Opinion
2012-03-16
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Kevin L. ALLEN, Defendant–Appellant.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Susan C. Ministero of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Michael J. Hillery of Counsel), for Respondent.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Susan C. Ministero of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Michael J. Hillery of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., FAHEY, CARNI, SCONIERS, AND MARTOCHE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of murder in the second degree (Penal Law § 125.25 [1] ), criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (§ 265.03[1][b] ) and criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree (§ 265.02[1] ). We note at the outset that defendant's first trial ended in a mistrial for reasons not relevant herein. Prior to that trial, defendant moved to sever his trial from that of the codefendant. “[W]e conclude that [Supreme C]ourt neither abused nor improvidently exercised its discretion in denying the motion for severance” ( People v. Sutton, 71 A.D.3d 1396, 1397, 895 N.Y.S.2d 892, lv. denied 15 N.Y.3d 778, 907 N.Y.S.2d 467, 933 N.E.2d 1060). Contrary to defendant's contention, there was no irreconcilable conflict between the defense theories ( see People v. Snyder, 84 A.D.3d 1710, 1711, 922 N.Y.S.2d 711, lv. denied 17 N.Y.3d 810, 929 N.Y.S.2d 569, 953 N.E.2d 807; see generally People v. Mahboubian, 74 N.Y.2d 174, 184–185, 544 N.Y.S.2d 769, 543 N.E.2d 34). Here, neither defendant nor the codefendant attempted to blame the other for the shooting, and both defendants generally took the same defense approach of attempting to demonstrate that the People could not identify the codefendant as the shooter. Moreover, there was no significant danger that a conflict between the defenses would lead the jury to infer defendant's guilt ( see People v. Ott, 83 A.D.3d 1495, 1496–1497, 921 N.Y.S.2d 450, lv denied 17 N.Y.3d 808, 929 N.Y.S.2d 568, 953 N.E.2d 806; cf. People v. Nixon, 77 A.D.3d 1443, 1444, 908 N.Y.S.2d 293; People v. Kyser, 26 A.D.3d 839, 840, 809 N.Y.S.2d 342; see generally Mahboubian, 74 N.Y.2d at 184–185, 544 N.Y.S.2d 769, 543 N.E.2d 34). Defendant's further contention that he was denied his constitutional and statutory right to be present for the codefendant's severance motion, which was made prior to the second trial, is based on material outside the record and thus must be raised by way of a motion pursuant to CPL article 440 ( see e.g. People v. Carey, 86 A.D.3d 925, 926, 926 N.Y.S.2d 791, lv. denied 17 N.Y.3d 814, 929 N.Y.S.2d 803, 954 N.E.2d 94; People v. Shorter, 305 A.D.2d 1070, 1071, 758 N.Y.S.2d 893, lv. denied 100 N.Y.2d 566, 763 N.Y.S.2d 823, 795 N.E.2d 49). Defendant failed to preserve for our review his contention that the court erred in denying that severance motion ( see People v. Eisenreich, 121 A.D.2d 561, 503 N.Y.S.2d 610, lv. denied 68 N.Y.2d 913, 508 N.Y.S.2d 1034, 501 N.E.2d 607; see also People v. Clark, 28 A.D.3d 1231, 1232, 813 N.Y.S.2d 617), and we decline to exercise our power to review it as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( see CPL 470.15[6][a] ).
Defendant also challenges the procedure employed by the court in responding to three jury notes. With respect to the first jury note, defendant contends that the court influenced deliberations in determining the extent of the readback of certain testimony requested by that note. That contention is not preserved for our review, however, inasmuch as defendant did not object to the court's handling of the note ( see People v. Starling, 85 N.Y.2d 509, 516, 626 N.Y.S.2d 729, 650 N.E.2d 387; People v. Rivera, 83 A.D.3d 1370, 1370–1371, 919 N.Y.S.2d 691, lv. denied 17 N.Y.3d 904, 933 N.Y.S.2d 659, 957 N.E.2d 1163), and we decline to exercise our power to address it as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( see CPL 470.15[6] [a] ). With respect to the second jury note, defendant contends that the court violated CPL 310.30 inasmuch as it failed to read that note aloud and simply responded to the note on its own. Although the failure to inform counsel of the verbatim contents of a jury's note is inherently prejudicial ( see People v. Kadarko, 14 N.Y.3d 426, 429, 902 N.Y.S.2d 828, 928 N.E.2d 1025), here, the court read the second note aloud, and thus there was no error.
With respect to the fourth jury note, defendant contends that the court erred in its response thereto inasmuch as it did not allow the jury to clarify the note in its own words. That contention is unpreserved for our review inasmuch as defense counsel may not rely on objections by the codefendant's counsel and did not make a specific objection with respect to that note ( see People v. Thompson, 300 A.D.2d 1032, 1033, 751 N.Y.S.2d 921, lv. denied 99 N.Y.2d 620, 757 N.Y.S.2d 831, 787 N.E.2d 1177; see generally People v. Balls, 69 N.Y.2d 641, 642, 511 N.Y.S.2d 586, 503 N.E.2d 1017). Defendant further contends with respect to the fourth jury note that the court erred insofar as it made no attempt to determine whether the verbal response of one of the jurors to the court's question concerning the scope of that note reflected the view of the jury as a whole. That contention is also unpreserved for our review ( see CPL 470.05[2] ), and we decline to exercise our power to review those contentions as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( see CPL 470.15[6][a] ). The record belies defendant's contention that the court permitted the jury to conduct “mini-deliberations” inside the courtroom ( see generally CPL 310.10[1] ).
Defendant further contends that he was deprived of a fair trial by the cumulative effect of four rulings at trial. Defendant failed to preserve for our review his contentions that the court erred in allowing the People to present evidence of a prior uncharged crime ( see People v. Palmer, 299 A.D.2d 235, 236, 750 N.Y.S.2d 275, lv. denied 99 N.Y.2d 584, 755 N.Y.S.2d 720, 785 N.E.2d 742; see generally Balls, 69 N.Y.2d at 642, 511 N.Y.S.2d 586, 503 N.E.2d 1017; People v. Smith, 24 A.D.3d 1253, 1253, 806 N.Y.S.2d 825, lv. denied 6 N.Y.3d 818, 812 N.Y.S.2d 458, 845 N.E.2d 1289), and that the court erred in failing to provide a limiting instruction to the jury ( see People v. Ramos, 220 A.D.2d 330, 633 N.Y.S.2d 12, lv. denied 87 N.Y.2d 976, 642 N.Y.S.2d 206, 664 N.E.2d 1269). We decline to exercise our power to review them as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( see CPL 470.15[6][a] ). The record is insufficient to enable us to review defendant's contention that the court erred in excluding certain videotape footage from evidence ( see generally People v. Kinchen, 60 N.Y.2d 772, 773–774, 469 N.Y.S.2d 680, 457 N.E.2d 786). We conclude that defendant was not denied his right to be present at a material stage of the trial when the court conducted an in camera interview of a sworn juror to determine whether that sworn juror was grossly unqualified to serve, at which the prosecutor and defendant's counsel were present but defendant was not. “ ‘Whether a seated juror is grossly unqualified to serve is a legal determination ..., and as such the presence of counsel at a hearing to determine a juror's qualification is adequate’ ” ( People v. Oakes, 57 A.D.3d 1425, 1426, 871 N.Y.S.2d 512, lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 786, 879 N.Y.S.2d 63, 906 N.E.2d 1097, quoting People v. Harris, 99 N.Y.2d 202, 212, 753 N.Y.S.2d 437, 783 N.E.2d 502). Defendant's further contention that the court failed to address misconduct in the form of a juror who was “giggling” is based on material outside the record and thus must be raised by way of a motion pursuant to CPL article 440 ( see e.g. Carey, 86 A.D.3d at 926, 926 N.Y.S.2d 791; Shorter, 305 A.D.2d at 1071, 758 N.Y.S.2d 893).
We reject defendant's challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence at the first trial with respect to the crime of murder in the second degree. Although “[t]he Double Jeopardy Clause precludes a second trial if the evidence from the first trial is determined by the reviewing court to be legally insufficient” ( People v. Scerbo, 74 A.D.3d 1730, 1731, 903 N.Y.S.2d 621, lv. denied 15 N.Y.3d 757, 906 N.Y.S.2d 830, 933 N.E.2d 229), we conclude that, viewed in the light most favorable to the People ( see People v. Contes, 60 N.Y.2d 620, 621, 467 N.Y.S.2d 349, 454 N.E.2d 932), the evidence at the first trial is legally sufficient to support the conviction of murder in the second degree ( see generally People v. Fernandez, 88 N.Y.2d 777, 781, 650 N.Y.S.2d 625, 673 N.E.2d 910; People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). Defendant failed to preserve for our review his further contention that the evidence at the second trial is legally insufficient to support the conviction ( see People v. Hawkins, 11 N.Y.3d 484, 492, 872 N.Y.S.2d 395, 900 N.E.2d 946; People v. Gray, 86 N.Y.2d 10, 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919) and, in any event, that contention lacks merit. Viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes as charged to the jury ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1), we conclude that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence ( see generally Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). “Where ... witness credibility is of paramount importance to the determination of guilt or innocence, [we] must give ‘[g]reat deference ... [to the jury's] opportunity to view the witnesses, hear the testimony and observe demeanor’ ” ( People v. Harris, 15 A.D.3d 966, 967, 788 N.Y.S.2d 745, lv. denied 4 N.Y.3d 831, 796 N.Y.S.2d 586, 829 N.E.2d 679, quoting Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672; see People v. Kilbury, 83 A.D.3d 1579, 1580, 921 N.Y.S.2d 432, lv. denied 17 N.Y.3d 860, 932 N.Y.S.2d 25, 956 N.E.2d 806; People v. Batista, 235 A.D.2d 631, 631–632, 652 N.Y.S.2d 645, lv. denied 89 N.Y.2d 1088, 660 N.Y.S.2d 382, 682 N.E.2d 983). Finally, the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.