Opinion
2012-10-5
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jose L. CASADO, Defendant–Appellant.
Easton Thompson Kasperek Shiffrin LLP, Rochester (Brian Shiffrin of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Stephen X. O'Brien of Counsel), for Respondent.
Easton Thompson Kasperek Shiffrin LLP, Rochester (Brian Shiffrin of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Stephen X. O'Brien of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., PERADOTTO, CARNI, LINDLEY, AND MARTOCHE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of, inter alia, attempted aggravated murder of a police officer (Penal Law §§ 110.00, 125.26[1][a][i]; [b] ) and attempted aggravated assault upon a police officer (§§ 110.00, 120.11). Defendant contends that his conviction of those two counts should be reversed and those counts should be dismissed as duplicitous because the evidence at trial establishes that there were two separate and distinct shooting incidents. We reject that contention. We note at the outset that defendant is correct that the two shooting incidents constitute distinct criminal acts as opposed to a single, continuing transaction ( see People v. Boykins, 85 A.D.3d 1554, 1555, 924 N.Y.S.2d 711,lv. denied17 N.Y.3d 814, 929 N.Y.S.2d 802, 954 N.E.2d 93;cf. People v. Alonzo, 16 N.Y.3d 267, 270–271, 920 N.Y.S.2d 302, 945 N.E.2d 495;People v. Kaid, 43 A.D.3d 1077, 1079–1080, 842 N.Y.S.2d 55). The first criminal act occurred when defendant fired a shot in the direction of an unmarked police car from the driveway of a residence, and the second criminal act occurred when defendant fired two shots at Officer Ryan Hickey while being pursued by him into the backyard of the residence. Nevertheless, the indictment was not rendered duplicitous on that ground because only the latter act is sufficient to constitute the crimes of attempted aggravated murder of a police officer and attempted aggravated assault upon a police officer as charged in counts one and two of the indictment ( cf. Boykins, 85 A.D.3d at 1555, 924 N.Y.S.2d 711).
Count one of the indictment, as amplified by the bill of particulars, alleges in relevant part that, “[o]n or about July 8, 2008, [at] approximately 11:15 PM, at or near 78 Evergreen Street, in the City of Rochester, ... [defendant], with intent to cause the death of another person, Officer Ryan Hickey, ... attempted to cause the death of Officer Hickey by firing shots from a loaded handgun toward him ” (emphasis added). Count two of the indictment, as amplified by the bill of particulars, alleged in relevant part that, “[o]n or about July 8, 2008, [at] approximately 11:15 PM, at or near 78 Evergreen Street, in the City of Rochester, ... [defendant], with intent to cause serious physical injury to a person he knew or reasonably should have known to be a police officer engaged in the course of performing his official duties, Officer Ryan Hickey, ... attempted to cause such injury by means of a deadly weapon, to wit, a loaded handgun” (emphasis added). Thus, counts one and two required the People to prove that defendant intended to cause death and serious physical injury to Officer Hickey, respectively ( seePenal Law §§ 120.11, 125.26 [1][a][i] ). The evidence that defendant fired the first shot in the direction of the unmarked police vehicle, however, does not support the conclusion that defendant intended to kill or seriously injure any particular police officer ( see generally People v. Ramos, 19 N.Y.3d 133, 135, 946 N.Y.S.2d 83, 969 N.E.2d 199). Rather, each of the four officers in that vehicle testified that defendant fired a single shot at the vehicle or in the direction of the officers generally before fleeing. Indeed, the officer who had been driving the vehicle testified that, after he opened the door and put one foot out, “ we were shot at” (emphasis added). Another officer testified that, while exiting the vehicle, he “observed the defendant raise a revolver and fire one shot at us ” (emphasis added). Officer Hickey similarly testified that he saw defendant fire “one shot at us ” (emphasis added). When asked where defendant was aiming, Officer Hickey replied “I can tell you the muzzle flash was pointing in our direction. I don't know exactly where he was aiming the gun” (emphasis added).
By contrast, the trial testimony was clear that, after defendant fled up the driveway and Officer Hickey began to pursue him, defendant fired two shots at Officer Hickey. Officer Hickey testified unequivocally that the two shots were directed at him: “He fired two shots at me. I could clearly see the muzzle flashes coming in my direction” (emphasis added). He explained: “I was chasing [defendant], and I could see the form of his body turn towards me, at which point he fired at me with the two shots.” Officer Hickey's testimony to that effect was corroborated by other witnesses.
In light of the foregoing, we conclude that, while the evidence regarding the first shot fired by defendant may establish a mental state of depraved indifference, recklessness or an intent to kill a police officer, it does not establish that defendant specifically intended to kill or seriously injure Officer Hickey ( see People v. Fernandez, 88 N.Y.2d 777, 780, 650 N.Y.S.2d 625, 673 N.E.2d 910;People v. Cesario, 157 A.D.2d 795, 796, 550 N.Y.S.2d 395,lv. denied75 N.Y.2d 917, 555 N.Y.S.2d 36, 554 N.E.2d 73;cf. People v. Cabassa, 79 N.Y.2d 722, 728, 586 N.Y.S.2d 234, 598 N.E.2d 1;People v. Hollenquest, 309 A.D.2d 1159, 1159, 766 N.Y.S.2d 275,lv. denied3 N.Y.3d 707, 785 N.Y.S.2d 34, 818 N.E.2d 676;see generally Penal Law § 15.05[1], [3] ). Thus, inasmuch as the evidence establishes only a single act of attempted aggravated murder and attempted aggravated assault as against Officer Hickey, i.e., the two shots defendant fired directly at Officer Hickey, we conclude that counts one and two of the indictment were not rendered duplicitous by the trial testimony ( see generallyCPL 200.50[3]–[7]; People v. Bowen, 60 A.D.3d 1319, 1320, 875 N.Y.S.2d 393,lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 913, 884 N.Y.S.2d 694, 912 N.E.2d 1075).
Defendant further contends that Supreme Court improperly allowed a prosecution witness to testify concerning prior bad acts by defendant, i.e., that, prior to the shootings at issue, defendant possessed a gun inside the residence and was part of a group of men armed with guns who wanted to shoot at another house. With respect to the testimony concerning defendant's allegedprior gun possession, we conclude that such testimony was properly admitted as evidence of a motive for the shooting, i.e., to avoid capture in the presence of presumably illegal firearms and to complete the narrative of events by explaining why the police were summoned to the residence ( see People v. Giuca, 58 A.D.3d 750, 750, 871 N.Y.S.2d 709,lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 915, 884 N.Y.S.2d 696, 912 N.E.2d 1077;People v. Clarke, 5 A.D.3d 807, 809–810, 772 N.Y.S.2d 630,lv. denied2 N.Y.3d 797, 781 N.Y.S.2d 296, 814 N.E.2d 468;see generally People v. Alvino, 71 N.Y.2d 233, 241–242, 525 N.Y.S.2d 7, 519 N.E.2d 808;People v. Burnell, 89 A.D.3d 1118, 1120–1121, 931 N.Y.S.2d 776,lv. denied18 N.Y.3d 922, 942 N.Y.S.2d 461, 965 N.E.2d 963). Contrary to the contention of defendant, the potential prejudice of such testimony did not outweigh its probative value ( see Burnell, 89 A.D.3d at 1121, 931 N.Y.S.2d 776). Notably, defendant admitted in his statement to the police, which was read into evidence, that he “kn[e]w there were at least three guns in the house” and that, earlier in the day, he “put a loaded black .380 inside on top of the couch.” In addition, defendant testified that he fled when the police arrived because he thought that the police were executing a search warrant on the house and he knew that there were guns inside.
With respect to the witness's testimony concerning a group of armed men, we note that the witness testified that she told the police “that there were some guys out[, ] they all had guns and they wanted to shoot at [her] friend's house.” Contrary to defendant's contention, that testimony does not constitute prior bad act evidence. The witness testified that there were several other men in the house, and her statement does not specifically implicate defendant. Even assuming, arguendo, that her testimony constitutes Molineux evidence, we conclude that the testimony was admissible to establish motive and to complete the narrative of events ( see Giuca, 58 A.D.3d at 750, 871 N.Y.S.2d 709), and that the prejudicial effect of the statement did not outweigh its probative value ( see generally Alvino, 71 N.Y.2d at 242, 525 N.Y.S.2d 7, 519 N.E.2d 808). We note in particular that, prior to the challenged testimony, the jury already heard testimony from a police officer elicited by defense counsel that there was a “beef between two possible gangs,” that the two groups had exchanged gunfire earlier in the day and that tensions were high on the street. The witness who testified regarding the group of armed men also testified, without objection, that there was “conflict on and off” between two neighborhood groups and that “they were shooting at each other.”
In any event, we conclude that any error in the admission of the testimony concerning the prior bad acts is harmless. The evidence of defendant's guilt is overwhelming ( see People v. Finger, 266 A.D.2d 561, 561, 699 N.Y.S.2d 119,affd.95 N.Y.2d 894, 716 N.Y.S.2d 34, 739 N.E.2d 290; Burnell, 89 A.D.3d at 1121, 931 N.Y.S.2d 776;People v. Thomas, 26 A.D.3d 241, 242, 808 N.Y.S.2d 687,lv. denied6 N.Y.3d 898, 817 N.Y.S.2d 633, 850 N.E.2d 680), and there is no significant probability that the jury would have acquitted defendant if the allegedly improper Molineux evidence had been excluded ( see People v. Orbaker, 302 A.D.2d 977, 978, 754 N.Y.S.2d 492,lv. denied100 N.Y.2d 541, 763 N.Y.S.2d 7, 793 N.E.2d 421;People v. Robinson, 202 A.D.2d 1044, 1045, 609 N.Y.S.2d 978,lv. denied83 N.Y.2d 1006, 616 N.Y.S.2d 488, 640 N.E.2d 156;see generally People v. Crimmins, 36 N.Y.2d 230, 241–242, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787).
Finally, defendant's contention that the court erred in failing to give a limiting instruction at the time the challenged testimony was admitted is unpreserved for our review inasmuch as he did not request a contemporaneous instruction ( see Finger, 266 A.D.2d 561, 561, 699 N.Y.S.2d 119;see also Burnell, 89 A.D.3d at 1121, 931 N.Y.S.2d 776;Thomas, 26 A.D.3d at 242, 808 N.Y.S.2d 687). We decline to exercise our power to review that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[6] [a] ).
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.