Opinion
Submitted Nov. 7, 2007 at Detroit.
Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey , Solicitor General, Kym L. Worthy, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman , Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals, and Larry Roberts and Valerie M. Steer , Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Rolf E. Berg ) for the defendant.
Before: SERVITTO , P.J., and SAWYER and MURRAY , JJ.
SAWYER , J.
In this appeal, we are asked to determine whether a defendant sentenced to prison for a probation violation is entitled to credit for time not served because of an early release from jail due to overcrowding. We hold that a defendant is not entitled to credit for time not served.
Defendant pleaded guilty of third-degree criminal sexual conduct and was initially sentenced to five years' probation, with the first year being served in the county jail. After his release from the county jail, defendant violated various conditions of his probation. The trial court revoked defendant's probation and sentenced defendant to serve 2 to 15 years in prison. The trial court was informed that defendant had only served 268 days of the one-year county-jail term, having been released early because of jail overcrowding. Although the trial court initially only granted defendant credit for the 268 days actually served, the trial court thereafter reversed itself and granted credit for the entire one-year jail sentence originally imposed by the trial court. The prosecutor now appeals by leave granted and we reverse.
The defendant's jail term was reduced under the county jail overcrowding state of emergency act, which provides various methods of reducing an excessive jail population. At issue here are the provisions of MCL 801.57:
MCL 801.51 et seq.
If the actions taken pursuant to [MCL 801.55 and 801.56] do not reduce the county jail's population to the level prescribed in [MCL 801.56(1) ] within 28 days of the declaration of the county jail overcrowding state of emergency, the original sentences, not including good time, of all prisoners sentenced to and housed in the county jail on that date shall be equally reduced by the sheriff by the least possible percentage reduction necessary, not to exceed 30%, to reduce the county jail's prisoner population to the level prescribed in [MCL 801.56(1) ] .
This case presents a question of first impression. We must begin by looking at the concept of credit for time served as a condition of probation against a subsequent prison sentence following a violation of that probation. The Legislature has provided that if probation is revoked “the court may sentence the probationer in the same manner and to the same penalty as the court might have done if the probation order had never been made...." This statute does not specifically provide for credit for time served as a condition of probation against any subsequent prison sentence imposed after probation is revoked. In fact, the only statutory provision of which we are aware that provides for sentence credit is MCL 769.11b , which states:
MCL 771.4 .
Whenever any person is hereafter convicted of any crime within this state and has served any time in jail prior to sentencing because of being denied or unable to furnish bond for the offense of which he is convicted, the trial court in imposing sentence shall specifically grant credit against the sentence for such time served in jail prior to sentencing.
By its clear terms, this statute provides no relief to defendant. First, the incarceration as a condition of probation occurred after sentencing, not before. Second, that incarceration did not occur as a result of defendant being denied or unable to furnish bond. And, finally, the time represented by the reduction in defendant's sentence because of jail overcrowding obviously was not time served “in jail" as required by the statute.
Though one could, perhaps, make the argument that the time served as a condition of probation was time served before the sentencing on the probation violation, defendant does not so argue here.
See People v. Whiteside, 437 Mich. 188, 468 N.W.2d 504 (1991) .
Accordingly, for defendant to be entitled to credit for the time not served, it must be due to constitutional compulsion, not statutory grant. Defendant argues that the Double Jeopardy Clause compels a grant of credit, relying primarily on this Court's decision in People v. Resler. In Resler , the defendant was originally sentenced to probation, with the first year to be served in the county jail. The defendant was released 60 days early because of good time granted by the sheriff. Thereafter, the defendant's probation was revoked and he was sentenced to prison. The trial court only granted credit for the time actually served in jail. The defendant appealed, arguing that he was also entitled to credit for 60 days of good time. This Court agreed with the defendant. Defendant argues that Resler should be extended to include credit for the amount of time a sentence is reduced under the jail-overcrowding act. We disagree. First, a close examination of Resler indicates that it is of dubious correctness. In part, the decision in Resler rested on dicta in the Supreme Court's decision in North Carolina v. Pearce, wherein the Court observed that, not only must a defendant receive credit for time served, but the “credit must, of course, include the time credited during service of the first prison sentence for good behavior, etc." But Pearce was materially different from the case at bar. In Pearce, the defendant was convicted, served a portion of his sentence, had the original conviction overturned, and then was re-convicted and sentenced a second time. Although the second sentence was shorter than the first, it granted no credit for time served on the original conviction, and the effect was to extend the defendant's incarceration by nearly three years. Similarly, in the companion case, the defendant was sentenced to prison, won a reversal, was reconvicted and received a longer sentence upon reconviction, with no credit for time served on the original sentence. Pearce determined that a defendant under those circumstances is entitled to credit for the time served on the first sentence against the second sentence for the same crime, stating that “punishment already exacted must be fully ‘credited’ " in imposing the new sentence.
People v. Resler , 210 Mich.App. 24, 532 N.W.2d 907 (1995) .
Id. at 25, 532 N.W.2d 907.
North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 719 n. 13, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969) .
Id. at 713, 89 S.Ct. 2072.
Id. at 714, 89 S.Ct. 2072.
Id. at 718-719, 89 S.Ct. 2072.
But none of this involves the question regarding credit for time served or, as is the situation in the instant case, credit for time not served as a condition of probation. In concluding that credit must be granted for time served in jail as a condition of probation against a subsequent prison term imposed for violating that probation, the Resler Court glossed over the Supreme Court's decision in Whiteside. And it paid even less attention to the Court's decision in People v. Sturdivant. But a resolution of the question whether a defendant is entitled to credit for time served as part of a condition of probation cannot properly be resolved without careful consideration of those two decisions.
People v. Sturdivant, 412 Mich. 92, 312 N.W.2d 622 (1981) .
First, in Sturdivant, the Court, relying on Pearce, clearly held that a defendant sentenced to prison on a probation violation is entitled to credit for time served as a condition of the probation. But Sturdivant only considered credit for time actually spent incarcerated. Ten years later, in Whiteside, the Supreme Court considered credit for time spent not in jail, but in a residential drug-treatment program. First, the Court rejected an argument that the defendant had a statutory right to sentencing credit because the sentencing credit granted by statute is for time served before sentencing where the defendant was denied bond or unable to post bond. Because the defendant did not reside in the drug-treatment program in lieu of posting bond, he was not entitled by statute to sentencing credit. Turning to the constitutional issue, the Whiteside Court examined both the Pearce and the Sturdivant decisions and appeared to question whether Sturdivant was correctly decided. First, in a footnote, Whiteside notes that Sturdivant overlooked a more recent United States Supreme Court decision:
Sturdivant, supra at 97, 312 N.W.2d 622.
Whiteside, supra at 196-197, 468 N.W.2d 504.
Id. at 199 n. 17, 468 N.W.2d 504.
We note that the Sturdivant Court's opinion did not consider the reasoning in United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117, 137, 101 S.Ct. 426, 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980) , wherein the United States Supreme Court stated, “North Carolina v. Pearce ... demonstrate[s] that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not require that a sentence be given a degree of finality that prevents its later increase." The Court also stated that “there is no double jeopardy protection against revocation of probation and the imposition of imprisonment." Id.
The Court then observed that in “the case before us, there is no challenge to the proposition that Sturdivant entitles this defendant to credit for any time served in jail while on probation." This phrase, coupled with the above-quoted footnote, suggests that the Whiteside Court was not entirely convinced of the soundness of its decision in Sturdivant ten years before. Indeed, later in the opinion the Court considered Jones v. Thomas, which noted that, in the context of multiple punishments, the Double Jeopardy Clause only serves to ensure that the total punishment imposed does not exceed that which the Legislature authorized. After noting that legislative intent determines whether multiple punishments constitute double jeopardy, the Court stated the following:
Whiteside, supra at 199, 468 N.W.2d 504.
Jones v. Thomas, 491 U.S. 376, 109 S.Ct. 2522, 105 L.Ed.2d 322 (1989) .
Whiteside, supra at 200, 468 N.W.2d 504.
Id. at 201, 468 N.W.2d 504.
In order, then, to apply in this case the constitutional principle recognized in Pearce and its progeny, we are required again to return to the inquiry: What did the Legislature intend? More specifically, the question in this context is: Does the total punishment imposed exceed that authorized by the Legislature?
While Whiteside stopped short of overruling Sturdivant, it did limit its applicability. After concluding that the Legislature did not intend to grant credit for time spent in a residential treatment facility because it did represent time spent “in jail," the Court then limited Sturdivant to granting credit for time spent incarcerated:
Id. at 202, 468 N.W.2d 504.
To the extent that SturdivantSturdivant may appear to depart from this reasoning, it should be kept in mind that the time credited there was time to time served while incarcerated.[ ]
Id. at 202 n. 20, 468 N.W.2d 504.
We read Whiteside as fairly clearly limiting credit for time served as a condition of probation to the time actually spent while incarcerated “in jail" -that is, the actual number of days spent in the county jail, without regard to any reduction in the sentence for any reason. But while we question whether Resler was correctly decided, the prosecutor does not ask us to revisit that issue. Therefore, we decline to create a conflict with Resler or to consider whether defendant in the case before us was entitled to credit on his prison sentence for good-time granted by the sheriff during his incarceration as a condition of probation.
Resler attempts to distinguish the issue by pointing out that in neither Sturdivant nor Whiteside “does the term ‘actually’ modify ‘time served.’ Nor do the opinions make any such suggestion." Resler, supra at 28, 532 N.W.2d 907. We would think the statement in Whiteside, supra at 202 n. 20, 468 N.W.2d 504, that limits Sturdivant to “time served while incarcerated" certainly makes such a suggestion.
But we also decline to extend Resler beyond its facts and apply it to sentence reductions under the jail overcrowding act. Obviously the days that defendant did not serve on his sentence because of his early release from the county jail under the jail overcrowding act are not time spent “in jail." Because we read Whiteside as concluding that the Legislature only intended to grant credit for time actually spent “in jail," we conclude that defendant is not entitled to credit for time that he otherwise would have spent in jail except for his early release under the jail-overcrowding act.
We do observe that, even if ReslerResler was correctly decided, good-time credit and a sentence reduction under the jail-overcrowding act are sufficiently different that does not compel a conclusion that a sentence reduction under the jail-overcrowding act merits sentence credit against a subsequent prison term. A primary distinction between good-time and overcrowding sentence reduction is that good time is something that a defendant earns. As the Resler Court noted, the Double Jeopardy Clause precludes a court from taking away “what was already given to defendant. Defendant is entitled to keep what he has earned." Under MCL 51.282(2) , a defendant is entitled to a one-day reduction for every six days served if he or she has no violations of the rules and regulations. Thus, a defendant has the right to such good time conditioned only on his or her good behavior.
Resler, supra at 27, 532 N.W.2d 907.
By contrast, a reduction in sentence due to jail overcrowding is essentially irrelevant to the defendant's behavior and, more to the point, nothing a defendant does can “earn" time under the overcrowding-reduction act, nor is any particular prisoner entitled to a reduction in his or her sentence under the act. That is, a reduction under the good-time statute applies regardless of the vacancy rate in the jail-the jail could be half full and the prisoner who obeys the rules and regulations will earn a good-time reduction. On the other hand, a prisoner receives a jail-overcrowding reduction only under certain conditions related to the jail exceeding its capacity, an event unrelated to a particular prisoner's behavior. The amount of such reduction, or even if such a reduction will be given, is determined by the needs of the sheriff to reduce the jail population and not by the prisoner's behavior. That prisoner has earned nothing, but rather has received a gift from the state because of the county's failure to provide adequate resources to its sheriff to house the county's prisoners. Thus, while one might conclude, as did the Court in Resler, that the Legislature intended that “good-time credit effectively takes the place of jail time," there is no basis for such a conclusion with respect to a reduction in sentence under the jail-overcrowding act.
Id.
For these reasons, we conclude that where a defendant is sentenced to probation, and the terms of probation include incarceration in the county jail, and the defendant thereafter violates probation and is sentenced to prison, he or she is not entitled to credit on his or her new sentence for any time by which his or her original incarceration in the county jail was reduced under MCL 801.57. Accordingly, we remand this matter to the trial court for entry of a new judgment of sentence that does not include credit for time served based on the amount by which defendant's sentence was reduced under MCL 801.57.
Reversed and remanded for further action consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.