Opinion
2012-07-3
In re JAQUAN M., A Person Alleged to be a Juvenile Delinquent, Appellant. Presentment Agency.
Tamara A. Steckler, The Legal Aid Society, New York (Diane Pazar of counsel), for appellant. Michael A. Cardozo, Corporation Counsel, New York (Scott Shorr of counsel), for presentment agency.
Tamara A. Steckler, The Legal Aid Society, New York (Diane Pazar of counsel), for appellant. Michael A. Cardozo, Corporation Counsel, New York (Scott Shorr of counsel), for presentment agency.
MAZZARELLI, J.P., FRIEDMAN, CATTERSON, RENWICK, FREEDMAN, JJ.
Order of disposition, Family Court, New York County (Susan R. Larabee, J.), entered on or about August 10, 2010, which adjudicated appellant a juvenile delinquent upon his admission that he committed an act that, if committed by an adult, would constitute the crime of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree, and placed him on probation for a period of 15 months, reversed, on the law, without costs, the motion to suppress granted, the order of disposition vacated, and the petition dismissed.
Appellant, who was 14 years old at the time of the incident, was observed by the police at approximately 9:35 p.m. in a drug-prone location, wearing a backpack. When the police first spottedhim, they were in a car and he was walking slowly down a sidewalk. Appellant then passed between two parked cars, peering up and down the street, and then passed back between the cars and looked up and down the sidewalk. Appellant stepped back onto the sidewalk, looked around and began pacing in a circle very slowly. He took out his cell phone and used it for about 30 seconds, put it back in his pocket, and then went back between the cars. He repeated the pacing and looking a second time. Appellant then took off his backpack and placed it on the ground between the cars. He kneeled down and removed a white object very slowly and gently from his waistband, placing the object in an outer pocket on the side of the backpack. He used one hand to grip the object and the other to hold the waistband, making it appear to the observing officers that he did not want the object to get caught in his pants and that he was trying to remove the object as quickly, but as carefully, as possible. Appellant placed one hand on the pocket of the backpack and used the other hand to place the object inside the pocket. He zipped up the pocket, put the backpack on his shoulder, and crossed the street. The police thought the object “could” have been a firearm because of the way appellant was handling it and because it was in his waistband, the most common location for carrying a gun. However, by the officers' own admissions, nothing about the appearance of the object which appellant placed in the backpack supported that suspicion.
One of the officers got out of the car and walked side by side with appellant. The officer saw that appellant's backpack seemed to be bottom-heavy. The officer identified himself and told appellant to walk with him across the street. Appellant replied, “[W]hat do you want from me? I am only fourteen.” Another officer went to appellant's right, and the one who originally approached him frisked his waistband and patted down his pockets. When asked where he was coming from, appellant replied that he was coming from his uncle's house. When asked where he was going, appellant stated, “I don't know. I am going here,” and showed an address written on his forearm which was located in a housing development in the South Bronx, and which the police knew to be a high-crime, drug-prone location. The first officer, upon smelling marijuana, asked appellant if he was in possession of any. Appellant said, “[N]o.” The officer asked if appellant had ever been in trouble with the law, and he answered, “No. This is the first time.” When the officer asked what was in the backpack, appellant replied, “[N]othing.”
The officer took the backpack by the upper strap handle at the top and shook it a little. He asked appellant why the bag was so heavy and what was in it. Appellant again replied that there was nothing in the backpack. The officer believed that appellant was lying because the bag was very heavy and he had previously seen appellant place something inside it. The officer asked for pedigree information, and appellant gave him his date of birth and first name. Appellant stated that papers bearing his name might be found among school papers and a folder in his backpack and stated, “You could check if it's in any of those papers in my bag.” The officer told appellant to take off the backpack and hand it to him. Appellant placed the bag on the ground and the officer opened up the larger pocket and looked through the paperwork for something with appellant's name on it, but was unsuccessful. He then opened the outer pocket, which contained no paperwork. However, the officer saw the object that he had seen earlier, a white bag. The officer placed his hand on the bag, which was hard and heavy. He stated that the object “could have been anything,” but it felt like a firearm. The officer placed appellant in handcuffs for his safety, and detained him so that he could determine the contents of the bag. Also, he considered appellant a flight risk because appellant was nervous, turning his head and leaning his body from side to side. When the officer opened the bag, he saw a firearm wrapped in bubble wrap, and placed appellant under arrest. Eleven rounds of ammunition were loaded in the magazine, and $963 in currency was also recovered from appellant's jeans pocket.
The court denied appellant's motion to suppress the gun. The court found that the search was justified by appellant's presence at night in a high-crime neighborhood, his furtive actions such as peering up and down the street and sidewalk, and his removal of a white object from his waistband, which, in the officers' experience, is where weapons are frequently concealed. The court noted appellant's inability to tell the officers where he was going without first looking at an address written on his arm, and that the officers knew that address to be in a high-crime area. The court further observed that appellant did not have identification, did not give his full name, and suggested that the officer look for some papers in the backpack. The court also relied on the fact that the officer who searched the backpack testified that it was much heavier than it would have been had it contained only papers.
Upon the denial of his suppression motion, appellant admitted that he had committed an act which, if committed by an adult, would constitute the crime of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree. He was adjudicated a juvenile delinquent, and placed on enhanced supervision probation for a period of 15 months. He was also directed to obey his parents, attend school regularly, refrain from the use of drugs or alcohol, complete 60 hours of community service and have no gang affiliation or further difficulties at home or in the community.
In determining whether the encounter between the police and appellant ultimately justified the seizure of the weapon and appellant's arrest, we rely on the four-tiered methodology enunciated by the Court of Appeals in People v. De Bour, 40 N.Y.2d 210, 386 N.Y.S.2d 375, 352 N.E.2d 562 [1976]. In De Bour, the Court delineated the various steps of justifiable intrusion: (1) an approach to request information based on some objective credible reason, not necessarily indicative of criminality; (2) the common-law right to inquire (short of forcible seizure), based on a founded suspicion that criminal activity is afoot; (3) a forcible stop and detention (and limited pat-down/frisk), based on a reasonable suspicion that a particular person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a crime; and (4) an arrest, based on probable cause to believe the person committed a crime ( id. at 223, 386 N.Y.S.2d 375, 352 N.E.2d 562).
Clearly, the police in this case were justified in taking the first two steps. Appellant's seemingly furtive behavior at night and in a high-crime neighborhood provided a reasonable basis for the police to form a founded suspicion that appellant was engaged in criminal activity. This gave the officers the right to approach appellant and to make inquiries of him. However, the presentment agency argues that the police were justified in seizing appellant and then searching his bag because, based on the totality of the circumstances, the officers formed a reasonable suspicion that he was in possession of a weapon. These circumstances included appellant's apparently furtive movements, his removal of an object from his waistband, the heavy appearance of his backpack after he placed the object inside it, and his denial that there was anything at all in the backpack.
“ ‘[R]easonable suspicion’ [to justify a seizure] has been aptly defined as the quantum of knowledge sufficient to induce an ordinarily prudent and cautious man under the circumstances to believe that criminal activity is at hand. The requisite knowledge must be more than subjective; it should have at least some demonstrable roots. Mere ‘hunch’ or ‘gut reaction’ will not do” ( People v. Sobotker, 43 N.Y.2d 559, 564, 402 N.Y.S.2d 993, 373 N.E.2d 1218 [1978] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted] ). This Court has specifically held that the mere fact that an officer sees a person holding something near his waistband is not enough to form a reasonable suspicion, “absent any indication of a weapon, such as the visible outline of a gun” ( People v. Fernandez, 87 A.D.3d 474, 476, 928 N.Y.S.2d 293 [2011];see People v. Manuel, 220 A.D.2d 263, 632 N.Y.S.2d 86 [1995] [observation of large bulge under the defendant's shirt above the waistband did not provide a reasonable basis to believe that the defendant was armed]; People v. Barreto, 161 A.D.2d 305, 555 N.Y.S.2d 303 [1990] [same], lv. denied76 N.Y.2d 852, 560 N.Y.S.2d 992, 561 N.E.2d 892 [1990];see also People v. Crawford, 89 A.D.3d 422, 423, 931 N.Y.S.2d 313 [2011] [“Defendant's flight, when accompanied by nothing more than the presence of an object in his pocket that was unidentifiable even at close range, did not raise a reasonable suspicion that he had a gun or otherwise was involved in a crime”] ).
We reject the dissent's implication that an officer's suspicion that an unidentified object in, as opposed to near, a person's waistband, is a gun, is always reasonable. This Court did not go that far in People v. Alozo, 180 A.D.2d 584, 580 N.Y.S.2d 298 [1992], which the dissent cites in support of that position. It is noted that in People v. Alozo, this Court found that one of the factors justifying the frisk of the defendant was that “[t]he officer believed the item to be a gun because of its appearance ( id. at 586, 580 N.Y.S.2d 298).” Here, by contrast, the officers conceded that nothing about the appearance of the object which appellant pulled from his waistband revealed what it was. It is further noted that People v. Benjamin, 51 N.Y.2d 267, 434 N.Y.S.2d 144, 414 N.E.2d 645 [1980], which, as the dissent points out, was cited by this Court in People v. Alozo, found that a frisk was justified because the defendant there reached for his waistband and “[i]t would, indeed, be absurd to suggest that a police officer has to await the glint of steel before he can act to preserve his safety” (51 N.Y.2d at 271, 434 N.Y.S.2d 144, 414 N.E.2d 645). Here, there was no evidence that the officers ever felt that their lives were in danger by the possible presence of a gun.
Further, absent such an actual indication of a firearm, “other objective indicia of criminality” are necessary before a suspect may be seized ( People v. Powell, 246 A.D.2d 366, 370, 667 N.Y.S.2d 725 [1998],appeal dismissed92 N.Y.2d 886, 678 N.Y.S.2d 584, 700 N.E.2d 1220 [1998] ). Thus, in Powell, suppression of a gun was granted where the defendant, while walking at a quick pace, adjusted his waistband and walked with one arm held stiffly against his body, because those “actions were at all times innocuous and readily susceptible of an innocent interpretation” ( id. at 369, 667 N.Y.S.2d 725). On the other hand, in People v. Rodriguez, 71 A.D.3d 436, 895 N.Y.S.2d 94 [2010],lv. denied15 N.Y.3d 756, 906 N.Y.S.2d 829, 933 N.E.2d 228 [2010], suppression of a weapon was denied even though the police only observed that defendant's waistband was weighed down by “a concealed object ( id. at 437, 895 N.Y.S.2d 94).” However, in Rodriguez, the defendant was stealthily approaching an apartment which was under surveillance as a known drug location and was a possible target for a home invasion robbery. Further, the defendant was carrying latex gloves, which the police knew had been used in such armed robberies. Similarly, in Matter of Wilberto R., 220 A.D.2d 332, 633 N.Y.S.2d 15 [1995], cited by the dissent, the defendant, whose vest had a drooping pocket that this Court held the police justifiably believed contained a gun, closely matched the description of a person who a radio call had stated was carrying a gun. A similar description of suspects who had just fired weapons formed a predicate for the search in People v. Flores, 226 A.D.2d 181, 641 N.Y.S.2d 14 [1996],lv. denied88 N.Y.2d 985, 649 N.Y.S.2d 391, 672 N.E.2d 617 [1996], also cited by the dissent. Here, appellant had never been described to the police as being armed. Certainly the dissent would not argue that any person on the street, even in a high-crime area, is presumed to be carrying a weapon based only on a drooping pocket or backpack.
Reasonable suspicion could not be formed in this case based strictly on the officers' observation of appellant removing an object from his waistband, because they conceded that the object bore no obvious hallmarks of a weapon. Further, there were no other objective indicia of criminality because there were plausible, non-criminal reasons for appellant's behavior. For example, the fact that the backpack sagged at the bottom could have been the result of any number of things which it would have been legal for appellant to possess. Nor did appellant's actions in pacing back and forth and peering up and down the street and sidewalk, and then kneeling down to transfer something into the backpack exclude the reasonable possibility that he was engaged in innocent behavior. The fact that appellant was in a high-crime area and on his way to another high-crime area does not, without more, constitute a factor sufficient to create reasonable suspicion ( Powell, 246 A.D.2d at 369–370, 667 N.Y.S.2d 725). Nor do we believe that all of these factors, taken together, reasonably lead to the conclusion that appellant was in the process of committing a crime.
Even if the seizure of appellant was legal, we find that appellant's denials that there was anything inside the bag did not justify an increase in the level of suspicion such that the police properly searched his bag. In the cases on which the presentment agency and the dissent rely in arguing that similar lies can create probable cause, People v. Febus, 11 A.D.3d 554, 783 N.Y.S.2d 55 [2004]lv. dismissed4 N.Y.3d 743, 790 N.Y.S.2d 656, 824 N.E.2d 57 [2004] and People v. Scott–Heron, 11 A.D.3d 364, 783 N.Y.S.2d 368 [2004],lv. denied4 N.Y.3d 803, 795 N.Y.S.2d 178, 828 N.E.2d 94 [2005], the police had already developed strong reason to believe that the defendants had secreted drugs, and the defendants' denials were found to have buttressed that belief. Here, as discussed above, the police had no basis to believe that there was a gun in appellant's backpack, other than their hunch. Appellant's denials were insufficient, on their own, to create probable cause.
Finally, we find that the presentment agency failed to meet its heavy burden of establishing that appellant voluntarily consented to the search of the entire bag ( see People v. Barreras, 253 A.D.2d 369, 677 N.Y.S.2d 526 [1998] ). Based on the exchange with the officers, appellant's reasonable expectation was that he had consented to a limited search of papers that might contain identifying information (see People v. Gomez, 5 N.Y.3d 416, 419, 805 N.Y.S.2d 24, 838 N.E.2d 1271 [2005] ). When the officer opened a separate compartment in the backpack which did not contain any papers, the right to proceed further was lost. All concur except FRIEDMAN and CATTERSON, JJ. who dissent in a memorandum by CATTERSON, J. as follows:
CATTERSON, J. (dissenting).
I must respectfully dissent. In my view, the totality of the circumstances justified not only a De Bour level-two common-law inquiry, but also provided the police with reasonable suspicion to believe that the appellant was illegally carrying a gun in his backpack justifying a level three stop and frisk.
Relying on People v. Fernandez, 87 A.D.3d 474, 928 N.Y.S.2d 293 (1st Dept.2011), the majority acknowledges that the appellant's “furtive behavior at night and in a high-crime neighborhood” justified a level-two inquiry. However, because the object that the appellant secreted in his backpack “bore no obvious hallmarks of a weapon” and there were no other “indicia of criminality,” the majority concludes that there was no justification for a level three stop and frisk. I disagree. It is not necessary for an officer to see the “outline of a gun” in order to form a reasonable suspicion that the defendant is armed. A defendant's “describable conduct” may provide a “reasonable basis for the police officer's belief that the defendant [has] a gun in his possession.” People v. Marine, 142 A.D.2d 368, 371–372, 536 N.Y.S.2d 425, 427 (1st Dept.1989) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
In any event, Fernandez is inapposite. In Fernandez, the officer saw the defendant in a high-crime area, crouched behind an SUV, holding his hand “near” his waist, but never saw the defendant take anything out of his waistband, nor what the defendant was holding. We found that the mere fact that an officer sees a person holding something near his waistband is not enough to form a reasonable suspicion “absent any indication of a weapon, such as the visible outline of a gun.” 87 A.D.3d at 476, 928 N.Y.S.2d at 294.
By contrast, in this case the officer saw the appellant take a white object large enough to be a gun out of his waistband and put it in his backpack. The officer testified that he thought the object could have been a gun not only because it was in his waistband, but also because the appellant handled the object “with care.” See e.g. People v. Alozo, 180 A.D.2d 584, 586, 580 N.Y.S.2d 298, 299 (1st Dept.1992), citing People v. Benjamin, 51 N.Y.2d 267, 271, 434 N.Y.S.2d 144, 146, 414 N.E.2d 645, 648 (1980). In People v. Alozo, we found that the object's “appearance, the manner in which defendant held it and the fact that it was inserted in the back waistband of his pants” (180 A.D.2d at 586, 580 N.Y.S.2d at 299) (emphasis added) provided a reasonable basis for the officer to believe that the defendant had a gun. We further observed that “ ‘[i]t is quite apparent to an experienced police officer, and indeed it may almost be considered common knowledge, that a handgun is often carried in the waistband.’ ” Id., quoting People v. Benjamin, 51 N.Y.2d at 271, 434 N.Y.S.2d at 146, 414 N.E.2d 645. The officer in this case also testified that the backpack appeared to be empty, but sagged from a heavy weight at the bottom, heightening his suspicion that the object was a gun. See e.g. Matter of Wilberto R., 220 A.D.2d 332, 332–333, 633 N.Y.S.2d 15, 15 (1st Dept.1995) (defendant's vest pocket drooped, “indicating a heavy object that the officer believed could have been a gun”).
Moreover, contrary to the majority's finding, in my opinion there were other “indicia of criminality.” The appellant's efforts to keep the object concealed, his surreptitious conduct looking up and down the street, and his presence alone at night in a drug-prone location where armed robberies were increasing, were all factors that aroused the officer's reasonable suspicion. See e.g. People v. Martin, 88 A.D.3d 473, 931 N.Y.S.2d 7 (1st Dept.2011) (the drug-prone location of the transaction contributed to the trained officer's suspicion); People v. Flores, 226 A.D.2d 181, 641 N.Y.S.2d 14 (1st Dept.1996), lv. denied88 N.Y.2d 985, 649 N.Y.S.2d 391, 672 N.E.2d 617 (defendant's effort to conceal a bulge in his waistband escalated the encounter to reasonable suspicion); People v. Alozo, 180 A.D.2d at 586, 580 N.Y.S.2d at 298 (1st Dept.1992) (“[t]he officer's suspicions were further aroused” when the defendant looked “up and down the block both before and after retrieving the object”).
While it may be true, as the majority finds, that individually these circumstances were “susceptible of an innocent interpretation,” here, they have to be viewed as a progression of actions, with each circumstance increasing the level of the police officer's suspicion. Thus, I would find that taken together, they provided the officer with reasonable suspicion that the appellant was illegally carrying a gun in his backpack. In People v. Rodriguez, 71 A.D.3d 436, 895 N.Y.S.2d 94 (1st Dept.2010), lv. denied15 N.Y.3d 756, 906 N.Y.S.2d 829, 933 N.E.2d 228 (2010), we concluded that although “[e]ach of the[ ] circumstances, when viewed in isolation, might be considered innocuous,” when viewed “in totality,” they provided reasonable suspicion that justified a stop and frisk. 71 A.D.3d at 436–437, 895 N.Y.S.2d at 95 (defendant behaved “stealthily” in an area known as a “distribution point for drugs and firearms,” his waistband was “weighed down” by an object that he attempted to conceal, and he was carrying a latex glove).
Furthermore, the officer testified that he knew that the appellant was lying when he repeatedly said that there was “nothing” in the backpack because he saw him put the object there and could see the weight of it at the bottom. Thus, in my opinion, because the police already had reasonable suspicion to believe that the appellant illegally possessed a gun, his prevarication increased the officer's level of suspicion to probable cause to believe that there was a weapon in the backpack, justifying the search. See e.g. People v. Febus, 11 A.D.3d 554, 783 N.Y.S.2d 55 (2nd Dept.2004), lv. dismissed4 N.Y.3d 743, 790 N.Y.S.2d 656, 824 N.E.2d 57 (2004) (because the officer had reasonable suspicion to stop the defendant, the defendant's lie that he had “nothing” in his pocket raised the level of the encounter to probable cause); People v. Scott–Heron, 11 A.D.3d 364, 364, 783 N.Y.S.2d 368, 369 (1st Dept.2004), lv. denied4 N.Y.3d 803, 795 N.Y.S.2d 178, 828 N.E.2d 94 (2005) (“defendant's patently false responses to the detective's initial questions clearly raised the level of suspicion to probable cause”).
In any event, I disagree with the majority that the invitation to search limited the search to the main compartment of the appellant's backpack. As the majority acknowledges, the appellant explicitly suggested that the officer look inside the backpack for papers that might contain identifying information. When the officer did not find any papers in the main compartment with the appellant's name on them, he opened the outer pocket. I do not believe that the right to proceed to the outer pocket was “lost” when the officer failed to find papers in the main compartment. The scope of a search is “generally defined by its expressed object” and the “reasonable” expectation of the person consenting to the search. People v. Gomez, 5 N.Y.3d 416, 420, 805 N.Y.S.2d 24, 26, 838 N.E.2d 1271, 1273 (2005) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Here, the appellant did not expressly limit the search to the main compartment, nor could he have reasonably expected it to be limited to that area since a school paper with a student's name on it could be located in any pocket of a student's backpack, not just the main compartment.