Summary
In King v King (124 Misc 2d 946, 949 [Sup Ct, NY County 1984]), the court held that a father may be held in contempt for his failure to have his 13-½ year old daughter visit with her mother as ordered by the court.
Summary of this case from Monroe Cnty. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Andrew B. (In re Andrew B.)Opinion
May 17, 1984
Whitman Ransom ( Paul M. Brown of counsel), for plaintiff.
Ira King, defendant pro se.
The principal issue presented by these motions to punish for civil contempt is whether a father who has disobeyed a court order of visitation may defend on the ground that his 13 1/2-year-old daughter was unwilling to go home.
Plaintiff mother moves by order to show cause dated January 27, 1984 for an order punishing defendant father for civil contempt of court for his willful failure and refusal to surrender custody of their child as provided in a stipulation entered into in open court. In a second motion, plaintiff moves by notice of motion returnable May 9, 1984 for an order punishing defendant for civil contempt for his willful failure and refusal to surrender custody of their child as provided in the stipulation and as directed by this court in the presence of the parties. On consent, the two motions are consolidated for disposition.
On October 17, 1983, the parties placed a stipulation on the record of the court which was incorporated in a judgment of divorce dated December 12, 1983. The stipulation included a provision that custody of the 13 1/2-year-old daughter of the parties was to remain with the mother and that the father was to have visitation during the school year on alternate weekends starting at the end of the school day on Friday, and ending Sunday evening at 8:00 P.M.
Plaintiff apparently was not aware that the judgment of divorce had been signed before the motion for contempt was brought, and the motion sought to punish only for the alleged violation of the Oct. 17, 1983 stipulation.
On March 6, 1984, the court took testimony that showed a history of repeated failures by defendant to return the child at the end of visitation. It was not disputed that defendant exercised his right to visitation on Friday, January 20, 1984, at his home in Southampton, New York, and that he knew the stipulation obligated him to return the child by 8:00 P.M. on Sunday, January 22, 1984. Defendant concedes that he did not return the child and that she remained in Southampton for several weeks and was enrolled in school there in violation of the stipulation.
Section 753 Jud. of the Judiciary Law entitled "Power of courts to punish for civil contempts" reads, in pertinent part:
"A. A court of record has power to punish, by fine and imprisonment, or either, a neglect or violation of duty, or other misconduct, by which a right or remedy of a party to a civil action or special proceeding, pending in the court may be defeated, impaired, impeded, or prejudiced, in any of the following cases * * *
"3. * * * any * * * disobedience to a lawful mandate of the court."
An essential foundation for imposition of sanctions for contempt is the existence of a court order. "In order to find that contempt has occurred in a given case, it must be determined that a lawful order of the court, clearly expressing an unequivocal mandate, was in effect. It must appear, with reasonable certainty, that the order has been disobeyed [citations omitted]. Moreover, the party to be held in contempt must have had knowledge of the court's order, although it is not necessary that the order actually have been served upon the party [citations omitted]." ( Matter of McCormick v Axelrod, 59 N.Y.2d 574, 583.)
The stipulation of the parties is a binding agreement between them and should be honored. However, a stipulation is not an order of the court, and violation of a stipulation will not support a finding of contempt. ( Gingold v Gingold, 48 A.D.2d 623; Kolmer v Kolmer, 13 Misc.2d 313, affd 6 A.D.2d 1001; 21 N.Y. Jur 2d, Contempt, § 25.) Accordingly, plaintiff's first motion is denied.
Plaintiff's second application, unlike the first, is predicated upon a court order. On March 6, 1984, at the start of hearings on the prior contempt motion and a related custody proceeding, weekend visitation was arranged and defendant, an attorney appearing pro se, was directed orally by this court to return the child on Sunday evenings at 8:00 P.M. pendente lite. "[A]n oral direction * * * given in open court [is] * * * just as binding upon those who heard it as if it were written * * * and no written order * * * [is] required." ( Matter of Wiggins v Ithaca Journal News, 57 Misc.2d 356, 363; accord Rudnick v Jacobson, 284 App. Div. 1064, mot for lv to app den 308 N.Y. 1052.)
The second application is technically deficient in that the notice of motion does not "contain on its face a notice that the purpose of the hearing is to punish the accused for a contempt of court, and that such punishment may consist of fine or imprisonment, or both, according to law" (Judiciary Law, § 756). However, defendant has chosen to contest the application on its merits and thus has waived the defect. ( Matter of Rappaport, 58 N.Y.2d 725.)
On the return date of the motion, it was stipulated that were the court to take additional testimony, the facts would be similar to those brought out at the hearing on the first motion. Defendant concedes that he failed to return the child on Sunday, April 22, 1984, returning her instead on Tuesday, April 24, 1984. Defendant's sole defense is that the violation was not willful or intentional. Defendant asserts that his 13 1/2-year-old daughter was not returned to plaintiff because the child refused to go, preferring instead to remain with him. Defendant claims he could not compel his daughter to go to her mother's home without using physical force and inflicting emotional damage upon her.
The law is clear that there need not be a willful refusal to obey a court order before a party may be adjudged in civil contempt. "It is not necessary that such disobedience be deliberate; rather, the mere act of disobedience, regardless of its motive, is sufficient to sustain a finding of civil contempt if such disobedience defeats, impairs, impedes or prejudices the rights of a party". ( Great Neck Pennysaver v Central Nassau Pub., 65 A.D.2d 616-617; accord Matter of McCormick v Axelrod, 59 N.Y.2d 574, 583, supra; Yalkowsky v Yalkowsky, 93 A.D.2d 834, 835; 21 N.Y. Jur 2d, Contempt, § 9.)
Defendant does not argue that his was a technical, inadvertent or mistaken violation of an order. In essence, his position is that he was unable to obey the court's order. However, the court cannot permit the desires of a 13 1/2-year-old child to take on the attributes of a force majeure or act of God. Defendant would undoubtedly prefer to avoid a confrontation with his child. Nonetheless, defendant as a father is chargeable with finding a solution to the conflict between the court's order and his child's wishes. He has a parental obligation to control and direct his daughter's activities while she is in his care, and to take appropriate measures to gain her cooperation in returning to her mother's home. A father may not use his daughter's wishes to shield him from the consequences of disregarding his duty to obey the court's lawful mandate. (See Berkman v Berkman, 57 A.D.2d 542, app dsmd 43 N.Y.2d 769; People ex rel. Brussel v Brussel, 280 App. Div. 784.)
The proof is clear and convincing and shows that defendant kept the child with him beyond the time he was directed to relinquish her, intentionally and knowingly disobeying this court's order. Defendant, as an attorney, is aware of his obligation to honor the court's mandate. His conduct has defeated, impaired, impeded and prejudiced plaintiff's rights, and stands as an unfortunate example to his daughter of disrespect for the law.
Defendant may "be punished by fine or imprisonment, or both, as the nature of the case requires". (Judiciary Law, § 770.) Under the circumstances, the appropriate punishment is the imposition of a fine not exceeding the costs and expenses of bringing the contempt motion plus the sum of $250. (Judiciary Law, § 773; Hardwood Dimension Mouldings v Consolidated Edison Co., 77 A.D.2d 644, 645, app dsmd 51 N.Y.2d 1008, cross app dsmd 54 N.Y.2d 680.) The purpose of the fine is not to punish defendant but rather to compensate plaintiff. ( State of New York v Unique Ideas, 44 N.Y.2d 345; Matter of Larisa F. v Michael S., 122 Misc.2d 520.) Upon the papers submitted, including plaintiff's counsel's affidavit of legal services rendered, and upon the proceedings conducted, the court fixes the sum of $500 as plaintiff's costs and expenses in bringing this motion.
Defendant is hereby adjudged in civil contempt and is fined the sum of $750 to be paid within 30 days after service upon him of a copy of this order with notice of entry.