Opinion
2013-07-5
John C. RICH, Doing Business as Rich Home Building & Development, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. Greg ORLANDO and Lisa Orlando, Defendants–Respondents.
Ralph W. Fusco, Utica, for Plaintiff–Appellant. William M. Borrill, New Hartford (Jeffrey T. Lottermoser, Jr., of counsel), for Defendants–Respondents.
Ralph W. Fusco, Utica, for Plaintiff–Appellant. William M. Borrill, New Hartford (Jeffrey T. Lottermoser, Jr., of counsel), for Defendants–Respondents.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., FAHEY, CARNI, SCONIERS, AND WHALEN, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Plaintiff appeals from an order denying his motion for partial summary judgment dismissing defendants' counterclaims. In 2003, the parties entered into a custom home building contract (contract), pursuant to which plaintiff agreed to build a home for defendants. The contract stated that the only warranty provided with respect to the home was the housing merchant implied warranty, which is set forth in General Business Law § 777–a. After defendants moved into their new home in 2004, plaintiff continued to work on the home by repairing certain purported defects in the construction. After defendants refused to pay the final amount alleged to be due under the contract, plaintiff commenced this action contending, inter alia, that defendants breached the contract and, in response, defendants asserted three counterclaims, for breach of the implied warranty, negligence, and fraud. Plaintiff moved for partial summary judgment dismissing the counterclaims, and he appeals from the order denying the motion in its entirety.
Although with respect to the first counterclaim, for breach of the housing merchant implied warranty, we agree with plaintiff that defendants failed to provide written notice of the alleged defects, which is a constructive condition precedent to asserting such a counterclaim ( seeGeneral Business Law § 777–a[4][a]; Harris v. Whalen, 90 A.D.3d 708, 708, 934 N.Y.S.2d 323; Trificana v. Carrier, 81 A.D.3d 1339, 1340, 916 N.Y.S.2d 399;Lantzy v. Advantage Bldrs., Inc., 60 A.D.3d 1254, 1254–1255, 876 N.Y.S.2d 184), plaintiff waived the written notice requirement by addressing the defects after receiving defendants' oral notification of those defects ( see Benfeld v. Fleming Props., LLC, 15 Misc.3d 1133[A], 2007 N.Y. Slip Op. 50970[U], *2, 2007 WL 1373171;Randazzo v. Zylberberg, 4 Misc.3d 109, 110, 782 N.Y.S.2d 501;cf. Lupien v. Bartolomeo, 5 Misc.3d 1025[A], 2004 N.Y. Slip Op. 51533[U], *9, 2004 WL 2827678;see generally Pesca v. Barbera Homes, Inc., 35 Misc.3d 747, 760–761, 942 N.Y.S.2d 313). We reject plaintiff's contention that written notice of the alleged defects was an express condition precedent that was bargained for by the parties and could therefore not be waived. Contrary to plaintiff's contention, the requirements of General Business Law § 777–a, including the written notice requirement, are implied in every contract for the sale of a new home as a matter of public policy (§ 777–a[5] ) and thus may be applied by the courts “to do justice and avoid hardship” ( Oppenheimer & Co. v. Oppenheim, Appel, Dixon & Co., 86 N.Y.2d 685, 691, 636 N.Y.S.2d 734, 660 N.E.2d 415).
Plaintiff further contends that defendants failed to interpose their breach of warranty counterclaim within the applicable limitations period. Pursuant to General Business Law § 777–a, “if the builder makes repairs in response to a warranty claim under [subdivision 777–a(4)(a) ], an action with respect to such claim may be commenced within one year after the last date on which such repairs [were] performed” (§ 777–a[4][b] ). A counterclaim is deemed to be interposed at the time the “claims asserted in the complaint were interposed,” which in this case was May 6, 2009 (CPLR 203 [d] ). The record establishes that plaintiff and his employees were working on repairing the alleged defects in the new home until May or June 2008. The record, however, does not conclusively establish the date on which plaintiff last performed repairs on the home with respect to each specific defect. Thus, Supreme Court erred in failing to order an immediate trial on that issue inasmuch as a limited trial would have been “appropriate for the expeditious disposition” of a substantial portion of this controversy (CPLR 3212[c] ). We therefore remit this matter to Supreme Court to decide that part of the motion for partial summary judgment dismissing the first counterclaim after an immediate trial on the statute of limitations issue ( see generally Matter of Bronx–Lebanon Hosp. Ctr. v. Daines, 101 A.D.3d 1431, 1434, 956 N.Y.S.2d 660).
Finally, we agree with plaintiff that defendants' second and third counterclaims, sounding in negligence and fraud, should have been dismissed. It is well settled that “a simple breach of contract is not to be considered a tort unless a legal duty independent of the contract itself has been violated” ( Sommer v. Federal Signal Corp., 79 N.Y.2d 540, 551, 583 N.Y.S.2d 957, 593 N.E.2d 1365;see Clark–Fitzpatrick, Inc. v. Long Is. R.R. Co., 70 N.Y.2d 382, 389, 521 N.Y.S.2d 653, 516 N.E.2d 190;Niagara Foods, Inc. v. Ferguson Elec. Serv. Co., Inc., 86 A.D.3d 919, 919–920, 927 N.Y.S.2d 254;Gallup v. Summerset Homes, LLC, 82 A.D.3d 1658, 1660, 920 N.Y.S.2d 504). Here, defendants' counterclaims for negligence and fraud “are not viable because there is no duty owed by [plaintiff] that is independent of the contract” ( Gallup, 82 A.D.3d at 1660, 920 N.Y.S.2d 504). In any event, we further note that, inasmuch as attorney's fees “incurred in carrying on a lawsuit” are generally not recoverable as damages without a specific contractual provision or statutory authority authorizing such a recovery, both of which are absent here, the third counterclaim should have been dismissed because “no cognizable claim for damages is alleged” ( Coopers & Lybrand v. Levitt, 52 A.D.2d 493, 496, 384 N.Y.S.2d 804;see also Gorman v. Fowkes, 97 A.D.3d 726, 727, 949 N.Y.S.2d 96).
It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is unanimously reversed on the law without costs, the motion is granted in part, the second and third counterclaims are dismissed, and the matter is remitted to Supreme Court, Oneida County, for further proceedings on the first counterclaim.