Summary
arguing that the last two types of abandonment may be found without proof of purpose or intent
Summary of this case from C.C. v. L.J.Opinion
2030805.
February 18, 2005.
Appeal from the Probate Court, Madison County, No. 5525-A, Tommy Ragland, J.
James M. Gaines of Gaines Gaines, L.L.C., Magnolia Springs, for appellant.
B. Andrew Whitmire, Jr., Birmingham, for appellees.
On Application for Rehearing
The opinion of this court issued on November 19, 2004, is withdrawn, and the following is substituted therefor.
K.W.J. ("the biological father") appeals from a judgment of the Madison Probate Court denying his contest to the adoption of E.C.B., an infant girl ("the child"), by J.W.B. and K.E.M.B. ("the adoptive parents"). We reverse and remand on the authority of Ex parte F.P., 857 So.2d 125 (Ala. 2003).
The child was born on May 4, 2003, in Gwinnett County, Georgia. The biological father and E.M.M. ("the birth mother"), who are both residents of Georgia, had been dating for several months when they learned, in October 2002, that the birth mother was pregnant. Initially, the biological parents decided to marry and raise the child together. The birth mother, however, broke off the engagement and, three weeks after the child was born, gave her consent to the child's adoption by the adoptive parents, who are residents of Madison County, Alabama.
The evidence was in conflict with regard to the amount of prebirth support the biological father provided for the birth mother and the unborn child. The biological father testified that he purchased food and maternity clothes for the birth mother, baby clothes for the child, and nursery furniture, including a crib and a chair, for the child's room. He said that he spent approximately $200 per month on the birth mother during her pregnancy. He stated that he had established a bank account for the child and that he had arranged for her to be included under his health insurance coverage. The birth mother testified that, with the exception of three co-payments the father made to cover her prenatal care and a few meals he paid for on "dates," the biological father provided no financial support before the child's birth.
It is undisputed that the biological father was at the hospital with the birth mother when she went into labor; he was not present, however, for the birth of the child. The biological father testified that he wanted to stay at the hospital for the birth of the child, but, he said, the birth mother's mother ("the maternal grandmother") told him he was not the father of the child and ordered him to leave the hospital because he was upsetting the birth mother. The birth mother testified that she had wanted the biological father to be with her for the birth of the child, and, she said, when he could not be located in response to her request, she thought he had abandoned her and the baby.
The biological father testified that he tried to reach the birth mother numerous times every day for three weeks after the birth of the child but that the birth mother did not return his telephone calls or acknowledge the messages he had left on her answering machine. The birth mother testified that she had received no telephone calls or messages from the biological father for three weeks after the child's birth and that, during that time, she decided to consent to the child's adoption by a couple from Huntsville, Alabama. She explained that, although she had been introduced to the adoptive parents by a woman from her church the day after the child's birth, it had taken her three weeks to conclude that adoption was the best option for her.
On May 27, 2003, the birth mother signed a form giving her consent to the adoption and the adoptive parents took the child to Huntsville. On June 25, 2003, the adoptive parents filed in the Madison Probate Court a petition to adopt the child. On June 30, 2003, the probate court entered an interlocutory order awarding custody of the child to the adoptive parents pending a final dispositional hearing to be conducted on August 29, 2003. The biological father stated that sometime in June 2003 he saw the maternal grandmother and inquired where the child was; the maternal grandmother replied that the child was "with family." On July 14, 2003, the biological father received notice of the adoption petition. The biological father testified that the birth mother had never mentioned the idea of adoption to him. He stated that not only had he been unaware before receiving the notice that the child had been placed with adoptive parents but also that he had no idea the child had been removed from the state of Georgia.
Section 26-10A-17(a)(10), Ala. Code 1975, requires that notice of the pendency of an adoption proceeding shall be served on
"[t]he father and putative father of the adoptee if made known by the mother or otherwise known by the court unless the court finds that the father or putative father has given implied consent to the adoption, as defined in Section 26-10A-9."
On July 15, 2003, the biological father filed in the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia, a petition for legitimation, a motion for genetic tests, and a request for custody of the child. On July 23, 2003, the biological father filed an objection to the adoption in the Madison Probate Court, requesting that the adoption be held in abeyance until the completion of the genetic testing. DNA test results obtained on August 25, 2003, established that the probability of the biological father's paternity of the child was 99.998 percent.
On September 11, 2003, the adoptive parents filed in the Superior Court of Gwinnett County, Georgia, a motion to intervene and a motion to dismiss the legitimation proceeding. On October 6, 2003, the Georgia court granted the adoptive parents' motions to intervene and to dismiss, ruling that it had no jurisdiction, pursuant to the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act ("the UCCJEA"), to determine paternity or child custody because, it held, Alabama was the child's "home state" and an Alabama court had already made an "initial child custody determination." See § 30-3B-102(8) and § 30-3B-201(a)(1), Ala. Code 1975. The biological father did not appeal the Georgia court's ruling, and he does not contest the jurisdiction of the Madison Probate Court.
It is undisputed that the biological father was not asked by the birth mother or by the adoptive parents to provide any financial support for the child after the child's birth. It is also undisputed that the biological father did not offer to provide, nor did he actually provide, any financial support for the child after her birth. The biological father saw the child only once before the trial of the adoption contest. In August 2003, after all parties had learned the results of the DNA paternity test, the adoptive parents, who were on their way to Florida for a vacation, detoured through Georgia to see the biological father. On that occasion, the adoptive parents suggested the idea of an "open adoption" to the biological father. When the biological father rejected the suggestion, stating that he would agree to nothing less than full custody of the child, the adoptive parents became upset and left. The biological father testified that he had asked the adoptive parents to allow him to visit the child during Christmas 2003 and that the adoptive parents had refused. It is undisputed that the birth mother visited the child during Christmas 2003 and at other times.
The probate court conducted a hearing on the adoption contest on January 29, 2004, and February 11, 2004. On April 26, 2004, the probate court entered a judgment, which included the following pertinent findings and conclusions:
"1. That the contest filed by [the biological father] is hereby denied.
"2. That this Court finds that [the biological father] has failed to maintain a significant relationship with the minor child, the subject of this matter; and the said [biological father] has not been prevented from maintaining a significant parental relationship with said minor child; [the biological father] has not provided or offered to provide any financial or emotional support for said minor child; the failure of [the biological father] to maintain a significant parental relationship was for a period in excess of six months during which [the biological father] had full knowledge of the name and location of the legal representative of [the adoptive parents] in whose custody the minor child has resided.
"That this Court having considered all of the testimony adduced at trial finds that there is clear and convincing evidence that the consent of [the biological father] to the adoption is implied pursuant to the Code of Alabama Section 26-10A-9 due to the failure of [the biological father] to maintain a significant parental relationship with said minor child for a period of six months.
"3. [The biological father] also acknowledged that Alabama had full jurisdiction.
"4. It would be in the best interest of the minor child to deny the contest of [the biological father] and to grant the adoption."
As can be seen from the foregoing order, the probate court determined that the biological father, by failing to maintain a significant parental relationship with the child for a period of six months or more, had impliedly consented to the adoption of the child.
Section 26-10A-9, Ala. Code 1975, provides, in pertinent part:
"(a) A consent or relinquishment required by Section 26-10A-7 may be implied by any of the following acts of a parent:
". . . .
"(3) Knowingly leaving the adoptee with others without provision for support and without communication, or not otherwise maintaining a significant parental relationship with the adoptee for a period of six months."
In F.P. v. J.K.M., 857 So.2d 110 (Ala.Civ.App. 2001), the juvenile court denied a biological father's petition for custody of a child born out of wedlock, terminated the biological father's parental rights to the child, and granted the petition of a couple to adopt the child based on its finding that the biological father had impliedly consented to the adoption by failing to support the child and by failing to maintain a significant parental relationship with the child. This court affirmed the judgment of the juvenile court. Presiding Judge Yates, joined by Judge Crawley, dissented. The Alabama Supreme Court reversed this court's judgment, adopting Judge Yates's dissent. Ex parte F.P., 857 So.2d 125 (Ala. 2003). The supreme court held that the biological father, who had never seen his child before the trial of the adoption petition and who had not provided any support to the mother or to the adoptive parents after the birth of the child, could, nevertheless, not be deemed to have impliedly consented to the adoption of the child pursuant to § 26-10A-9(a)(1) (abandonment of the child) or § 26-10A-9(a)(3) (failure to maintain a significant parental relationship with the child) because, before the child's birth, he took the following steps to pursue his parental rights through legal action: he petitioned the juvenile court for a determination of the father-child relationship; he registered with the Putative Father Registry; he requested a blood test to determine paternity; and he moved for a stay of the adoption proceedings pending the paternity determination. The Alabama Supreme Court held that, "[p]ostbirth, the father had a justifiable excuse for failing to establish a relationship with the child — the adoptive parents did not wish to allow him to do so." Ex parte F.P., 857 So.2d at 138.
In the present case, the biological father took the same steps that the biological father in Ex parte F.P. took (with the exception of registering with the Putative Father Registry) to pursue his parental rights through legal action. One day after he received notice of the pending adoption, the biological father filed a legitimation action in Georgia, seeking genetic testing and custody of the child. Two and one-half months after the child's birth, he contested the adoption and asked for a stay of the adoption proceedings pending the outcome of the paternity testing. As in Ex parte F.P., the biological father had a "justifiable excuse for failing to establish a relationship with the child — the adoptive parents did not wish to allow him to do so." 857 So.2d at 138. In short, there is no principled distinction between this case and Ex parte F.P.
Section 26-10A-7(a)(5), Ala. Code 1975, a part of the Alabama Adoption Code, provides that consent to an adoption is required of various parties, including
"[t]he putative father if made known by the mother or is otherwise made known to the court provided he complies with Section 26-10C-1 [the Putative Father Registry Act] and he responds within 30 days to the notice he receives under Section 26-10A-17(a)(10)."
All parties concede that the Alabama Putative Father Registry Act is not applicable to this case because the child was born in Georgia and both biological parents are Georgia residents.
Accordingly, we conclude that the Madison Probate Court erroneously applied the law to the facts. That court's judgment approving the adoption and denying the adoption contest is, therefore, reversed. Because the birth mother signed a consent to have the child adopted by named individuals (J.W.B. and K.E.M.B.) and because the adoption by those individuals cannot proceed in the absence of the biological father's consent, we conclude that the parties will return to the status quo ante and custody of the child will revert to the birth mother pending any further proceedings. See generally Ex parte D.J., 645 So.2d 303, 307 (Ala. 1994) (stating that "`[t]here is a strong presumption in Alabama, which has not been modified or abolished either judicially or legislatively, that the mother of a child born out of wedlock has a superior right of custody over all other persons, absent good cause that custody should not be vested in her'") (quoting Rainer v. Feldman, 568 So.2d 1226, 1227 (Ala. 1990)).
OPINION OF NOVEMBER 19, 2004, WITHDRAWN; OPINION SUBSTITUTED; APPLICATION OVERRULED; REVERSED AND REMANDED.
THOMPSON and PITTMAN, JJ., concur in the result, without writing.
MURDOCK, J., dissents, with writing, which BRYAN, J., joins.
As a threshold matter, I note my disagreement with the inclusion in the main opinion of an order requiring custody of the child immediately to revert to the birth mother. Though I fully agree with the substantive legal presumption upon which that order is premised, I question whether it is the correct course procedurally for this appellate court to enter such an order at this juncture. (Indeed, the question of the child's custody in the event the adoption does not go forward has not been briefed to this court.) Procedurally, I believe it to be appropriate that this court merely reverse the trial court's judgment approving the adoption.
As to the more fundamental question of the adoption, itself, I cannot agree with the main opinion when it quotes from Ex parte F.P., 857 So.2d 125, 138 (Ala. 2003), to state that the biological father in this case had a "`justifiable excuse for failing to establish a relationship with the child — the adoptive parents did not wish to allow him to do so.'" 933 So.2d at 1078. The trial court conducted an ore tenus hearing and, based on conflicting evidence, found that the biological father did not have a justifiable excuse for failing to establish a relationship with the child. The record contains substantial evidence to support the trial court's finding.
"`The significance of the biological connection is that it offers the natural father an opportunity that no other male possesses to develop a relationship with his offspring.'" R.K. v. R.J., 843 So.2d 774, 781 (Ala.Civ.App. 2002) (quoting Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 262, 103 S.Ct. 2985, 77 L.Ed.2d 614 (1983)). It should take more than the "wish" of prospective adoptive parents to prevent a fit and loving father from seeing his daughter and establishing a relationship with her. Indeed, the trial court could have found from the evidence presented that the biological father did not make a meaningful effort, either informally or by seeking the aid of the courts, to visit, or engage in an actual relationship with, his daughter after her birth and/or during the pendency of this litigation.
It is not necessary for a parent to intend, or set out, to abandon a child in order to do so. All that is required is that the child, in fact, be abandoned. It is true that an "abandonment" may be intentional — that is, a parent may intend to physically, emotionally, and/or financially abandon a child. Such purposeful conduct is only one type of abandonment recognized by statute. Alabama's Child Protection Act, Ala. Code 1975, § 26-18-1 et seq. ("the CPA"), defines abandonment as
"[a] voluntary and intentional relinquishment of the custody of a child by a parent, or a withholding from the child, without good cause or excuse, by the parent, of his presence, care, love, protection, maintenance or the opportunity for the display of filial affection, or the failure to claim the rights of a parent, or failure to perform the duties of a parent."
Ala. Code 1975, § 26-18-3(1) (emphasis added). The clauses following the disjunctive "or" describe abandonment that is not so much a matter of purpose as a matter of simply engaging or failing to engage in certain conduct. Such conduct can be the basis for the termination of parental rights under the CPA. See Ala. Code 1975, 26-18-7(1); D.M.P. v. State Dep't of Human Res., 871 So.2d 77 (Ala.Civ.App. 2003) (plurality opinion). See also Ex parte F.P., 857 So.2d at 143-46 (Stuart, J., dissenting).
Having said the foregoing, however, I concede that this case does not entail a direct claim for termination of parental rights under the CPA due to an abandonment. Compare Ex parte F.P., supra. Still, the same definition of abandonment found in the CPA is found in Alabama's Adoption Code. See Ala. Code 1975, § 26-10A-2(1). Thus, as in the case of the CPA, abandonment for purposes of the Adoption Code is not necessarily a function of the biological parent's intent. With respect to the Adoption Code, however, a finding of abandonment, or failure to maintain a parental relationship, arguably is only dispositive to the extent that it, in turn, is found to imply a consent to adoption on the part of a biological parent. See Ala. Code 1975, § 26-10A-9(a). Despite the formal legal position taken in this case by the biological father, the trial court found that the father's subsequent acts and omissions spoke louder than his words, and implied the necessary consent under the Adoption Code. This is a difficult case. Given the conflicting evidence and the ore tenus presumption, however, I have not been persuaded that this court should overturn the trial court's judgment in this case.
I recognize that the main opinion in the Supreme Court's 2003 decision in Ex parte F.P. was joined by a majority of the Justices on that Court and therefore constitutes precedent that is binding on this court. I do not conclude, however, that Ex parte F.P. forecloses us from affirming the trial court's judgment in the present case. In large part, the focus in Ex parte F.P. was on the effect of certain postbirth legal positions taken by the biological father upon his alleged prebirth implied consent to the adoption of the child and whether, if there was a prebirth implied consent, the postbirth legal positions of the biological father could operate to revoke that consent. Prebirth abandonment and consent are not at issue in the present case. As to the issue of postbirth abandonment and consent to adoption, I do not read Ex parte F.P. as holding that the taking of legal positions alone necessarily serves to insulate a biological parent from claims that he or she has abandoned and consented to the adoption of his or her child. Rather, the main opinion in Ex parte F.P. disposed of the claim that the biological father had abandoned his child after the child's birth by stating that the biological father had a justifiable excuse for the absence of a postbirth relationship with his child. The facts of every case obviously are different in this respect, and, in this case, I would uphold the trial court's finding based on conflicting ore tenus evidence that the lack of a physical and emotional relationship between the biological father and the child was not justified.
We should not equate the filing of "court papers" and the taking of legal positions with the establishment of human relationships. A child can be abandoned just as surely when papers have been filed with a court as when they have not been. While those papers sit in a folder in a courthouse, children grow. They are read to and tucked in at night. They are nursed to health. They are taught. They are nurtured. They are loved. And they love back. And bonds are formed — but not with a biological father who has allowed himself to remain absent from the child's life. See generally R.K. v. R.J., 843 So.2d 774; Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 103 S.Ct. 2985, 77 L.Ed.2d 614.
BRYAN, J., concurs.