. Oxbow Calcining LLCApache Commodities Grp. v. Accuworx Envtl. Inc.Taylor Morrison of Tex., Inc. v. HaAttip Grp. v. City of FulshearDavis v. StateWilliams v. StateOrtega v. BlancoGhose v. StateSanders v. StateLopez v. CavazosIn re BenavidesUhr v. StateMiddleton v. Templeton Mortg. Corp.Perez v. StateOrtiz v. LeinartHelpful Comput. Guy, LLC v. WhippleLSC Towers, LLC v. LG Preston Campbell, LLCChavez v. ChavezWeatherly v. StateWeatherly v. StateIn re C.K.In re J.L.In re LuevanoParker v. ParkerChaney v. ChaneyEx parte CarterFive Star Glob., LLC v. HulmeMorgan v. StateIn re Estate of PowellGreen v. Grimes Cent. Appraisal Dist.Eaglin v. PurcellDresner v. StateIn re Guardianship of ThomsonIn re Dolgencorp of Texas Inc.Yezak v. Riley (In re Yezak)McClary v. Harvest Fuels, LLCDaniels v. StateCortez v. ChapaIn re C.A.J.State v. JohnsonBolinger v. StateIn re RodriguezIn re V.S.Tamborello v. Town of Highland ParkInfo. Servs. Grp. v. VollbrachtVeritek LLC v. TBI Constr. Servs. Trunorth Warranty Plans of N. Am., LLC v. KKC Trucking, LLCGalvan v. Amistad Grp. Avalos v. StateAzhar v. ChoudhriCampbell v. StateA.F. v. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs.In re DeleonIn re WarrenEggemeyer v. HughesIn re DavenportAm. Med. Home Health Servs. v. Legacy Home Health Agency, Inc.City of Laredo v. SanchezCantu v. StateRetail Servs. Wis Corp. v. CrossMark, Inc.Williamson v. StateWaid v. Target Corp.McNeal v. StateEstelle v. StateState v. TigheCarbajal v. StateCastighanie v. StateWoolard v. StateEx parte JonesIn re M.O.Ki Jun Jang v. UM Inv'r Co.In re T.E.C.Johnson-Williams v. Idlewilde ApartmentsQuesada-Diaz v. StateBleimeyer v. StateIn re Marriage of CarbajalNath v. Tex. Children's Hosp.Dosenovich v. CassidyElizardi v. Sw. Constr.In re Dolgencorp of Tex.In re Marriage of HallaIn re MarshallAm. TV/Elec., Inc. v. TrevinoMagellan Terminal Holdings v. VargasIn re M. B.White Star Pump Co. v. Alpha Hunter Drilling, LLCIn re LovettTristan v. StateRoot v. StateEx parte McManusGriffin v. StateWilliams v. LaderaAnderson Remodeling & Constr., LLC v. SmithIn re HarrellRice v. WoodRandle v. StateMartinez v. StateSoto v. StateKolobotos v. City of DallasIn re Office of Attorney Gen.Ex parte KingBenavides v. AlexanderGuerra v. GuerraDesio v. Del BosqueIn re N.N.C.State v. ArmstrongBDTP, LLC v. United Structures of Am., Inc.Pesina v. StateIn re T. A.-K.Bodden v. StateBank of Am. v. GroffGutman v. De GiulioTHF Hous. Mgmt. Corp. v. GideonSeiler v. SeilerIn re TijerinaMitchell v. StateFisher v. StateDesio v. Del BosqueEx parte DokeEx parte D.R.Arellano v. StateGutierrez v. StateLambert v. Sw. Tex. Jr. Coll.In re BlackwellGray v. StateBlair v. BlairAm. Med. Home Health Servs. v. Legacy Home Health Agency, Inc.Qiong-Ying Chang v. Qingha Julia LiuIn re San Antonio Enters.Grounds v. First Groundrock Royalties, LLCIn re Daico Supply Co.Lee v. StateIn re SolanskyIn re ParedesIn re A.M.M.Eaden v. StateHarrison v. StateIn re D.B.S.Paving v. For The Fence Of It, LLCRice v. CollierMatra Petroleum U.S., Inc. v. LenskiySiegfried v. RahderIn re Spinal Techs.In re Guardianship of ThomsonLares v. StateIn re BradleyMcHenry v. StateDurrani v. AyalaThetford v. StateJones v. StateIn re ShamdeenDreien Opportunity Partners v. Och-Ziff Capital Invs.Youth Young Adult Fellowship All. v. StateAlpha Sec., LLC v. City of FredericksburgChermack v. Nationstar Mortg. Rancho Viejo Cattle Co. v. ANB Cattle Co.Williams v. StateIn re S.W.Renfro Indus. v. RojasHernandez v. StateIn re A.P.N.Roberts v. Colony Ins. Co.Davidson v. DavidsonJohnson v. Harris Cnty. Dist. Attorney's OfficeLoad Trail, LLC v. JulianBerkley v. Regal Crossing ApartmentsIn re D.B.S.Imc Capital, LLC v. Ascentium Capital, LLCHairston v. HairstonEzell v. CrawleyIn re E.G.B.In re K.K.B.In re T.R.Cahill v. Jones-CahillPatel v. StateIn re Nestle Waters N. Am., Inc.Am. Lanes Corp v. DouglasHotze v. HidalgoIn re BernsenIn re MitchellShive v. StinsonSmith v. StatePacas v. StateGonzalez-Leyva v. StateLopez v. StateAbarca v. StateLaw Office of Dennis Hunsberger PLLC v. Physician Life Care Planning, LLCMelchor v. StateCity of San Antonio v. Campbellton Rd., Ltd.In re C.T.C.Guidry v. GuidryIn re ScottNguyen v. Summit Residential Servs.Upton v. UptonShelby v. StateIn re JacksonCrawford v. Prof'l Black Belt Ass'nRetail Servs. Wis Corp. v. CrossMark, Inc.Strickland v. TownhomesOhio Gravy Biscuit, Inc. v. NRZIn re BudriBattle v. BattleVillasana v. StateIn re TruverCSL S Longview, LLC v. Walling ex rel. WallingRhone v. StateState v. ThomasIn re B.J.J.T.In re J.M.E.Weeks Marine, Inc. v. CarlosEx parte RushMcClinton v. StateFettner v. Daniel Jackson & Assocs. Hammer v. StateIn re LesikarGorman v. Westech Capital Corp.Andrews v. Giering Invs.Sealy Emergency Room, L.L.C. v. DhingraPODS Enters. v. World Trade Distribution, Inc.Dudley v. StateTomlinson v. StateM. D. v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs.DeHoyos v. StateIn re Z.Q.Kendrick v. StateDurst v. StateThompson v. StateIn re B.C.A.Chen v. Razberi Techs.Vasquez v. Kapsen Dev. Grp.In re L.B.M.In re D.O.R.In re A.C.D.In re J.A.A.Popeye's La. Kitchen, Inc. v. McBrideBabauta v. JenningsGuerrero v. StateEdinburg Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. AyalaIn re Hous. An U.S., LLCRobins v. ClinkenbeardSmith v. SmithIn re S.D.In re J. C.Deltoro v. StateFlores v. StateIn re W.J.In re PadillaDaniels v. Radley Staffing, LLCCook v. StateIn re Najma VenturesIn re D.L.Sermon v. HernandezGonzalez v. Durango Midrise, LPR&S Grp. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co.McCutcheon v. StatePesina v. StateEvans v. StateGabriel v. OutlawIn re NCS Multistage, LLCMurnane v. StateLopez v. Guiding Light, LLCMartinez v. MoralesSanchez v. StateBuilder Recovery Servs. v. Town of WestlakeIn re San Miguel Elec. Coop., Inc.In re MckinneyGuadiana v. StateIn re DupuyIn re M.H.A.Flores v. Bank of Am. Hernandez v. FoosCity of Houston v. HusseinDiaz v. StateAm. Bureau of Shipping v. Typhoon Offshore, S.A.P.I. de C.V.In re PurvisIn re ShullawMidkiff v. Galveston Hous. Auth.Olvera-Munoz v. StateGroening v. StateOsifo v. StateFoster v. LandwehrBosarge v. Aster Sec. (US), LPIn re PorterMoore v. SpiveyEnriquez v. MorsyIn re MarquezIn re McGuireSingh v. GillPorter v. StateEx parte JohnsonAm. Med. Home Health Servs. v. Legacy Home Health Agency, Inc.Chargualaf v. StatePower v. PowerIn re M.A.G.Gomez v. SaniHarris v. StateIn re WileySanchez v. City of SnyderSpurlock v. StateIn re A.S.H.Totalgen Servs. v. Thomassen Amcot Int'l, LLCEagle Supply & Mfg. L.P. v. Landmark Am. Ins. Co.In re N.P.Sayles v. Senior Care Res., Inc.In re J.F.Smith v. StateRachal v. Deutsche BankIn re DavisSheppard v. Wichita Cnty. Dist. Attorney's OfficeCincinnati Ins. Co. v. VillanuevaPhelan v. Walnut Hill Physicians' Hosp., LLCFive Star Glob. v. HulmeIn re A.H.In re T.R.In re Office of Attorney Gen.In re WorleyIn re BenavidesRandle v. StateIn re SolanskyState ex. rel. Durden v. AlvaradoSelvage v. StateIn re J.A.CGil v. StateIn re B.C.Gutierrez v. GutierrezMunoz v. StateStrathopolous v. ArmstrongOchs v. Dallas Cnty.First Cash Ltd. v. JonesTerry v. IncencioIn re BrownIn re B.N.L.In re F.B.C.L.In re J.V.O.In re J.D.In re M.L.U.In re A.M.W.Ex parte JohnsonEx parte M.A.S.Kuhns v. StateLarkins v. LarkinsGreen Valley Place Cmty. Improvement Ass'n v. DeshazorMarichal v. FowlerHV, LLC v. JuarezIn re Port Isabel Logistical Offshore Terminal, Inc.In re State ex rel. OggChehab v. BBVA U.S.Jeffer v. StateWashington v. StateGonzalez v. StateFrazier v. StateParker v. JordanSelf v. W. Cedar Creek Mun. Util. Dist.Kelley v. StateProgressive Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co. v. McCormackTarrant Cnty. Coll. Dist. v. SimsPrestonwood Tradition, LP v. KerrMarx v. Love-MarxSLF IV-Euless Riverwalk JV, L.P. v. City of EulessIn re A.H.Minter v. StateWeeks Marine, Inc. v. CarlosIn re M.G.Ex parte LeachmanRover Pipeline LLC v. Chapman Corp.Sanchez v. MontalvoCooper & Scully, P.C. v. KlevenhagenTorres v. OrozcoIn re D.L.Alvarado v. CruzHarris Cnty. Fresh Water Supply Dist. No. 61 v. Magellan Pipeline Co.McGinnis v. StatePopoola v. Wells Fargo Bank City of Dall. v. Trinity E. Energy, LLCMassey v. NASA Fed. Credit UnionFreeman v. JohnsonJohnson v. Powell-JohnsonVasquez v. StateM. D. v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs.Parra v. StateHernandez v. HabetIn re Hyundam Indus. In re RakesHjella v. Red McCombs Motors, Ltd.Healy v. BarronIn re S.V.In re M.L.Metro. Transit Auth. of Harris Cnty. v. Carr1 Fox 2 Prods., LLC v. Mercedes-Benz U.S., LLCQuiroz v. StateIn re EvansDotson v. StateTex. Dep't of Motor Vehicles v. BustillosLayton v. Lavaca Cnty.Davis v. StateReed v. StatePrestonwood Tradition, LP v. ReppCirrus Design Corp. v. BerraLeonhart v. StateSpencer v. StateIn re KneupperIn re WorleyHjella v. Red McCombs Motors, Ltd.In re DalrymplePlanet Home Lending, LLC v. NunnJackson v. StateIn re K.M.Sosa v. StateIn re BartonTrevino v. StateIn re Commitment PalmerSimmons v. StateIn re Tex. Transeastern, Inc.Dufour v. StateWilliams v. StateAudi Aktiengesellschaft v. StateGuangcun Huang v. Linman ChangPrestonwood Tradition, LP v. JenningsSquare 9 Softworks Inc. v. Sips Consults Corp.Brito v. StateSimpson v. Oaks on Montfort Condo. Ass'nIn re Cordish Co.Lakepointe Pharmacy #2, LLC v. Forney Deerval, LLCLujan v. Navistar, Inc.Rachal v. Deutsche Bank In re E.A.C.In re BenavidesCity of San Antonio v. San Antonio Park Police Officers Ass'nFagin v. Inwood Nat'l BankEx parte McCaigKebodeaux v. KebodeauxMena v. GarcesIn re FortenberryIn re J. McDonald Co.In re Cross Integrated Transp., LLCSimmons v. Midland FundingHernandez v. DuranIn re D'Spain Constr. L.L.C.Grisaffi v. Rocky Mountain High Brands, Inc.In re BakerIn re 4X Indus.In re Guardianship of ThomsonDi Angelo Publ'ns, Inc. v. KellyIn re GonzalezIn re M.P.Castillo v. StateAintabi v. WuWildman v. StateKern v. Stone Moves, Inc.Brann v. GuimaraesChehab v. BBVA U.S.In re Estate of CasasIn re K.J.R.Opus Ae Grp. v. AKF Grp.Doe v. Hurst-Euless-Bedford Indep. Sch. Dist.In re G.L.H.Merlo v. LopezVargas v. StateKossie v. StateGRCDallasHomes LLC v. CaldwellGutierrez v. StateIn re LewisMora v. WineUnited Healthcare of Tex., Inc. v. Low-T Physicians Serv. San Augustine Cnty. Appraisal Dist. v. ChambersIn re Blue Contours, LLCFrancois v. CampbellBrewer v. FountainLand-Air Med. Transp., Inc. v. Concord EMS, Inc.Wolf v. City of Port ArthurIn re FierroIn re EspinozaShelby v. ForestIn re Estate of AldreteHodges v. HodgesTerry v. StateIn re Marriage of AguilarIn re J.I.P.Hawkins v. JenkinsShah v. BecerraIn re G.E.T.Minnis v. StateCardoso-Reyna v. StateSwinney v. StateKerrville Lodging LLC v. Great Am. Ins. Grp.Moore v. Bridges on TravisHicks v. StateBuzbee v. CanalesIn re J.M.R.Lyons v. StatePetroChoice Holdings v. PearceW. Mktg., Inc. v. AEG Petroleum, LLCIn re K.J.R.In re CrockerUnited Servs. Auto. Ass'n v. BentDuffey v. DuffeyIn re Ranch on Potranco, LLCCity of Houston v. HusseinRepsol Oil & Gas U.S., LLC v. Matrix Petroleum, LLCState ex rel. OggEx parte FrankCoronado v. StateIn re S.N.R.T.Good v. Accela Capital Servs. In re Cesar Ornelas, PLLCBlaydes v. StateDiana Convenience, LLC v. Dollar Atm, LLCCampbell v. PecinaIn re GonzalezSolis v. AlmonaciSoo v. PlettaHall v. StateHays v. StateCortez v. StateJones v. Frisco Fertility Ctr., PLLCBlankinship v. StateWalker v. WalkerJohnson v. StateLuna v. StateIn re AlvarezIn re BerryJ.I.G. v. StatePoppingFun, Inc. v. Integracion de Marcas, S.A. de C.V.Echavarria v. StateIn re N.N.R.In re HoltIn re C.B.Munguia v. Justrod, Inc.In re B.F.H-J.Qutiefan v. SafiGilder v. BoykinIn re MayesBravo v. Parkhollow Place Prop. Owners Ass'nIn re HoltIn re Staten Island Marine Dev., LLCO'Dell v. StateReel v. StateSmith v. StateDominguez v. StateIn re C.C.In re M.D.C.Jackson v. CaveHinton v. StateCastilleja v. StatePahuja v. Dimensional Stone Grp.Butler v. StateWynne v. MilliganRolled Steel Frame Mfg., Inc. v. FC Marketplace, LLCGonzalez v. JohnsonJohnson v. StateEx parte ScottIn re G.S.C.Salmeron v. Santa-CruzIn re PetersonLubbock Cnty. v. ReynaMarshall v. MarshallFoster v. Infotree Invs. & Mgmt.Ex parte OrdonezAllen v. StateJacquez v. VHS San Antonio Partners Warren v. StateJ.A.B. v. C.N.B.Kocaoglan v. Law Office of Chris Sanchez, P.C.Velasco v. NoeIn re Tex. TransEastern, Inc.Chehab v. BbvausaHarris Cnty. v. CoatsBolin v. BolinDiaz v. StateSorrow v. Harris Cnty. SheriffPeters v. StateAllen v. Bridgecrest Acceptance Corp.Montemayor v. Tex. Dep't of Ins.Kelly v. KellyK. T. v. Tex. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs.Hernandez v. StateState ex. rel. Durden v. ShahanPrice v. StateCagle v. CuellarTaylor v. StateMunoz v. StateIn re R & R Exteriors LLCMoore v. ThomasIn re BruniWaid v. Target Corp.In re V.S.In re A.L.Simmons v. Midland Funding, LLCIn re DeRuiter Ranch, LLCWije v. BurnsIn re Estate of WiatrekMcClellan v. StateWatkins v. StateIn re Allstate Fire & Cas. Ins. Co.Martin v. HigginsonKebodeaux v. KebodeauxAlexander v. StateFontaine v. MaseratiIn re J.N.Ahmad v. Bluffview Greens Homeowners Ass'nIn re CavettParviz-Khyavi v. StateStrathopolous v. ArmstrongAngulovillalta v. StateIn re M.L.U.Rodriguez v. StateLa Fuente v. BeatoCooper v. StateIn re StateIn re J.I.P.Harris v. MJay Inv'rs. Medina v. StateVillejo Enters. v. C.R. Cox, IncIn re Z.U.L.Dowdy v. Progressive Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co.Arceneaux v. GEICO Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co.In re A.M.W.Young v. Surplus Sales & Auction Co.Robins v. Comm'n for Lawyer DisciplineIn re Enven Energy Corp.BBA Aviation U.S., Inc. v. SunWest Aero, LLCPrestonwood Tradition, LP v. TanneryIn re J.C.In re All. Mach. & Specialties, Inc.Fiesta Mart, L.L.C. v. Goose Cap Enters. Chehab v. BBVA Compass Bancshares, Inc.Flores v. StateWilliams Hart Boundas & Easterby, LLP v. KherkherWesfar Apartments, L.L.C. v. Davila Constr., Inc.In re Office of Attorney Gen.Garcia v. StateO'Neal v. DaleIn re K.S.Dehorney v. TalleyIn re E. S.In re ReeceFlorence v. StateThanh Huu Nguyen v. KesslerRico v. Harris Cnty. Mun. Util. Dist. No. 540In re CruzIn re Nestle Waters N. Am., Inc.Tex. Gen. Land Office v. City of HoustonAktiengesellschaft v. StateAkwa-Diallo v. City of GarlandGregory v. StateCity of Laredo v. SanchezPorterfield v. Deutsche Bank Brown v. StateCaggiano-Boer v. MillerMedina v. StatePina v. Sun Loans, Inc.Howell Crane & Rigging, Inc. v. WammackIn re E.K.Donovan v. SilvaHarris v. StateArndt v. StateDovenmuehle Mortg. v. LabradoIn re N.K.R.M.Gary & Theresa Poenisch Family LP v. TMH Land Servs.Porter v. PorterIn re RojasWooten v. Nw. Mut. Life Ins. Co.I-90 Cold Storage, Inc. v. Stellar Restoration Servs.Ex parte CastilleGarcia v. StateRunnels v. StateMetro. Transit Auth. v. CarterIn re J.A.V.
