Opinion
2014-02-7
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Gary D. JAMES, Defendant–Appellant.
Leanne Lapp, Public Defender, Canandaigua (Mary P. Davison of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. R. Michael Tantillo, District Attorney, Canandaigua (James B. Ritts of Counsel), for Respondent.
Leanne Lapp, Public Defender, Canandaigua (Mary P. Davison of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. R. Michael Tantillo, District Attorney, Canandaigua (James B. Ritts of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., FAHEY, LINDLEY, VALENTINO, and WHALEN, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
On appeal from the judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of burglary in the first degree (Penal Law § 140.30[2] ), unlawful imprisonment in the second degree (§ 135.05) and assault in the second degree (§ 120.05[6] ), defendant contends that his conviction of unlawful imprisonment should be dismissed pursuant to the merger doctrine. Although defendant failed to preserve his contention for our review ( seeCPL 470.05[2]; People v. Johnson, 204 A.D.2d 1024, 1024, 612 N.Y.S.2d 528,lv. denied84 N.Y.2d 827, 617 N.Y.S.2d 147, 641 N.E.2d 168), we exercise our power to review it as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[6][a] ) and, because we agree with defendant, we modify the judgment accordingly. “Under the doctrine of judicial merger, an unlawful imprisonment or kidnapping that is incidental to and inseparable from the commission of another crime merges with such other crime” ( People v. Moore, 154 A.D.2d 929, 929, 546 N.Y.S.2d 67,lv. denied 75 N.Y.2d 773, 551 N.Y.S.2d 915, 551 N.E.2d 116). In determining whether the merger doctrine applies herein, “our guiding principle is whether [defendant's] restraint [of the victim] was so much the part of another substantive crime [, i.e., the crime of assault,] that the substantive crime could not have been committed without such acts [constituting the crime of unlawful imprisonment] and that independent criminal responsibility may not fairly be attributed to them” ( People v. McEathron, 86 A.D.3d 915, 915–916, 926 N.Y.S.2d 249,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 975, 950 N.Y.S.2d 358, 973 N.E.2d 768 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). Here, the brief “abduction” of the victim, i.e., the moment when defendant grabbed the victim and pulled him outside the dwelling at issue, was “merely ‘preliminary, preparatory, or concurrent action’ in relation to the ultimate crime [of assault]” ( People v. Swansbrough, 22 A.D.3d 877, 878, 802 N.Y.S.2d 777, quoting People v. Miles, 23 N.Y.2d 527, 539, 297 N.Y.S.2d 913, 245 N.E.2d 688,cert. denied395 U.S. 948, 89 S.Ct. 2028, 23 L.Ed.2d 467), and we thus conclude that the unlawful imprisonment count merged with the assault count ( see id.; see also People v. Major, 142 A.D.2d 603, 604, 530 N.Y.S.2d 257).
Defendant failed to preserve for our review his contention that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the conviction of burglary in the first degree inasmuch as he made only a general motion for a trial order of dismissal ( see People v. Gray, 86 N.Y.2d 10, 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919) and, furthermore, he failed to renew the motion after presenting evidence ( see People v. Hines, 97 N.Y.2d 56, 61, 736 N.Y.S.2d 643, 762 N.E.2d 329,rearg. denied97 N.Y.2d 678, 738 N.Y.S.2d 292, 764 N.E.2d 396). In any event, that contention lacks merit.
First, defendant contends that the evidence with respect to the burglary conviction is legally insufficient because the People did not establish that defendant entered the victim's dwelling with intent to commit the crime of unlawful imprisonment. “ ‘In order to secure a conviction for burglary, the People need only allege and prove a knowing and unlawful entry coupled with an intent to commit a crime therein. There is no requirement that the People allege or establish what particular crime was intended’ ” ( People v. Lewis, 5 N.Y.3d 546, 552, 807 N.Y.S.2d 1, 840 N.E.2d 1014, quoting People v. Mahboubian, 74 N.Y.2d 174, 193, 544 N.Y.S.2d 769, 543 N.E.2d 34). However, “[i]f the People ... expressly limit[ ] their theory of the ‘intent to commit a crime therein’ element to a particular crime, then they would have ... to prove that the defendant intended to commit that crime” ( id. at 552 n. 7, 807 N.Y.S.2d 1, 840 N.E.2d 1014). Even assuming, arguendo, that the prosecutor expressly limited the “intent to commit a crime therein” to the crime of unlawful imprisonment, we reject defendant's contention that the burglary count necessarily fails upon our dismissal of the unlawful imprisonment count. To the extent that the People limited their theory of intent to the allegation that defendant intended to commit unlawful imprisonment, “the People were required to prove only that defendant intended to commit [that] crime[ ]” ( People v. Bibbes, 98 A.D.3d 1267, 1269, 951 N.Y.S.2d 607,amended on rearg.100 A.D.3d 1473, 954 N.Y.S.2d 923,lv. denied20 N.Y.3d 931, 957 N.Y.S.2d 690, 981 N.E.2d 287), “not that he actually committed [that crime]” ( People v. Porter, 41 A.D.3d 1185, 1186, 837 N.Y.S.2d 455,lv. denied9 N.Y.3d 963, 848 N.Y.S.2d 32, 878 N.E.2d 616 [emphasis added]; see People v. Mackey, 49 N.Y.2d 274, 279, 425 N.Y.S.2d 288, 401 N.E.2d 398). Here, the People established that defendant intended to commit the crime of unlawful imprisonmentupon entering the victim's home, i.e., defendant intended to restrain the victim ( seePenal Law § 135.05), and the dismissal of the underlying count of unlawful imprisonment based on the merger doctrine does not impact the burglary conviction.
Second, defendant contends in support of his legal sufficiency challenge with respect to the burglary conviction that the evidence does not demonstrate that he entered the victim's dwelling with the intent to commit any crime therein. We reject that contention ( see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). “ ‘In burglary cases, the defendant's intent to commit a crime within the premises may be inferred beyond a reasonable doubt from the circumstances of the entry’ ” ( People v. Beaty, 89 A.D.3d 1414, 1416, 932 N.Y.S.2d 280,affd.22 N.Y.3d 918, 977 N.Y.S.2d 172, 999 N.E.2d 535), his “unexplained presence on the premises, and [his] actions and statements when confronted by police or the property owner” ( People v. Ostrander, 46 A.D.3d 1217, 1218, 847 N.Y.S.2d 791;see People v. Rodriguez, 17 N.Y.3d 486, 489, 933 N.Y.S.2d 631, 957 N.E.2d 1133;People v. Bracey, 41 N.Y.2d 296, 301, 392 N.Y.S.2d 412, 360 N.E.2d 1094,rearg. denied41 N.Y.2d 1010, 395 N.Y.S.2d 1027, 363 N.E.2d 1194). Here, defendant's intent to commit the crime of unlawful imprisonment in the second degree, i.e., his intent to restrain the victim, may be inferred from the evidence that defendant reached into the victim's dwelling and dragged him to the porch before continuously punching him.
Third, defendant contends in support of his legal sufficiency challenge with respect to the burglary conviction that the People failed to establish that defendant caused physical injury to the victim while entering the victim's dwelling, while in the dwelling, or while in immediate flight therefrom. We reject that contention. There is no dispute that the physical contact between defendant and the victim began when defendant grabbed the victim inside the victim's home and continued as defendant pulled the victim onto the porch of that dwelling. We conclude that the circumstances of this case reflect a continuous assault that began when defendant grabbed the victim inside the victim's dwelling ( see generally People v. Alonzo, 16 N.Y.3d 267, 270, 920 N.Y.S.2d 302, 945 N.E.2d 495;People v. Snyder, 100 A.D.3d 1367, 1367, 953 N.Y.S.2d 430,lv. denied21 N.Y.3d 1010, 971 N.Y.S.2d 262, 993 N.E.2d 1285).
Defendant likewise failed to preserve for our review his contention that the conviction of assault in the second degree is not supported by legally sufficient evidence ( see Gray, 86 N.Y.2d at 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919;see also Hines, 97 N.Y.2d at 61, 736 N.Y.S.2d 643, 762 N.E.2d 329), and in any event it lacks merit ( see generally Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). Viewing the evidence in light of the crimes of burglary in the first degree and assault in the second degree as charged to the jury ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1), we reject defendant's further contention that the verdict with respect to those crimes is against the weight of the evidence ( see generally Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672).
Defendant further contends that he was denied a fair trial and thus that reversal is required based on the cumulative effect of various errors committed by County Court. We reject that contention. We note at the outset that we agree with defendant that the court erred with respect to its Sandoval ruling in failing “to make the necessary determination that the probative value of [defendant's prior convictionsof criminal contempt and resisting arrest] on the issue of defendant's credibility outweighed the potential for prejudice to defendant” ( People v. Arnold, 298 A.D.2d 895, 896, 748 N.Y.S.2d 92,lv. denied99 N.Y.2d 580, 755 N.Y.S.2d 715, 785 N.E.2d 737;see generally People v. Williams, 56 N.Y.2d 236, 238–239, 451 N.Y.S.2d 690, 436 N.E.2d 1292). In addition, the court erred in determining that defendant opened the door to the prosecutor's cross-examination of a defense witness concerning defendant's prior conviction of assault in the third degree ( cf. People v. Fardan, 82 N.Y.2d 638, 646, 607 N.Y.S.2d 220, 628 N.E.2d 41;People v. Lyon, 77 A.D.3d 1338, 1338, 908 N.Y.S.2d 291,lv. denied15 N.Y.3d 954, 917 N.Y.S.2d 113, 942 N.E.2d 324). Reversal is not required, however, because the court's errors were harmless ( see People v. Wongsam, 105 A.D.3d 980, 981–982, 963 N.Y.S.2d 345,lv. denied21 N.Y.3d 1012, 971 N.Y.S.2d 263, 993 N.E.2d 1287;People v. Towsley, 53 A.D.3d 1083, 1084, 862 N.Y.S.2d 236,lv. denied11 N.Y.3d 795, 866 N.Y.S.2d 621, 896 N.E.2d 107;see generally People v. Grant, 7 N.Y.3d 421, 424, 823 N.Y.S.2d 757, 857 N.E.2d 52).
Defendant waived his further contention that he was denied a fair trial by the court's submission of an annotated verdict sheet to the jury, inasmuch as the record establishes that he consented thereto ( see People v. Cipollina, 94 A.D.3d 1549, 1550, 943 N.Y.S.2d 710,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 971, 950 N.Y.S.2d 354, 973 N.E.2d 764;see also People v. Johnson, 96 A.D.3d 1586, 1587, 946 N.Y.S.2d 769,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 1027, 953 N.Y.S.2d 560, 978 N.E.2d 112). Defendant failed to preserve for our review his contentions concerning the court's failure to dismiss the indictment based on allegedly defective grand jury proceedings and the court's alleged error in allowing the prosecutor and an assistant prosecutor to read into the record at trial portions of defendant's grand jury testimony ( seeCPL 470.05[2] ). We decline to exercise our power to review those contentions as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[6][a] ). We further conclude that the court did not err in admitting that redacted testimony in evidence and thus that defendant was not thereby denied a fair trial ( see People v. Harris, 249 A.D.2d 775, 777, 672 N.Y.S.2d 153).
Defendant likewise failed to preserve for our review his contention that he was denied a fair trial by prosecutorial misconduct ( seeCPL 470.05[2] ), and in any event it lacks merit. “Reversal based on prosecutorial misconduct is ‘mandated only when the conduct [complained of] has caused such substantial prejudice to the defendant that he has been denied due process of law’ ” ( People v. Jacobson, 60 A.D.3d 1326, 1328, 876 N.Y.S.2d 259,lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 916, 884 N.Y.S.2d 697, 912 N.E.2d 1078), and that cannot be said here. We reject defendant's further contention that he did not receive effective assistance of counsel ( see generally People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 147, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400). To the extent that defendant contends that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the annotated verdict sheet and, indeed, in consenting to its submission, we conclude under the circumstances of this case that such error was not so prejudicial as to deprive defendant of a fair trial and thus does not constitute ineffective assistance ( see People v. Kirkland, 49 A.D.3d 1260, 1261, 856 N.Y.S.2d 339,lv. denied10 N.Y.3d 961, 863 N.Y.S.2d 145, 893 N.E.2d 451,cert. denied555 U.S. 1181, 129 S.Ct. 1331, 173 L.Ed.2d 603;see generally People v. Benevento, 91 N.Y.2d 708, 712–713, 674 N.Y.S.2d 629, 697 N.E.2d 584).
Finally, we agree with defendant that the sentence is unduly harsh and severe insofar as it imposes a determinate term of 6 1/2 years of imprisonment on the burglary conviction to be followed by five years of postrelease supervision. We therefore further modify the judgment as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice by reducing the sentence imposed for the burglary conviction to a determinate term of five years of imprisonment to be followed by three years of postrelease supervision.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously modified as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice and on the law by reversing that part convicting defendant of unlawful imprisonment in the second degree and dismissing count two of the indictment and by reducing the sentence imposed for burglary in the first degree to a determinate term of five years of incarceration to be followed by three years of postrelease supervision and as modified the judgment is affirmed.