Opinion
640 KA 18-00291
11-17-2023
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Gabriel CRUZ, Defendant-Appellant.
JULIE CIANCA, PUBLIC DEFENDER, ROCHESTER (DREW R. DUBRIN OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (MARTIN P. MCCARTHY, II, OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
JULIE CIANCA, PUBLIC DEFENDER, ROCHESTER (DREW R. DUBRIN OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (MARTIN P. MCCARTHY, II, OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., BANNISTER, OGDEN, GREENWOOD, AND NOWAK, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him, upon a jury verdict, of murder in the second degree ( Penal Law § 125.25 [1] ), attempted murder in the second degree ( §§ 110.00, 125.25 [1] ), and assault in the second degree (§ 120.05 [2]). The conviction arose from events in which defendant, while riding in the front passenger seat of an SUV driven by his accomplice as they pursued, through parking lots and on public roadways, a minivan that was occupied by two people known to defendant and the accomplice, leaned out of the window and fired numerous gunshots at the minivan over the course of the pursuit, thereby causing a fatal wound to the head of the passenger of the minivan (deceased victim) and a nonfatal wound to the arm of the driver of the minivan (surviving victim). We affirm.
Defendant contends that Supreme Court erred in refusing to suppress the historical cell site location information (CSLI) records related to his cell phone because, according to defendant, the search warrant that authorized law enforcement officials to obtain the CSLI records from defendant's cellular service provider was not supported by probable cause connecting defendant to the shooting. We reject that contention.
The United States Constitution provides that "[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no [w]arrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by [o]ath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized" ( US Const, 4th Amend; see also NY Const, art I, § 12 ; People v. Nieves , 36 N.Y.2d 396, 400, 369 N.Y.S.2d 50, 330 N.E.2d 26 [1975] ). "Given the more modern appreciation that property rights are not the sole measure of Fourth Amendment violations, a person's right to privacy has become the paramount concern in assessing the reasonableness of government intrusions, especially as innovations in surveillance tools ... ha[ve] enhanced the [g]overnment's capacity to encroach upon areas normally guarded from inquisitive eyes, and courts must continue to secure the privacies of life against arbitrary power" ( People v. Schneider , 37 N.Y.3d 187, 192, 151 N.Y.S.3d 1, 173 N.E.3d 61 [2021], cert denied ––– U.S. ––––, 142 S.Ct. 344, 211 L.Ed.2d 183 [2021] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Carpenter v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S.Ct. 2206, 2213-2214, 201 L.Ed.2d 507 [2018] ). "[A]n individual maintains a legitimate expectation of privacy in the record of [their] physical movements as captured through CSLI" and, therefore, "the [g]overnment must generally obtain a warrant supported by probable cause before acquiring such records" ( Carpenter , ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S.Ct. at 2217, 2221 ; see People v. Ozkaynak , 203 A.D.3d 1616, 1617, 161 N.Y.S.3d 921 [4th Dept. 2022] ).
"Probable cause does not require proof sufficient to warrant a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt but[, rather, it] merely [requires] information sufficient to support a reasonable belief that an offense has been or is being committed or that evidence of a crime may be found in a certain place" ( People v. Bigelow , 66 N.Y.2d 417, 423, 497 N.Y.S.2d 630, 488 N.E.2d 451 [1985] ). " ‘[T]he legal conclusion [as to whether probable cause existed] is to be made after considering all of the facts and circumstances together’ ... A synoptic evaluation is essential because ‘[v]iewed singly, these may not be persuasive, yet when viewed together the puzzle may fit and probable cause found’ " ( People v. Shulman , 6 N.Y.3d 1, 26, 809 N.Y.S.2d 485, 843 N.E.2d 125 [2005], cert denied 547 U.S. 1043, 126 S.Ct. 1623, 164 L.Ed.2d 339 [2006], quoting Bigelow , 66 N.Y.2d at 423, 497 N.Y.S.2d 630, 488 N.E.2d 451 ). With respect to judicial review of the validity of search warrants, it is well established that "search warrant applications should not be read in a hypertechnical manner as if they were entries in an essay contest"; rather, such applications "must be considered in the clear light of everyday experience and accorded all reasonable inferences" ( People v. Hanlon , 36 N.Y.2d 549, 559, 369 N.Y.S.2d 677, 330 N.E.2d 631 [1975] ; see People v. Griminger , 71 N.Y.2d 635, 640, 529 N.Y.S.2d 55, 524 N.E.2d 409 [1988] ; People v. Hightower , 207 A.D.3d 1199, 1201, 171 N.Y.S.3d 297 [4th Dept. 2022], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 1188, 176 N.Y.S.3d 202, 197 N.E.3d 482 [2022] ). Indeed, "reviewing courts should accord the process proper deference and not defeat search warrants (or discourage law enforcement officials from seeking them) by imposing overly technical requirements or interpreting them incompatibly with common sense" ( People v. Cahill , 2 N.Y.3d 14, 41, 777 N.Y.S.2d 332, 809 N.E.2d 561 [2003] ). In that regard, "[a]pproval by a reviewing magistrate cloaks a search warrant with ‘a presumption of validity’ " ( People v. Deprospero , 91 A.D.3d 39, 44, 932 N.Y.S.2d 789 [4th Dept. 2011], affd 20 N.Y.3d 527, 964 N.Y.S.2d 487, 987 N.E.2d 264 [2013], quoting People v. Castillo , 80 N.Y.2d 578, 585, 592 N.Y.S.2d 945, 607 N.E.2d 1050 [1992], cert denied 507 U.S. 1033, 113 S.Ct. 1854, 123 L.Ed.2d 477 [1993] ; see People v. Socciarelli , 203 A.D.3d 1556, 1557-1558, 164 N.Y.S.3d 749 [4th Dept. 2022], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 1035, 169 N.Y.S.3d 241, 242, 189 N.E.3d 348, 349 [2022]). "In reviewing the validity of a search warrant to determine whether it was supported by probable cause ..., the critical facts and circumstances for the reviewing court are those which were made known to the issuing [m]agistrate at the time the warrant application was determined" ( Nieves , 36 N.Y.2d at 402, 369 N.Y.S.2d 50, 330 N.E.2d 26 ).
Applying the requisite standard of review in this case, we conclude that the information contained in the search warrant application subscribed and sworn to by an investigating police officer, along with the supporting depositions of various witnesses submitted therewith (see CPL 690.35 [1], [3] [c] ), was sufficient to support a reasonable belief that evidence of defendant's involvement in the shooting might be found in his CSLI records (see People v. Ozkaynak , 217 A.D.3d 1376, 1377, 190 N.Y.S.3d 740 [4th Dept. 2023], lv denied 40 N.Y.3d 998, 197 N.Y.S.3d 119, 219 N.E.3d 880 [2023] ; People v. Harlow , 195 A.D.3d 1505, 1506, 148 N.Y.S.3d 593 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 1027, 153 N.Y.S.3d 422, 175 N.E.3d 447 [2021] ). In his interview with the investigating police officer and in his supporting depositions, the surviving victim stated that, prior to the shooting, he had been having ongoing "issues" with a group consisting of defendant, the accomplice, and a third male. Indeed, approximately one week before the shooting, the surviving victim was struck in the head with a bottle at a party, and other partygoers informed him that defendant was the assailant. The surviving victim also reported that, on the afternoon of the shooting, after he picked up the deceased victim in a minivan, he noticed that an SUV with two occupants, whom he identified at that time as the accomplice in the driver's seat and the third male in the front passenger seat, were pursuing his minivan at a high rate of speed. As the surviving victim made unsuccessful attempts to drive away from the pursuing SUV, the occupants thereof began firing numerous gunshots at the minivan, and the gunfire continued at various points during the chase. In police interviews and supporting depositions, several bystander witnesses corroborated the details of the shooting, including by identifying the particular SUV by color, model, and license plate and by recounting that the front passenger of the SUV was firing gunshots at the minivan. The accomplice admitted in a police interview following his arrest that, on the day of the shooting, he was operating the SUV, which was registered to his cousin, and that he was accompanied by a passenger, but the accomplice declined to identify the passenger. The cousin recounted in a police interview and in a supporting deposition that, approximately 1 to 11/2 hours after the time of the shooting, she received a phone call from the accomplice, who sounded scared, informing her that he had "hit somebody" and requesting that she retrieve the SUV as soon as possible. When the cousin arrived at the arranged location, she observed that defendant, whom the cousin described as a friend of the accomplice, was present with the accomplice. In response to the cousin's observation that there was no damage to the SUV despite the accomplice's claim of a vehicular accident, the accomplice responded that the SUV was not damaged because it was a large-style vehicle. The cousin further reported that the accomplice and defendant then got into a green car that was parked on the street, which may have belonged to a family member of defendant, and left the location; the cousin did not know who else was in the green car. The cousin thereafter arranged through her family members to have the SUV brought to a salvage yard, from which the police later recovered it.
Here, although the surviving victim may have initially identified the third male as the front passenger of the SUV involved in the rapidly-developing, high-speed pursuit and shooting, we conclude, upon "considering all of the facts and circumstances together" ( Bigelow , 66 N.Y.2d at 423, 497 N.Y.S.2d 630, 488 N.E.2d 451 )—i.e., the ongoing and escalating feud between the surviving victim and the group including defendant, the information that defendant himself had directed violent conduct at the surviving victim approximately one week before the shooting, the accomplice's refusal to definitively identify the third male, rather than defendant, as the passenger, and defendant's presence and subsequent departure with the accomplice shortly after the shooting during an arranged dispossession, under suspicious circumstances, of the SUV that was just involved in the shooting—that "this is one of those situations where the pieces of the puzzle fit in such a manner as to support a finding of probable cause" ( People v. Myhand , 120 A.D.3d 970, 970, 991 N.Y.S.2d 222 [4th Dept. 2014], lv denied 25 N.Y.3d 952, 7 N.Y.S.3d 281, 30 N.E.3d 172 [2015]). While "a person's mere propinquity to others independently suspected of criminal activity does not, without more, give rise to probable cause to search that person" ( Ybarra v. Illinois , 444 U.S. 85, 91, 100 S.Ct. 338, 62 L.Ed.2d 238 [1979], reh denied 444 U.S. 1049, 100 S.Ct. 741, 62 L.Ed.2d 737 [1980] ), here, defendant "was not merely near others suspected of criminal activity," but instead was a "person suspected of criminal activity" due to his own conduct ( People v. Johnson , 132 A.D.3d 1295, 1297, 17 N.Y.S.3d 236 [4th Dept. 2015], lv denied 27 N.Y.3d 1134, 39 N.Y.S.3d 116, 61 N.E.3d 515 [2016] ). To the extent that defendant now challenges the sufficiency of the search warrant application on the ground that it did not adequately identify the source of the information that defendant had struck the surviving victim with a bottle at a party approximately one week before the shooting, we conclude that defendant's challenge is not preserved for our review because he " ‘failed to raise that specific contention in his motion papers or at the [suppression] hearing’ " ( People v. Santos , 122 A.D.3d 1394, 1395, 996 N.Y.S.2d 858 [4th Dept. 2014] ; see CPL 470.05 [2] ), and we decline to exercise our power to review that challenge as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15 [6] [a] ). Based on the foregoing, upon "[a]ffording great deference to the determination of the issuing [m]agistrate and reviewing the application in a common-sense and realistic fashion" ( People v. Humphrey , 202 A.D.3d 1451, 1451, 158 N.Y.S.3d 907 [4th Dept. 2022], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 951, 165 N.Y.S.3d 474, 185 N.E.3d 995 [2022] [internal quotation marks omitted]), we conclude that the court did not err in determining that the search warrant for defendant's CSLI records was supported by probable cause.
Defendant next contends for the first time on appeal that he was denied his right to counsel because the police questioned him outside the presence of counsel allegedly after the criminal action had been commenced (see generally People v. Samuels , 49 N.Y.2d 218, 221, 424 N.Y.S.2d 892, 400 N.E.2d 1344 [1980] ). "[T]he rule ‘authorizing review of unpreserved constitutional right-to-counsel claims’ has been applied ‘only when the constitutional violation was established on the face of the record’ " ( People v. McLean , 15 N.Y.3d 117, 121, 905 N.Y.S.2d 536, 931 N.E.2d 520 [2010], quoting People v. Ramos , 99 N.Y.2d 27, 37, 750 N.Y.S.2d 821, 780 N.E.2d 506 [2002] ). Here, because "the record does not make clear, irrefutably, that a right to counsel violation has occurred, the claimed violation can be reviewed only on a post-trial motion under CPL 440.10, not on direct appeal" ( id. ). Defendant's related contention that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to pursue that theory of suppression also involves matters outside the record on appeal and thus is properly raised by way of a CPL 440.10 motion (see People v. Bakerx , 114 A.D.3d 1244, 1247, 980 N.Y.S.2d 210 [4th Dept. 2014], lv denied 22 N.Y.3d 1196, 986 N.Y.S.2d 417, 9 N.E.3d 912 [2014] ). Defendant further contends that the court erred in failing to charge the jury on manslaughter in the first degree ( Penal Law § 125.20 [1] ) as a lesser included offense of murder in the second degree with respect to the deceased victim and on attempted assault in the second degree ( §§ 110.00, 120.05 [1] ) as a lesser included offense of attempted murder in the second degree with respect to the surviving victim. Even assuming, arguendo, that defendant's contention is preserved for our review in its entirety (see generally People v. Christopher D.G. , 27 A.D.3d 1181, 1181, 810 N.Y.S.2d 697 [4th Dept. 2006], lv denied 7 N.Y.3d 753, 819 N.Y.S.2d 879, 853 N.E.2d 250 [2006] ), we conclude that it lacks merit. The evidence at trial showed that defendant, while riding in the front passenger seat of the SUV and immediately after discussing with the accomplice the escalating feud between the groups, including the incident in which defendant struck the surviving victim with a bottle at a party and an incident a few days later in which the deceased victim allegedly fired gunshots at the third male's house, spotted the minivan he thought was occupied by the other individuals involved in the feud and thereafter leaned out of the window during the ensuing prolonged pursuit and fired several distinct rounds of numerous gunshots into the minivan, including within the confines of a parking lot, and defendant was prevented from firing additional gunshots only when the accomplice slowed the SUV and grabbed defendant by his pant leg, at which point defendant returned to the interior of the SUV from the window. Viewing the evidence " ‘in the light most favorable to [the] defendant’ " ( People v. Rivera , 23 N.Y.3d 112, 121, 989 N.Y.S.2d 446, 12 N.E.3d 444 [2014] ), we conclude that "there is no reasonable view of the evidence whereby defendant intended to cause serious physical injury to th[e] victim[s] but did not intend to cause [their] death[s]" ( People v. Ott , 200 A.D.3d 1642, 1643, 159 N.Y.S.3d 295 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 953, 165 N.Y.S.3d 451, 185 N.E.3d 972 [2022], cert denied ––– U.S. ––––, 143 S.Ct. 403, 214 L.Ed.2d 200 [2022] ; see People v. McMillian , 158 A.D.3d 1059, 1061, 71 N.Y.S.3d 262 [4th Dept. 2018], lv denied 31 N.Y.3d 1119, 81 N.Y.S.3d 379, 106 N.E.3d 762 [2018]; People v. Tyler , 43 A.D.3d 633, 634, 841 N.Y.S.2d 193 [4th Dept. 2007], lv denied 9 N.Y.3d 1010, 850 N.Y.S.2d 398, 880 N.E.2d 884 [2007] ; cf. People v. Cabassa , 79 N.Y.2d 722, 728-730, 586 N.Y.S.2d 234, 598 N.E.2d 1 [1992], cert denied sub nom. Lind v. New York , 506 U.S. 1011, 113 S.Ct. 633, 121 L.Ed.2d 563 [1992] ).
Relatedly, defendant contends that he was denied effective assistance of counsel on the ground that defense counsel failed to request that the court charge the jury on manslaughter in the second degree ( Penal Law § 125.15 [1] ) as a lesser included offense of murder in the second degree with respect to the deceased victim. We conclude that defendant's contention lacks merit inasmuch as "[t]here can be no denial of effective assistance of trial counsel arising from counsel's failure to ‘make a motion or argument that has little or no chance of success’ " ( People v. Caban , 5 N.Y.3d 143, 152, 800 N.Y.S.2d 70, 833 N.E.2d 213 [2005] ; see People v. Bailey , 181 A.D.3d 1172, 1174, 118 N.Y.S.3d 351 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 1025, 126 N.Y.S.3d 21, 149 N.E.3d 859 [2020] ).
Next, even assuming, arguendo, that an acquittal would not have been unreasonable (see People v. Danielson , 9 N.Y.3d 342, 348, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ), upon acting, in effect, as a second jury by independently reviewing the evidence in light of the elements of murder in the second degree and attempted murder in the second degree as charged to the jury (see People v. Kancharla , 23 N.Y.3d 294, 302-303, 991 N.Y.S.2d 1, 14 N.E.3d 354 [2014] ; People v. Delamota , 18 N.Y.3d 107, 116-117, 936 N.Y.S.2d 614, 960 N.E.2d 383 [2011] ; Danielson , 9 N.Y.3d at 348-349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 ), we reject defendant's contention that the verdict with respect to those counts is against the weight of the evidence (see generally People v. Bleakley , 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 [1987] ).
Contrary to defendant's further contention, the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe. Finally, in light of our conclusions, defendant's remaining contention is academic.