PER CURIAM.

Simasko, Simasko & Simasko, PC, Mount Clemens (by Patrick M. Simasko ) and Robert Charles Davis for Frances Zalewski.

Dana Nessel, Attorney General, Fadwa A. Hammoud, Solicitor General, and Geraldine A. Brown, Assistant Attorney General, for the Department of Health and Human Services.

Before: Jansen, P.J., and O'Brien and Hood, JJ.

Per Curiam. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) appeals as of right an order for spousal support directing transfer of essentially all of defendant's assets and income to plaintiff. DHHS contends that plaintiff's sole purpose for initiating this action for separate maintenance was to impoverish defendant so that he would qualify for Medicaid benefits, while simultaneously preserving the marital estate for her use. DHHS argues that the trial court could not properly enter a domestic-relations order when the parties did not truly intend to end their marriage, plaintiff failed to comply with statutory and court-rule requirements regarding actions for separate maintenance, and there was no evidence warranting entry of the support order. We decline to address these issues because DHHS did not take the appropriate procedural steps to present them for review. The only issue properly before this Court is whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying DHHS's motion for reconsideration of the support order. Because we find no abuse of discretion, we affirm.

Plaintiff filed a complaint for separate maintenance, stating that she and defendant had lived together as husband and wife for several decades until defendant suffered a stroke that required his placement in a nursing home. Plaintiff further alleged that if she ever became disabled "her income and assets will be insufficient to support herself if the Defendant's income and assets would be used to pay for his care in the nursing home or long term care facility." But "[o]nce on Medicaid, 100% of Defendant's care needs will be met by his Medicaid benefits." Plaintiff asked the court to order defendant to pay spousal support "in the amount of [the] total marital estate" and assign his Social Security income to plaintiff. The parties stipulated to entry of a support order, and, after a perfunctory hearing on the matter, the trial court entered the parties’ proposed order.

Designating itself as an "interested party," DHHS moved for reconsideration of the support order. DHHS argued that the parties were attempting to evade Medicaid policy regarding eligibility for, and the extent of, long-term-care benefits—which were available only to those with minimal financial resources—and that this Court had previously disapproved of similar schemes undertaken in probate proceedings. DHHS further argued that the support order did not comport with certain statutes and court rules governing separate-maintenance actions or caselaw requiring equitable distribution of marital assets. Plaintiff and defendant both opposed DHHS's motion, arguing, in part, that DHHS could not participate in the domestic-relations action. The trial court agreed that third-party intervention in domestic-relations matters was only permitted in limited circumstances that did not apply to DHHS, and denied DHHS's motion for reconsideration.

As an initial matter, we must first address plaintiff's arguments regarding the proper scope of this appeal. Plaintiff maintains that the only issue properly before this Court is whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying DHHS's motion for reconsideration. We agree.

This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion decisions regarding motions for reconsideration, which occurs when the trial court "chooses an outcome outside the range of principled outcomes." Farm Bureau Ins. Co. v. TNT Equip., Inc. , 328 Mich.App. 667, 672, 939 N.W.2d 738 (2019). "Whether a party has standing is a question of law that is reviewed de novo." Mich. Ass'n of Home Builders v. City of Troy , 504 Mich. 204, 212, 934 N.W.2d 713 (2019).

Michigan common law does not include authority to grant a judgment of divorce. Stamadianos v. Stamadianos , 425 Mich. 1, 5, 385 N.W.2d 604 (1986). Instead, "[t]he jurisdiction of the circuit courts in matters of divorce is strictly statutory." Id . MCL 552.6(1) states, "A complaint for divorce may be filed in the circuit court upon the allegation that there has been a breakdown of the marriage relationship to the extent that the objects of matrimony have been destroyed and there remains no reasonable likelihood that the marriage can be preserved." MCL 552.7(1) similarly grants jurisdiction to the circuit court in actions for separate maintenance, which "may be filed in the circuit court in the same manner and on the same grounds as an action for divorce."

In Estes v. Titus , 481 Mich. 573, 577, 751 N.W.2d 493 (2008), Julie Swabash divorced Jeff Titus after he was incarcerated for murder. Pursuant to the property settlement agreement, Swabash received nearly all of the marital assets. Id. The victim's widow, Jan Estes, unsuccessfully sought to intervene in the divorce action to challenge the distribution of assets, but she did not appeal the court's denial of her motion to intervene. Id. After she obtained a judgment against Titus in a separate wrongful-death action, Estes moved to join Swabash in that case on the basis that the property settlement was a fraudulent transfer of Titus's assets. Id. at 577-578, 751 N.W.2d 493. The trial court did not permit the joinder, reasoning that it lacked authority to amend Swabash and Titus's divorce judgment. Id. at 578, 751 N.W.2d 493.

The Michigan Supreme Court concluded that Estes's failure to appeal the divorce court's denial of her motion to intervene did not have a preclusive effect on the issue of whether fraud occurred because the divorce court did not have jurisdiction over that issue and could not have decided it on the merits. Id. at 583-586, 751 N.W.2d 493. The Court explained that "the jurisdiction of a divorce court is strictly statutory and limited to determining ‘the rights and obligations between the husband and wife, to the exclusion of third parties ....’ " Id. at 582-583, 751 N.W.2d 493, quoting Yedinak v. Yedinak , 383 Mich. 409, 413, 175 N.W.2d 706 (1970). And although an exception exists allowing third parties to be "joined in the divorce action only if they have conspired with one spouse to defraud the other spouse of a property interest," that exception did not apply to Estes. Estes , 481 Mich. at 583, 751 N.W.2d 493. Estes and Yedinak make clear that, as a general rule, "a divorce court lacks jurisdiction to adjudicate the rights of third-party creditors." Souden v. Souden , 303 Mich.App. 406, 410, 844 N.W.2d 151 (2013). When a person other than the husband or wife claims an interest in divorce proceedings, intervention is not permitted, and the third-party claimant must rely on other proceedings to pursue the claim. See, e.g., Cassidy v. Cassidy , 318 Mich.App. 463, 494-495, 899 N.W.2d 65 (2017) (discussing earlier caselaw requiring the wife's parents to file an independent action to recover money loaned to the husband and wife); Killingbeck v. Killingbeck , 269 Mich.App. 132, 140 n 1, 711 N.W.2d 759 (2005) (indicating that the biological father's only recourse was a paternity action, rather than intervention in divorce proceedings between the biological mother and her husband).

Plaintiff and defendant were the only proper parties in this action for separate maintenance. There was no suggestion that DHHS conspired with either party to defraud the other, so DHHS's involvement in this case does not fall within the narrow fraud exception for third-party joinder. Rather, DHHS moved for reconsideration of the support order on the basis that the order improperly placed the financial burden of defendant's long-term care on DHHS. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying DHHS's motion for reconsideration. Like any other person claiming to be adversely affected by the support order, DHHS had to pursue a remedy through means other than involvement in the divorce proceedings.

Contrary to plaintiff's position on appeal, however, our conclusion that the trial court's ruling was within the range of principled outcomes does not end our analysis. Another important question remains: Can DHHS still challenge the merits of the support order as an aggrieved party with appellate standing?

Federated Ins. Co. v. Oakland Co. Rd. Comm. , 475 Mich. 286, 715 N.W.2d 846 (2006), is the predominant authority addressing appellate standing. After petroleum released by the defendant migrated to neighboring property, the landowner plaintiff and his insurer filed a cost-recovery action under the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA), MCL 324.20101 et seq. Id. at 288-289, 715 N.W.2d 846. The trial court granted summary disposition in favor of the defendant, concluding that the action was time-barred, and this Court affirmed. Id. at 289, 715 N.W.2d 846. The parties did not timely appeal this Court's decision. Id. The Attorney General, however, "[o]n behalf of the people of the state and the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality," filed an application for leave to appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court as an intervening appellant, arguing that this Court misconstrued the NREPA. Id. at 289, 715 N.W.2d 846. The Supreme Court granted the application, but it declined to address the merits of the Attorney General's position, reasoning that there was no justiciable controversy because the Attorney General did not represent an aggrieved party and neither of the losing parties below had pursued a timely appeal. Id. at 289, 297, 715 N.W.2d 846.

In reaching this conclusion, the Court explained that a party seeking appellate relief must be an "aggrieved party," and this requirement was analogous to the requirement of standing to initiate proceedings before a trial court. Id. at 290-291, 715 N.W.2d 846. The Court continued:

"To be aggrieved, one must have some interest of a pecuniary nature in the outcome of the case, and not a mere possibility arising from some unknown and future

contingency." In re Estate of Trankla , 321 Mich. 478, 482, 32 N.W.2d 715 (1948), citing In re Estate of Matt Miller , 274 Mich. 190, 194, 264 N.W. 338 (1936). An aggrieved party is

not one who is merely disappointed over a certain result. Rather, to have standing on appeal, a litigant must have suffered a concrete and particularized injury, as would a party plaintiff initially invoking the court's power. The only difference is a litigant on appeal must demonstrate an injury arising from either the actions of the trial court or the appellate court judgment rather than an injury arising from the underlying facts of the case. [ Federated Ins. Co. , 475 Mich. at 291-292, 715 N.W.2d 846

The Court reasoned that the Attorney General was not an aggrieved party because his general interest in proper enforcement of a statute was insufficient to confer standing. Id. at 291 n 4, 294, 715 N.W.2d 846. And although certain statutes gave the Attorney General broad authority to "prosecute, defend, and intervene in certain ‘actions,’ " the case "ceased to be an ‘action’ when the losing party below (plaintiffs) failed to file a timely application for leave to appeal in this Court." Id. at 294, 715 N.W.2d 846. That is, when the time for filing a timely application for leave to appeal expired, "the case ceased to be a justiciable controversy." Id.

In this case, DHHS's interest in this proceeding represented more than a general interest in proper application of the domestic-relations statutes. DHHS alleged that, as a result of the purportedly invalid support order, it would be burdened with the cost of defendant's long-term care when defendant would not otherwise qualify for Medicaid benefits because of the extent of his assets. This financial burden arose from the support order, rather than the underlying facts of the case, i.e., the status of the parties’ marriage. We will assume, for purposes of this analysis, that DHHS was an aggrieved party with appellate standing. But even if DHHS has appellate standing, it did not follow the appropriate procedural requirements to challenge the support order on appeal. In League of Women Voters of Mich. v. Secretary of State , 506 Mich. 561, 573, 957 N.W.2d 731 (2020) ( LWV ), the Legislature filed an application for leave to appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court after none of the parties pursued an appeal from this Court's judgment. Because the Legislature was not a party to the trial court proceedings or the appeal in this Court, it moved to intervene to become a party to the action. Id. at 574, 957 N.W.2d 731. The Supreme Court distinguished LWV from Federated Ins. Co. on the basis that the Legislature in LWV was an aggrieved party. Id. at 576-578, 957 N.W.2d 731. In doing so, it clarified that a justiciable controversy can exist "if the losing parties below failed to file a timely appeal but a party with appellate standing filed a timely motion to intervene (i.e., before the deadline to file an application for leave to appeal)." Id. at 576, 957 N.W.2d 731.

In this case, DHHS never moved to intervene. Notably, in Burton-Harris v. Wayne Co. Clerk , 508 Mich. 985, 966 N.W.2d 349 (2021) ( Burton-Harris II ), the Supreme Court vacated much of this Court's opinion in Burton-Harris v. Wayne Co. Clerk , 337 Mich.App. 215, 976 N.W.2d 30 (2021) (Burton-Harris I ), because the appellant in this Court, Robert Davis, was denied intervention in the trial court proceedings and did not move to intervene in this Court. Burton-Harris II , 508 Mich. at 985, 966 N.W.2d 349. Citing LWV ’s conclusion that an aggrieved party " ‘ upon intervening , has standing to appeal,’ " LWV , 50 Mich. at 579, 957 N.W.2d 731 (emphasis added), the Supreme Court explained that having failed to successfully intervene below and without moving to intervene in this Court, Davis "was never a party in this case, and thus could not seek appellate review of the trial court's denial of the plaintiff's request for mandamus and declaratory relief," Burton-Harris II , 508 Mich. at 985, 966 N.W.2d 349. "Accordingly, the Court of Appeals should not have considered those issues" because the only issue properly before this Court in Davis's appeal was the denial of his motion to intervene in the trial court proceedings. Id. The same rationale applies here because DHHS never moved to intervene in this case, either before the trial court or on appeal. Thus, like in Burton-Harris , the only issue properly before this Court is the trial court's denial of DHHS's motion for reconsideration.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying reconsideration of DHHS's motion because DHHS could not be joined as a party to the separate-maintenance action, nor could its rights be adjudicated in that action. Consistently with the Supreme Court's order in Burton-Harris II , this Court will not address the merits of DHHS's stated issues because DHHS did not take the appropriate procedural steps to submit those issues for appellate review.

Affirmed.

Jansen, P.J., and O'Brien and Hood, JJ., concurred.