Summary
finding agreed upon one-year limitation period in which to bring contract claim is reasonable
Summary of this case from Mill-Bern Associates v. International Business Mach. Corp.Opinion
June 30, 1992
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Bronx County (George Donald Covington, J.).
The People charged that defendant gained entry to a Bronx social club and, once inside, displayed a toy gun and announced a stickup with a ski mask over his face. He was disarmed by club patrons, beaten and expelled. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the People, and giving due deference to the jury's findings of credibility (People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495), defendant's guilt was proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The jury's verdict acquitting defendant of attempted robbery in the second degree does not require the conclusion that defendant did not intend to use the toy gun unlawfully.
Defendant challenges the court's ruling precluding introduction of hearsay testimony to show his state of mind upon entering the social club. Defendant was not, as the People contend, improperly attempting to construct a defense on the basis of an alleged statement of a third party who was not called to testify. We accept defendant's contention that this statement was offered only to demonstrate defendant's state of mind rather than for the truth of its contents, and the better course would have been to admit the evidence and instruct the jurors accordingly.
However, we find the error harmless. While the court sustained the objections of the prosecutor and excluded defendant's testimony, the jury heard, on more than one occasion, his allegation that the 11-year-old son of his friend had been asked by members of the social club to "run dope" or "run packages", and defense counsel made reference to it during her summation. Moreover, while defendant's state of mind is relevant to negate an intent to rob, it is entirely consistent with an intent to use the toy gun unlawfully against the patrons of the social club (Penal Law § 265.01). Defendant admits brandishing the gun, and the jurors were not bound to accept his explanation that he did so justifiably.
Defendant has failed to preserve his claim that the court failed to respond meaningfully to a jury note. Nor has defendant preserved any State or Federal constitutional claim (People v Iannelli, 69 N.Y.2d 684, cert denied 482 U.S. 914), and we decline to review in the interest of justice the objection now raised. If we were to review, we would find that the supplemental instruction appropriately responded to the inquiry (CPL 310.30; People v. Almodovar, 62 N.Y.2d 126, 131).
Finally, we note the People's concession that defendant was sentenced illegally. Juxtaposing the 1989 provisions of Penal Law § 70.15 (1) with CPL 400.14 (1) (b) (iv) and (v), the maximum sentence for the present class A misdemeanor is six months.
Accordingly, the matter must be remanded to the trial court for resentencing in accordance with this ruling.
Concur — Sullivan, J.P., Rosenberger, Asch, Kassal and Rubin, JJ.