Opinion
2013-02-8
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Alexis MADERA, Defendant–Appellant.
Davison Law Office PLLC, Canandaigua (Mary P. Davison of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Matthew Dunham of Counsel), for Respondent.
Davison Law Office PLLC, Canandaigua (Mary P. Davison of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Matthew Dunham of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., CENTRA, CARNI, LINDLEY, AND SCONIERS, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
On appeal from a judgment convicting him following a jury trial of assault in the first degree (Penal Law § 120.10 [1] ) and assault in the second degree (§ 120.05[2] ), defendant contends that the evidence of serious physical injury is legally insufficient to support the conviction of assault in the first degree. Although defendant failed to preserve that contention for our review ( see People v. Gray, 86 N.Y.2d 10, 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919), we nevertheless exercise our power to address that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[6][a] ). A person is guilty of assault in the first degree when, inter alia, he or she, with intent to cause serious physical injury to another person, causes such injury to that person or to another person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument (Penal Law § 120.10[1] ). We agree with defendant that the evidence is legally insufficient to establish the element of serious physical injury ( see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). Serious physical injury, as defined in the Penal Law, “means physical injury which creates a substantial risk of death, or which causes death or serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ” (§ 10.00[10] ). The People correctly concede that there was no evidence that the victim sustained serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ. They contend, however, that the victim's injuries created a substantial risk of death ( see id.). We reject that contention.
The evidence at trial concerning the victim's injury consisted of the victim's testimony and medical records. That evidence established that the bullet entered and exited the victim's body around his right nipple; it was not near any vital organs; and it grazed the victim's right arm either as it entered or exited his body. Although a tiny fragment of the bullet remained in the victim's chest, the People presented no medical testimony to explain what, if any, risk that fragment posed to the victim. No sutures were needed and the victim's self-reported pain level was low. The victim was kept in the hospital overnight for pain management and observation, but he remained in the hospital for another day due to his expressed intent to retaliate against defendant.
Viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the People, we conclude that no “ ‘rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt’ ” ( People v. Contes, 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932). The People presented no evidence establishing that the victim faced a substantial risk of death ( see e.g. People v. Nimmons, 95 A.D.3d 1360, 1360–1361, 945 N.Y.S.2d 358,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 1028, 953 N.Y.S.2d 561, 978 N.E.2d 113;People v. Tucker, 91 A.D.3d 1030, 1031–1032, 936 N.Y.S.2d 386,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 1002, 951 N.Y.S.2d 478, 975 N.E.2d 924;People v. Ham, 67 A.D.3d 1038, 1039–1040, 889 N.Y.S.2d 110;People v. Gray, 30 A.D.3d 771, 773, 816 N.Y.S.2d 609,lv. denied7 N.Y.3d 848, 823 N.Y.S.2d 777, 857 N.E.2d 72). Nevertheless, we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to establish that defendant committed the lesser included offense of attempted assault in the first degree, “namely that defendant intended to cause serious physical injury to the victim by means of a deadly weapon and engaged in conduct that tended to effect the commission of the crime of assault in the first degree” ( Gray, 30 A.D.3d at 773, 816 N.Y.S.2d 609;see Penal Law §§ 110.00, 120.10[1]; People v. Pross, 302 A.D.2d 895, 897, 754 N.Y.S.2d 792,lv. denied99 N.Y.2d 657, 760 N.Y.S.2d 122, 790 N.E.2d 296). We therefore modify the judgment by reducing the conviction of assault in the first degree to that lesser included offense, and we remit the matter to Supreme Court for sentencing on that conviction ( seeCPL 470.15[2][a]; 470.20[4]; Pross, 302 A.D.2d at 897, 754 N.Y.S.2d 792).
Although defendant further contends that the evidence before the grand jury was legally insufficient to support the indictment on the count of assault in the first degree, he failed to preserve that contention for our review inasmuch as his “omnibus motion ... failed to set forth the specific grounds for dismissal now set forth on appeal, i.e., that the evidence was insufficient to establish ... the element of [serious physical injury]” ( People v. Agee, 57 A.D.3d 1486, 1487, 871 N.Y.S.2d 520,lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 813, 881 N.Y.S.2d 21, 908 N.E.2d 929;see People v. Becoats, 71 A.D.3d 1578, 1579, 897 N.Y.S.2d 820,affd.17 N.Y.3d 643, 934 N.Y.S.2d 737, 958 N.E.2d 865,cert. denied––– U.S. ––––, 132 S.Ct. 1970, 182 L.Ed.2d 822;People v. Cobb, 72 A.D.3d 1565, 1565–1566, 900 N.Y.S.2d 224,lv. denied15 N.Y.3d 803, 908 N.Y.S.2d 162, 934 N.E.2d 896). We declineto exercise our power to address that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[6][a] ). Based on our determination that the trial evidence is legally insufficient to support the charge of assault in the first degree, we do not address defendant's remaining contentions concerning the conviction of that count of the indictment.
Although defendant further contends that he was denied a fair trial based on prosecutorial misconduct during summation, that contention is not preserved for our review because defendant failed to object to the allegedly improper comments during summation ( see People v. Balls, 69 N.Y.2d 641, 642, 511 N.Y.S.2d 586, 503 N.E.2d 1017;People v. Sulli, 81 A.D.3d 1309, 1311, 916 N.Y.S.2d 389,lv. denied17 N.Y.3d 802, 929 N.Y.S.2d 110, 952 N.E.2d 1105). We decline to exercise our power to review that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[6][a] ).
Defendant contends that the court erred at trial in allowing the People to present evidence concerning a confrontation between defendant and one victim that occurred the day before the instant shooting. In addition, defendant contends that the court erred in failing, sua sponte, to give the jury an appropriate limiting instruction. Defendant, however, failed to preserve either contention for our review ( see People v. Hunt, 74 A.D.3d 1741, 1742, 902 N.Y.S.2d 465,lv. denied15 N.Y.3d 806, 908 N.Y.S.2d 165, 934 N.E.2d 899;People v. Francis, 63 A.D.3d 1644, 1645, 879 N.Y.S.2d 880,lv. denied13 N.Y.3d 835, 890 N.Y.S.2d 451, 918 N.E.2d 966;see also People v. Allen, 93 A.D.3d 1144, 1146, 940 N.Y.S.2d 362,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 956, 950 N.Y.S.2d 108, 973 N.E.2d 206;People v. Moore [appeal No. 2], 78 A.D.3d 1658, 1659, 912 N.Y.S.2d 825). In any event, defendant's contentions lack merit. The challenged evidence “was probative of [defendant's] motive and intent to assault his victim; it provided necessary background information on the nature of the relationship and placed the charged conduct in context” ( People v. Dorm, 12 N.Y.3d 16, 19, 874 N.Y.S.2d 866, 903 N.E.2d 263;see generally People v. Alvino, 71 N.Y.2d 233, 241–242, 525 N.Y.S.2d 7, 519 N.E.2d 808). “Although it would have been better practice to caution the jury on the limited purpose for which the evidence was admitted, both at the time it was introduced and again during the charge, the defendant did not request a limiting instruction when the testimony was admitted, and the court adequately instructed the jury as to its limited purpose in the charge” ( People v. Kae Kim, 218 A.D.2d 815, 815–816, 631 N.Y.S.2d 60,lv. denied87 N.Y.2d 847, 638 N.Y.S.2d 606, 661 N.E.2d 1388).
We reject the additional contention of defendant that he was denied effective assistance of counsel based on defense counsel's failure to preserve defendant's contentions for our review. Viewing the evidence, the law, and the circumstances of this case in totality and as of the time of the representation, we conclude that defense counsel provided meaningful representation ( see generally People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 147, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400). Finally, the sentence imposed on the conviction of assault in the second degree with respect to a second victim is not unduly harsh or severe.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice and on the law by reducing the conviction of assault in the first degree under the first count of the indictment to attempted assault in the first degree (Penal Law §§ 110.00, 120.10[1] ) and vacating the sentence imposed on that count and as modified the judgment is affirmed, and the matter is remitted to Supreme Court, Monroe County, for sentencing on that conviction.