Opinion
10-30-2014
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. William ROBINSON, Appellant.
Timothy S. Brennan, Schenectady, for appellant. Robert M. Carney, District Attorney, Schenectady (Gerald A. Dwyer of counsel), for respondent.
Timothy S. Brennan, Schenectady, for appellant.
Robert M. Carney, District Attorney, Schenectady (Gerald A. Dwyer of counsel), for respondent.
Before: PETERS, P.J., STEIN, GARRY, LYNCH and DEVINE, JJ.
Opinion
DEVINE, J. Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Schenectady County (Giardino, J.), rendered August 24, 2011, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crime of assault in the first degree.
After leaving his sister's residence, the victim was approached on the street by two unknown men, one of whom repeatedly slashed the victim in the face with a box cutter. Approximately one month later, the victim observed defendant walking down a street and flagged down a police officer, showed the officer a police incident report detailing the attack and provided a description of the assailant. Shortly thereafter, defendant, who matched the victim's description, was detained on the street by another police officer and produced a box cutter that appeared to have dried blood on the blade. The victim confirmed to the police officers that defendant was the individual who had attacked him.
Defendant was indicted on two counts of assault in the first degree and, following a jury trial, convicted of one count. Defendant's posttrial motion to set aside the verdict was denied and County Court sentenced defendant, as a second felony offender, to 10 years in prison, followed by five years of postrelease supervision. Defendant now appeals.
Initially, defendant argues that the jury's verdict was not supported by legally sufficient evidence and was against the weight of the evidence. A verdict is supported by legally sufficient evidence when “there is any valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences which could lead a rational person to the conclusion reached by the jury on the basis of the evidence at trial” (People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 [1987] ; see People v. Johnson, 24 A.D.3d 803, 804, 806 N.Y.S.2d 251 [2005] ). The People were required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant, “[w]ith intent to cause serious physical injury[,] ... cause[d] such injury ... by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument” (Penal Law § 120.10 [1 ] ). Specifically, defendant asserts that the People failed to prove the elements of intent and serious physical injury and, further, failed to disprove his justification defense.
The victim testified that defendant approached him and asked “what's poppin' Blood” and then, without provocation, slashed his face repeatedly with a box cutter. Conversely, defendant testified that the victim and another individual came up to him and asked how much money he had on him. Defendant further averred that he warned the men to “back up” and pulled a box cutter out of his pocket and, after the victim struck defendant in the head with a metal pipe, defendant swung outward with the box cutter and slashed the victim in the face. The parties did stipulate during trial that the blood residue found on defendant's box cutter was that of the victim. Defendant's fiancee, Ericka Ferguson, took the stand in an attempt to corroborate defendant's version of the incident, however, her credibility was greatly diminished when the People inquired about telephone conversations that she had with defendant while he was detained in jail following his arrest, during which they attempted to fabricate a different justification defense. In particular, after the People had to refresh her recollection several times during cross-examination, Ferguson eventually conceded that she and defendant concocted a false version of the incident in which she, defendant and their young child were approached by a group of five men, including the victim who was wielding a box cutter, during a robbery attempt, forcing defendant to wrestle the instrument away from the victim to defend himself and his family.
As far as the victim's injuries are concerned, the victim's treating physician testified that the lacerations to the victim's cheek, nose and eyebrow required 29 external stitches and four internal stitches and left significant permanent scarring, which the jury observed during the victim's testimony and properly found constituted “ ‘serious and protracted disfigurement’ ” (People v. Powell, 101 A.D.3d 1369, 1370, 956 N.Y.S.2d 294 [2012], lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1019, 971 N.Y.S.2d 501, 994 N.E.2d 397 [2013], quoting Penal Law § 10.00[10] ; compare People v. Brown, 100 A.D.3d 1035, 1035–1036, 952 N.Y.S.2d 828 [2012], lv. denied 20 N.Y.3d 1009, 960 N.Y.S.2d 352, 984 N.E.2d 327 [2013] ; People v. Gray, 30 A.D.3d 771, 772–773, 816 N.Y.S.2d 609 [2006], lv. denied 7 N.Y.3d 848, 823 N.Y.S.2d 777, 857 N.E.2d 72 [2006] ). Viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the People, we find that it was legally sufficient to result in defendant's conviction (see People v. Ramos, 19 N.Y.3d 133, 136, 946 N.Y.S.2d 83, 969 N.E.2d 199 [2012] ; People v. Jau Kud Su, 239 A.D.2d 703, 657 N.Y.S.2d 483 [1997], appeal denied 90 N.Y.2d 940, 664 N.Y.S.2d 759, 687 N.E.2d 656 [1997] ). Further, although it was provided with a justification defense instruction prior to its deliberations, the jury obviously rejected defendant's contention that the use of deadly physical force against the victim, who defendant maintained was the initial aggressor, was done in self-defense and found, instead, that defendant intended to cause serious physical injury to the victim (see People v. Dale, 115 A.D.3d 1002, 1006, 981 N.Y.S.2d 821 [2014] ; People v. Fisher, 89 A.D.3d 1135, 1137–1138, 932 N.Y.S.2d 218 [2011], lv. denied 18 N.Y.3d 883, 939 N.Y.S.2d 752, 963 N.E.2d 129 [2012] ; People v. Pine, 82 A.D.3d 1498, 1500, 919 N.Y.S.2d 564 [2011], lv. denied 17 N.Y.3d 820, 929 N.Y.S.2d 809, 954 N.E.2d 100 [2011] ). Even if a different outcome would have been reasonable under the facts of this case, assessing the trial evidence in a neutral light and according great deference to the jury's credibility determinations, we find that the verdict was not contrary to the weight of the evidence (see People v. Johnson, 107 A.D.3d 1161, 1162, 967 N.Y.S.2d 217 [2013], lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1075, 974 N.Y.S.2d 324, 997 N.E.2d 149 [2013] ; People v. Estella, 107 A.D.3d 1029, 1031, 967 N.Y.S.2d 195 [2013], lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1042, 972 N.Y.S.2d 539, 995 N.E.2d 855 [2013] ; People v. Mitchell, 57 A.D.3d 1308, 1309–1310, 871 N.Y.S.2d 445 [2008] ).
Defendant further asserts that County Court erroneously limited the jury's consideration of evidence of the victim's history of attempted armed robberies for impeachment purposes. Proof of a victim's previous crimes is admissible to impeach his or her credibility or—where a defendant was aware of prior, similar violent acts committed by the victim—for the purpose of demonstrating that the defendant's acts of self-defense were justified (see Matter of Robert S., 52 N.Y.2d 1046, 1048, 438 N.Y.S.2d 509, 420 N.E.2d 390 [1981] ; People v. Miller, 39 N.Y.2d 543, 549–550, 384 N.Y.S.2d 741, 349 N.E.2d 841 [1976] ). Here, it is uncontroverted that defendant did not know the victim or have any awareness of the victim's previous robberies or other violent conduct. The victim's extensive criminal history was explored in great detail during cross-examination and, although defendant insisted that he resorted to use of his box cutter only after the victim attempted to rob him while armed with a metal pipe, we discern no error in County Court's instruction that the jury only consider the victim's crimes in making its credibility determinations and not as evidence that the victim had a propensity for violence (see People v. Watson, 20 N.Y.3d 1018, 1020, 963 N.Y.S.2d 166, 985 N.E.2d 1227 [2013] ; People v. DiGuglielmo, 258 A.D.2d 591, 592, 686 N.Y.S.2d 443 [1999], lv. denied 93 N.Y.2d 923, 693 N.Y.S.2d 507, 715 N.E.2d 510 [1999] ), and we decline to grant defendant's request to modify the long-standing precedent on this issue.
Moreover, we find unavailing defendant's claim that his constitutional right to confront witnesses was violated when County Court ruled that the victim could refuse to answer questions regarding the nature of pending criminal charges against him in light of the victim's invocation of his 5th Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. During cross-examination, defense counsel was given great latitude in questioning the victim about his outstanding criminal charges, yet the court properly exercised its discretion when it limited the scope of such questions to those tending to affect the victim's credibility (see People v. Siegel, 87 N.Y.2d 536, 544, 640 N.Y.S.2d 831, 663 N.E.2d 872 [1995] ; People v. Hickman, 60 A.D.3d 865, 866, 875 N.Y.S.2d 530 [2009], lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 916, 884 N.Y.S.2d 697, 912 N.E.2d 1078 [2009] ).
Next, as to the argument that the victim's identification of defendant and the evidence that resulted from the improper detention and search of defendant should have been suppressed, we find such assertion to be without merit. After spotting his assailant on the street approximately one month after the attack, the victim stopped a nearby police officer to report that defendant had previously attacked him, showed the officer his facial lacerations and the police report detailing the assault and described defendant's skin coloring and clothing. Where, as here, a “complainant flags down a police officer and then points to the attacker[ ] on the street,” it cannot be said that the initial identification of the defendant was anything other than spontaneous (People v. Dixon, 85 N.Y.2d 218, 223, 623 N.Y.S.2d 813, 647 N.E.2d 1321 [1995] ). As the police officer subsequently observed a man matching the victim's description walking in the area where the victim had directed him, sufficient cause existed to warrant the detention and questioning of defendant (see People v. Robinson, 101 A.D.3d 1245, 1245–1246, 956 N.Y.S.2d 239 [2012], lv. denied 20 N.Y.3d 1103, 965 N.Y.S.2d 799, 988 N.E.2d 537 [2013] ; People
v. Rose, 72 A.D.3d 1341, 1344–1345, 899 N.Y.S.2d 414 [2010], lv. denied 16 N.Y.3d 745, 917 N.Y.S.2d 627, 942 N.E.2d 1052 [2011] ), and the police officer's placement of defendant in handcuffs in an effort to promote his personal safety was proper under the circumstances (see People v. Stroman, 107 A.D.3d 1023, 1024, 967 N.Y.S.2d 202 [2013], lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1046, 972 N.Y.S.2d 543, 995 N.E.2d 859 [2013] ; People v. Terry, 2 A.D.3d 977, 978–979, 768 N.Y.S.2d 516 [2003], lv. denied 2 N.Y.3d 746, 778 N.Y.S.2d 472, 810 N.E.2d 925 [2004] ). Contrary to defendant's insistence that the victim's confirmatory identification—made while defendant was placed in handcuffs—was improper, the record reveals that the victim's identification was free from any undue suggestion or prodding by the police officers (see People v. Wicks, 73 A.D.3d 1233, 1235, 900 N.Y.S.2d 485 [2010], lv. denied 15 N.Y.3d 857, 909 N.Y.S.2d 34, 935 N.E.2d 826 [2010] ; People v. Mathis, 60 A.D.3d 1144, 1146, 874 N.Y.S.2d 627 [2009], lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 927, 884 N.Y.S.2d 708, 912 N.E.2d 1089 [2009] ).
Nor do we determine that County Court erred in denying, following a hearing, defendant's CPL 330.30 motion to set aside the verdict based upon the discovery of new evidence. The evidence offered in support of the motion was highly contradictory and included an affidavit from a relative of the victim who averred, among other things, that the victim admitted to having attempted to rob defendant, but was unsuccessful in doing so. The witness, however, later recanted the statement. A second affidavit came from a prison inmate who similarly claimed that the victim had admitted instigating the incident with defendant. However, despite adjournments of the hearing on defendant's application, the inmate witness, who was then subject to pending criminal charges, was not made available for cross-examination. Ultimately, as the newly discovered evidence was proffered to impeach witness testimony or otherwise contradict evidence presented during trial, we cannot agree with defendant's assertion that the court's denial of the motion was improper (see People v. Crawson, 56 A.D.3d 1051, 1053, 868 N.Y.S.2d 355 [2008], lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 757, 876 N.Y.S.2d 708, 904 N.E.2d 845 [2009] ; People v. Bowers, 4 A.D.3d 558, 560, 771 N.Y.S.2d 270 [2004], lv. denied 2 N.Y.3d 796, 781 N.Y.S.2d 295, 814 N.E.2d 467 [2004] ; People v. Hayes, 295 A.D.2d 751, 752, 744 N.Y.S.2d 530 [2002], lv. denied 98 N.Y.2d 730, 749 N.Y.S.2d 480, 779 N.E.2d 191 [2002] ).
Defendant's remaining arguments have been considered and found to be lacking in merit.
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed.
PETERS, P.J., STEIN, GARRY and LYNCH, JJ., concur.