JUSTICE GABRIEL delivered the Opinion of the Court.

Opinions of the Colorado Supreme Court are available to the public and can be accessed through the Judicial Branch's homepage at http://www.courts.state.co.us. Opinions are also posted on the Colorado Bar Association's homepage at http://www.cobar.org. ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE Plain Error Review—Double Jeopardy—Merger—Lesser Included Offenses.

This case principally presents two double jeopardy questions: (1) whether the child abuse statute, section 18-6-401, C.R.S. (2018), prescribes more than one unit of prosecution and whether the prosecution presented sufficient evidence to establish that the defendant committed more than one crime of child abuse and (2) whether child abuse resulting in death under sections 18-6-401(1)(a) and (7)(a)(1), is a lesser included offense of first-degree murder of a child under section 18-3-102(1)(f), C.R.S. (2018) ("child abuse murder").

As to the first double jeopardy question presented here, applying the principles set forth in Schneider v. People, 2016 CO 70, ¶ 13, 382 P.3d 835, 839, and People v. Abiodun, 111 P.3d 462, 466-68 (Colo. 2005), the court concludes that the division below correctly determined that section 18-6-401 creates one crime of child abuse that can be committed in alternative ways. The question thus becomes whether the prosecution proved separate counts of child abuse. The court again agrees with the division and concludes that the prosecution did not do so and that, therefore, each of the child abuse convictions must merge into one conviction for child abuse resulting in death.

As to the second double jeopardy question at issue, the court concludes for two reasons that the division erred in determining that the defendant's merged child abuse resulting in death conviction does not merge into his child abuse murder conviction. First, the plain language of the applicable statutes shows that "[w]hen a person knowingly causes the death of a child who has not yet attained twelve years of age and the person committing the offense is one in a position of trust with respect to the child," that person is to be convicted of child abuse murder and not child abuse resulting in death. § 18-6-401(7)(c). Second, under the clarified principles set forth in People v. Rock, 2017 CO 84, 402 P.3d 472, and Page v. People, 2017 CO 88, 402 P.3d 468, which were announced after the division's decision in this case, child abuse resulting in death is a lesser included offense of child abuse murder.

Having determined that the trial court erred in not merging the various counts in this case, the question remains whether these errors were plain. The court concludes that they were and therefore affirms in part and reverses in part the division's judgment. Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
Court of Appeals Case No. 09CA2536 Judgment Affirmed in Part and Reversed in Part
en banc Attorneys for Petitioner/Cross-Respondent:
Megan A. Ring, Colorado State Public Defender
Jon W. Grevillius, Deputy State Public Defender

Denver, Colorado Attorneys for Respondent/Cross-Petitioner:
Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General
Matthew S. Holman, First Assistant Attorney General

Denver, Colorado JUSTICE GABRIEL delivered the Opinion of the Court. ¶1 This case principally presents two double jeopardy questions: (1) whether the child abuse statute, section 18-6-401, C.R.S. (2018), prescribes more than one unit of prosecution and whether the prosecution presented sufficient evidence to establish that the defendant, Mark Alton Friend, committed more than one crime of child abuse and (2) whether child abuse resulting in death under sections 18-6-401(1)(a) and (7)(a)(1), is a lesser included offense of first-degree murder of a child under section 18-3-102(1)(f), C.R.S. (2018) ("child abuse murder"). ¶2 As to the first double jeopardy question presented here, applying the principles set forth in Schneider v. People, 2016 CO 70, ¶ 13, 382 P.3d 835, 839, and People v. Abiodun, 111 P.3d 462, 466-68 (Colo. 2005), we conclude that the division below correctly determined that section 18-6-401 creates one crime of child abuse that can be committed in alternative ways. The question thus becomes whether the prosecution proved separate counts of child abuse. We again agree with the division and conclude that the prosecution did not do so and that, therefore, each of the child abuse convictions must merge into one conviction for child abuse resulting in death. ¶3 As to the second double jeopardy question at issue, we conclude for two reasons that the division erred in determining that Friend's merged child abuse resulting in death conviction does not merge into his child abuse murder conviction. First, the plain language of the applicable statutes shows that "[w]hen a person knowingly causes the death of a child who has not yet attained twelve years of age and the person committing the offense is one in a position of trust with respect to the child," that person is to be convicted of child abuse murder and not child abuse resulting in death. § 18-6-401(7)(c). Second, under the clarified principles set forth in People v. Rock, 2017 CO 84, 402 P.3d 472, and Page v. People, 2017 CO 88, 402 P.3d 468, which were announced after the division's decision in this case, child abuse resulting in death is a lesser included offense of child abuse murder. ¶4 Having determined that the trial court erred in not merging the various counts in this case, the question remains whether these errors were plain. We conclude that they were and therefore we affirm in part and reverse in part the division's judgment.

I. Facts and Procedural History

¶5 This case involves the death of four-year-old MB, the daughter of Friend's girlfriend. Late one evening, MB stopped breathing and was transported to the hospital in cardiac arrest. The next day, she was declared legally brain dead, and, pursuant to instructions from her biological father, she was removed from life support. ¶6 During an interview with law enforcement on the day that MB was transported to the hospital (and before she died), Friend admitted to striking and throwing MB several times in the prior few days. Specifically, he stated that two days earlier, he had thrown her against a door, and she hit her head on the doorknob. He further conceded that, on that same day, he had repeatedly "popped" MB in the back of the head with his open hand and that he had held her head underwater in the bathtub for at least five seconds. And he said that, during the previous day, he had hit MB on the back of the head with an open hand and with such force that it caused her to fly forward, hit her head against the bed mattress, and bounce backward off the bed and hit her head on the floor. Friend then picked her up and threw her on the bed, after which she vomited and within a few minutes became unresponsive. Friend did not seek medical attention for MB after any of these incidents. ¶7 Friend was ultimately charged with (1) first-degree murder—victim under twelve, position of trust; (2) child abuse resulting in death; (3) child abuse resulting in death—pattern of conduct; (4) two counts of child abuse causing serious bodily injury; and (5) child abuse causing serious bodily injury—pattern of conduct. In pleading each of these counts, the information generally tracked the language of the pertinent statutory provisions, but it did not indicate the specific facts supporting each count. ¶8 The case proceeded to trial, and, at trial, the prosecution treated Friend's abuse of MB as one pattern of conduct that ultimately resulted in her death, rather than as multiple patterns and discrete offenses. A jury convicted Friend on all counts, the trial court entered judgment on each count, and the court sentenced Friend to life in prison without the possibility of parole. ¶9 Friend appealed and raised two contentions that are pertinent here. First, he argued that his five child abuse convictions should merge into a single conviction because the child abuse counts represented alternative means of committing the same offense and the evidence did not support factually distinct offenses. Second, he argued that his remaining child abuse conviction should merge into his child abuse murder conviction because (1) the child abuse statute permitted the prosecution to file first-degree murder charges when the defendant's conduct resulted in the death of a child under the age of twelve and the defendant was in a position of trust with respect to the child and (2) the child abuse counts were included in the child abuse murder count. ¶10 In a unanimous, published decision, a division of the court of appeals agreed with Friend's first contention but disagreed with his second. People v. Friend, 2014 COA 123M, ¶ 45, ___ P.3d ___. As to the first, the division applied our decision in Abiodun, 111 P.3d at 466-71, and concluded that the child abuse statute creates one offense that can be committed in alternative ways and that the prosecution had not proved separate offenses here. Friend, ¶¶ 61-72. As to the second, the division applied the test set forth in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932), and concluded that child abuse resulting in death is not a lesser included offense of child abuse murder. Friend, ¶¶ 78-83. Accordingly, the division declined to merge those convictions. Id. at ¶¶ 82-83. ¶11 Friend then petitioned and the People cross-petitioned for certiorari. We granted both petitions.

II. Analysis

¶12 We begin by discussing whether the division below erred in determining that Friend's child abuse convictions must merge. After concluding that the division did not err in this regard, we proceed to consider whether the division erred in determining that Friend's child abuse resulting in death conviction does not merge into his conviction for child abuse murder. Based on the plain language of the applicable statutes and prevailing principles governing lesser included offenses, we conclude that the division erred in determining that these counts do not merge. We end by considering whether the trial court's errors in not merging Friend's various convictions were plain, and we conclude that they were, necessitating amendment of the mittimus.

A. Child Abuse Convictions

¶13 The People contend that the division erred in concluding that each of Friend's child abuse convictions must merge into one conviction for child abuse resulting in death—pattern of conduct. We are not persuaded. ¶14 The Double Jeopardy Clauses of both the United States and Colorado Constitutions protect an accused from being twice placed in jeopardy for the same offense. U.S. Const. amend. V; Colo. Const. art. II, § 18; Boulies v. People, 770 P.2d 1274, 1277 (Colo. 1989). These Clauses protect not only against a second trial for the same offense but also, as pertinent here, against multiple punishments for the same offense. Woellhaf v. People, 105 P.3d 209, 214 (Colo. 2005). The Clauses do not, however, prevent the General Assembly from authorizing multiple punishments based on the same criminal conduct. Id. In this way, "the Double Jeopardy Clause simply embodies the constitutional principle of separation of powers by ensuring that courts do not exceed their own authority by imposing multiple punishments not authorized by the legislature." Id. ¶15 It is the legislature's province to establish and define offenses by prescribing the allowable unit of prosecution. Id. at 215. "The unit of prosecution is the manner in which a criminal statute permits a defendant's conduct to be divided into discrete acts for purposes of prosecuting multiple offenses." Id. ¶16 To determine the allowable unit of prosecution, we look to the statutory language. Id. In doing so, we have recognized that when "a number of acts are joined as a disjunctive series, in a single sentence, without any attempt to differentiate them by name or other organizational device, a legislative intent to permit separate convictions and sentences for each enumerated act is not so readily apparent." Abiodun, 111 P.3d at 466. To the contrary, we have observed that "by joining alternatives disjunctively in a single provision of the criminal code, the legislature intended to describe alternate ways of committing a single crime rather than to create separate offenses." Id. at 467; see also Schneider, ¶ 13, 382 P.3d at 839 ("Where . . . alternate descriptions of criminal behavior are disjoined within a single section of the code and bear the same criminal name, a legislative intent to create different offenses and permit separate convictions and sentences for each is not so readily apparent and must be ascertained, if at all, by other considerations."); Woellhaf, 105 P.3d at 217 ("By demarcating intimate parts with the disjunctive 'or,' the General Assembly did not prescribe multiple offenses or otherwise alter the scope of the unit of prosecution."). ¶17 In contrast, we have observed that the General Assembly has made clear its intent to proscribe related activities as different crimes by "naming each and segregating them in the criminal code." Abiodun, 111 P.3d at 468. ¶18 Turning to the case before us, we note that the child abuse statute provides, in pertinent part:

A person commits child abuse if such person causes an injury to a child's life or health, or permits a child to be unreasonably placed in a situation that poses a threat of injury to the child's life or health, or engages in a continued pattern of conduct that results in malnourishment, lack of proper medical care, cruel punishment, mistreatment, or an accumulation of injuries that ultimately results in the death of a child or serious bodily injury to a child.

B. Merger of the Child Abuse and Child Abuse Murder Convictions

¶25 Friend argues that the division erred in concluding that his remaining child abuse conviction does not merge into his child abuse murder conviction. He asserts that both the applicable statutory language and our case law regarding lesser included offenses require that these convictions merge. We agree with both of these contentions and address them in turn.

1. Section 18-6-401(7)(c)

¶26 Section 18-6-401(7)(a)(I) of the child abuse statute provides, "When a person acts knowingly or recklessly and the child abuse results in death to the child, it is a class 2 felony except as provided in paragraph (c) of this subsection (7)." (Emphasis added.) ¶27 Section 18-6-401(7)(c), in turn, states:

When a person knowingly causes the death of a child who has not yet attained twelve years of age and the person committing the offense is one in a position of trust with respect to the child, such person commits the crime of murder in the first degree as described in section 18-3-102(1)(f).

2. Child Abuse Resulting in Death as a Lesser Included Offense

¶31 Even absent the foregoing statutory analysis, we would still conclude, based on prevailing principles governing lesser included offenses, that the division erred in determining that Friend's child abuse resulting in death conviction does not merge into his child abuse murder conviction. Although we believe that our foregoing statutory analysis is alone dispositive, we address the lesser included offense issue because the division did so in a published opinion in a manner with which we respectfully disagree. ¶32 The Colorado General Assembly has determined that if one offense is included in another offense, a defendant may not be convicted of both offenses. § 18-1-408(1)(a), C.R.S. (2018). An offense is included in another when the lesser offense "is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged." § 18-1-408(5)(a). ¶33 In a series of cases decided in 2017, we provided guidance as to how to determine whether one offense is included in another. ¶34 In Reyna-Abarca, ¶ 64, 390 P.3d at 826, we held that "an offense is a lesser included offense of another offense if the elements of the lesser offense are a subset of the elements of the greater offense, such that the lesser offense contains only elements that are also included in the elements of the greater offense." ¶35 Thereafter, in Rock and Page, we addressed a scenario not presented in Reyna-Abarca, namely, where the lesser offense could be committed in multiple ways, not all of which are necessarily established by proof of the greater offense. Rock, ¶ 15, 402 P.3d at 477-78; Page, ¶ 11, 402 P.3d at 470. We clarified that our use of the word "contains" in Reyna-Abarca should be understood as "necessarily contains" or "requires." Rock, ¶ 16, 402 P.3d at 478; Page, ¶ 11, 402 P.3d at 470. Thus, we recognized, "To the extent that a lesser offense is statutorily defined in disjunctive terms, effectively providing alternative ways of being committed, any set of elements sufficient for commission of that lesser offense necessarily established by establishing the statutory elements of a greater offense constitutes an included offense." Rock, ¶ 16, 402 P.3d at 478. ¶36 Accordingly,

[i]n order to be included, every alternative way of committing a lesser offense, only one of which is "required," therefore need not be "contained" in the statutory definition of that greater offense. To be an included offense, it is enough that any particular set of elements sufficient for conviction of that offense be so contained.

C. Plain Error

¶44 The question remains whether the trial court plainly erred in not merging Friend's child abuse convictions into one conviction for child abuse resulting in death—pattern of conduct and that remaining child abuse conviction into one conviction for child abuse murder. ¶45 As we stated in Reyna-Abarca, ¶ 81, 390 P.3d at 828, "In both our own jurisprudence and in case law nationally, courts have invariably concluded that when a defendant's double jeopardy rights are violated for failure to merge a lesser included offense into a greater offense, such a violation requires a remedy." ¶46 Here, as in Reyna-Abarca, the People have presented no compelling arguments as to why the double jeopardy errors at issue did not rise to the level of plain error. Nor do we perceive a persuasive argument as to why, having discerned error, we should not follow the lead of the vast majority of cases and provide Friend with a remedy. ¶47 Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court plainly erred in not merging the child abuse convictions into one conviction for child abuse resulting in death—pattern of conduct and that remaining child abuse conviction into one conviction for child abuse murder.

III. Conclusion

¶48 For these reasons, we conclude that section 18-6-401 creates one crime of child abuse that can be committed in alternate ways and that the prosecution did not prove separate counts of child abuse. We further conclude that the child abuse statute precludes conviction of child abuse resulting in death when the prosecution proves child abuse murder and that, in any event, child abuse resulting in death is a lesser included offense of child abuse murder, thereby precluding convictions on both counts. Finally, we conclude that the trial court plainly erred in not merging the child abuse convictions into one conviction for child abuse resulting in death—pattern of conduct and that remaining child abuse conviction into one conviction for child abuse murder. ¶49 Accordingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part the division's judgment, and we remand this case to the division with instructions that the division return the case to the trial court for entry of an amended mittimus reflecting the merger of the child abuse convictions into one conviction for child abuse resulting in death—pattern of conduct and the merger of that remaining child abuse conviction into the child abuse murder conviction, resulting in one conviction and judgment for child abuse murder.