Opinion
No. 37780-6-III
10-12-2021
STATE of Washington, Respondent, v. Kevin P. EHLERT, Appellant.
Andrea Burkhart, Two Arrows, PLLC, 8220 W Gage Blvd. #789, Kennewick, WA, for Appellant. Larry D. Steinmetz, Joseph Timothy Edwards, Gretchen Eileen Verhoef, Spokane County Prosecutor's Office, 1100 W Mallon Ave., Spokane, WA, fro Respondent.
Andrea Burkhart, Two Arrows, PLLC, 8220 W Gage Blvd. #789, Kennewick, WA, for Appellant.
Larry D. Steinmetz, Joseph Timothy Edwards, Gretchen Eileen Verhoef, Spokane County Prosecutor's Office, 1100 W Mallon Ave., Spokane, WA, fro Respondent.
PUBLISHED OPINION
Lawrence-Berrey, J. ¶1 Under RCW 9.94A.660(1), an offender is eligible for a drug offender sentencing alternative (DOSA) if they meet seven conditions. One condition requires the offender to not have "received" a DOSA more than once in the prior 10 years before the current offense. RCW 9.94A.660(1)(g).
¶2 Four years before Kevin Ehlert's current offense, a court imposed two DOSA sentences on separate days but ordered that they be served concurrently. The question presented is whether a person "receives" a DOSA at sentencing or whether a person "receives" a DOSA through a course of treatment and rehabilitation. We hold that a person "receives" a DOSA through a course of treatment and conclude that Ehlert's prior concurrent sentences do not render him ineligible for a DOSA. We remand for the trial court to decide whether to grant Ehlert a DOSA.
FACTS
Prior DOSA sentences
¶3 In 2016, Ehlert was terminated from drug court on several charges unrelated to the current offenses. The charges were tried in two bench trials. Both trials resulted in guilty verdicts. Separate DOSA sentences were entered within weeks of each other. The resulting sentences were expressly made to run concurrent with each other. Ehlert successfully completed his DOSA in early June 2020.
Current offenses
¶4 On June 17, 2020, police responded to a reported burglary at a Fred Meyer store in Spokane Valley, Washington. Surveillance footage showed a man driving a silver minivan pull up near the garden center, cut a padlock with bolt cutters, enter the gate, and remove several pieces of store merchandise. The store's loss prevention officer recognized Ehlert and his distinctively damaged silver minivan from previous investigations.
¶5 Police arrested Ehlert later that day while he was driving the minivan. The missing merchandise was not in the van. During a search incident to arrest, police discovered under one-half of a gram of methamphetamine in Ehlert's front pocket.
¶6 The State charged Ehlert by amended information with second degree burglary (count 1), third degree malicious mischief (count 2), second degree retail theft with special circumstances (count 3), and possession of a controlled substance (count 4). A jury found Ehlert guilty as charged.
Sentencing on current offenses
¶7 Ehlert requested a prison-based DOSA with all convictions running concurrent with one another. The State opposed the request, contending Ehlert was ineligible under the DOSA statute because he had two prior DOSA sentences. Ehlert responded that because the two DOSA sentences were the subject of only one course of treatment, they should count as only one DOSA sentence for eligibility purposes. The court remarked that a DOSA would be appropriate for Ehlert but concluded that the statute removed its discretion. The court accordingly imposed a standard range concurrent sentence.
¶8 Ehlert timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
DOSA ELIGIBILITY
¶9 Ehlert contends the sentencing court erred in interpreting RCW 9.94A.660 to preclude his eligibility for a prison-based DOSA sentence. We agree.
¶10 The DOSA statute authorizes a court to impose an alternative sentence, including substance abuse treatment and rehabilitation incentives, when this would be in the best interests of the defendant and the community. State v. Grayson , 154 Wash.2d 333, 343, 111 P.3d 1183 (2005). The DOSA program is part of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW, the purposes of which include protecting the public and offering offenders the opportunity to improve themselves. See RCW 9.94A.010. Under a DOSA sentence, the offender serves one-half of the standard range sentence in prison and the remaining one-half of the sentence in the community with supervised treatment. Grayson , 154 Wash.2d at 337-38, 111 P.3d 1183. A DOSA sentence may be revoked for noncompliance. State v. Van Noy , 3 Wash. App. 2d 494, 498, 416 P.3d 751 (2018). Accordingly, DOSA participants have significant incentive to comply with conditions because failure to do so results in them serving the remainder of their sentence in prison. RCW 9.94A.660(2) ; Grayson , 154 Wash.2d at 337-38, 111 P.3d 1183.
¶11 To be eligible for a DOSA sentence, offenders must meet seven conditions. See former RCW 9.94A.660(1)(a)-(g) (2019). The condition at issue requires "[t]he offender has not received a drug offender sentencing alternative more than once in the prior ten years before the current offense." RCW 9.94A.660(1)(g).
(a) The offender is convicted of a felony that is not a violent offense or sex offense and the violation does not involve a sentence enhancement under RCW 9.94A.533(3) or (4) ;
(b) The offender is convicted of a felony that is not a felony driving while under the influence ... ;
(c) The offender has no current or prior convictions for a sex offense ... ;
(d) For a violation of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act ..., the offense involved only a small quantity of the particular controlled substance as determined by the judge ... ;
(e) The offender has not been found by the United States attorney general to be subject to a deportation detainer or order ... ;
....
(g) The offender has not received a drug offender sentencing alternative more than once in the prior ten years before the current offense.
¶12 The meaning of a statute is a question of law that we review de novo. State v. Wooten , 178 Wash.2d 890, 895, 312 P.3d 41 (2013). When engaging in statutory interpretation, our goal is to ascertain the legislature's intent. State v. Yancey , 193 Wash.2d 26, 30, 434 P.3d 518 (2019). "The surest indication of legislative intent is the language enacted by the legislature, so if the meaning of a statute is plain on its face, we ‘give effect to that plain meaning.’ " State v. Ervin , 169 Wash.2d 815, 820, 239 P.3d 354 (2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Dep't of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC , 146 Wash.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002) ). Plain meaning may be discerned "by considering the text of the provision in question, the context of the statute in which the provision is found, related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole." State v. Dennis , 191 Wash.2d 169, 172-73, 421 P.3d 944 (2018). If there is more than one reasonable interpretation of the plain language, then the statute is ambiguous and we may turn to other interpretive aids, including relevant case law. Id. at 173, 421 P.3d 944 ; Campbell & Gwinn , 146 Wash.2d at 12, 43 P.3d 4.
¶13 The parties focus on the meaning of "received" in RCW 9.94A.660(1)(g). The term is not defined in the statute so we consider its common and ordinary meaning. HomeStreet, Inc. v. Dep't of Revenue , 166 Wash.2d 444, 451, 210 P.3d 297 (2009). We may look to the dictionary to determine this meaning. Id. "Received" is defined as "to take in or accept" and "to be the subject of : UNDERGO, EXPERIENCE ." MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY AND THESAURUS 670 (2007).
¶14 The plain language of the statute is susceptible to two reasonable interpretations. One is the State's interpretation: an offender receives—takes or accepts—a DOSA each time they are given a DOSA sentence. That would disqualify Ehlert from a DOSA because he received two DOSA sentences. The other is Ehlert's interpretation: an offender receives—undergoes or experiences—a DOSA each time they receive a course of treatment. This would not disqualify Ehlert from a DOSA because his prior concurrent DOSA sentences caused him to undergo or experience only one course of treatment. We conclude the subsection is ambiguous, so we must go beyond the statute's language to determine the legislature's intent.
¶15 Both Ehlert and the State direct us to the court's analysis of the legislative intent in Van Noy . There, the defendant committed several crimes in Pierce, King, and Snohomish Counties. 3 Wash. App. 2d at 495, 416 P.3d 751. Prior to sentencing on the Snohomish County charge, King County sentenced the defendant to a DOSA to be served concurrent with the Pierce County DOSA. Id. at 496, 416 P.3d 751. The Snohomish County court determined that the prior concurrent sentences disqualified the defendant from a DOSA sentence. Id. The defendant appealed. Id. at 497, 416 P.3d 751.
¶16 The Van Noy court did not construe the word "received" in reaching its decision. Rather, it construed the last four words in RCW 9.94A.660(1)(g) —"before the current offense." Id. at 498, 416 P.3d 751. The Van Noy court held that "before the current offense" means before the offender committed the current offense. Id. at 500, 416 P.3d 751. The court concluded that the defendant was eligible for a DOSA because he committed the current offense before he received his two DOSA sentences. Id. at 503, 416 P.3d 751.
¶17 In reaching its conclusion, the Van Noy court discussed the legislative intent of RCW 9.94A.660(1)(g) :
In context, this condition ... directs the sentencing court to consider ... whether [the current offense] occurred despite prior DOSA sentences.
... While a DOSA serves to provide meaningful substance abuse treatment and rehabilitation incentives, opportunities for rehabilitation are not unlimited. Grayson , 154 Wn.2d at 338, 343, 111 P.3d 1183.... [T]he commission of a drug-related offense despite more than one DOSA ... is evidence that a DOSA is not appropriate. The limitation on eligibility in RCW 9.94A.660(1)(g) addresses this scenario and makes such an offender ineligible.
Id. at 500, 416 P.3d 751 (emphasis added). Indeed, opportunities for treatment and rehabilitation are not unlimited. The legislature limited these opportunities to not "more than once in the prior ten years before the current offense." RCW 9.94A.660(1)(g). Because two DOSA sentences served concurrently provide an offender with only one opportunity for treatment and rehabilitation, we hold that such sentences do not render an offender ineligible under RCW 9.94A.660(1)(g) for a subsequent DOSA.
¶18 The State directs us to language in Van Noy that is contrary to our holding. In a footnote, the Van Noy court said that the concurrent King County and Pierce County sentences were not a single DOSA. Van Noy , 3 Wash. App. 2d at 497 n.2, 416 P.3d 751. This statement is nonbinding dicta. The court decided the question before it on a different basis. Also, the dicta is inconsistent with the above-quoted discussion in Van Noy , which confirms that the legislature intended to give an offender a second opportunity for treatment and rehabilitation.
¶19 Ehlert received only one opportunity for treatment and rehabilitation. Unfortunately, he reoffended soon after completing his concurrent DOSA sentences. Nevertheless, the legislature intended that he have a second opportunity for treatment and rehabilitation. Ehlert is eligible for a DOSA despite receiving one course of treatment in two concurrent sentences. We remand for the trial court to exercise its discretion whether to permit Ehlert a DOSA.
In supplemental briefing, the parties agree that Ehlert's possession of a controlled substance conviction must be vacated pursuant to State v. Blake, 197 Wash.2d 170, 481 P.3d 521 (2021). On remand, we direct the trial court to strike that conviction from Ehlert's felony judgment and sentence.
¶20 Remand for resentencing.
WE CONCUR:
Pennell, C.J.
Siddoway. J.