Opinion
Decided June 8, 1931.
Subrogation — Money loaned to pay off existing mortgages — Lender to have first mortgage lien — Priorities — Intervening judgment lien holder — Lender subrogated to rights of original mortgagees, when — Subrogation not defeated by employing title company to search title.
1. Where a person, through misrepresentation or oversight, is induced to loan money to pay off existing mortgage liens on real estate, on the assurance that he should have a first mortgage lien on such property, and the money cannot be made on such mortgage, such person is entitled to be subrogated to the mortgages cancelled by the money thus advanced, where it places no greater burden on the intervening judgment lienholder than would have existed had the old mortgages not been cancelled.
2. A prospective mortgagee of real property, advancing money to discharge existing mortgage liens in ignorance of an existing judgment lien, junior to the mortgage liens which the money was advanced to discharge, does not defeat his right to subrogation which he would otherwise have, by employing the services of a title company to search the records.
APPEAL: Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga county.
Messrs. Tolles, Hogsett Ginn, for plaintiff.
Messrs. M.B. H.H. Johnson and Mr. R.O. Evans, for defendants.
Morris Lessovitz and others, the owners of certain real estate in Cleveland, negotiated a loan with The Union Trust Company in September, 1927, for $27,500, and executed and delivered their note and mortgage in that sum. The mortgage covered two parcels of land, parcel No. 1 being the subject matter of this case, and parcel No. 2 being known as the Wade Park property. Before any money was paid out by the trust company a cloud on the title to the Wade Park property was discovered that prevented the consummation of the loan in its entirety. Thereupon in November, 1927, the owners made and delivered to the trust company a new note for $18,500, and the mortgage of September was treated as collateral security therefor. On the $18,500 note the trust company paid out to and for the owners $15,600, crediting on the principal the $2,900 not so paid out.
Thereafter the plaintiff brought its action in foreclosure, which was heard in the Common Pleas Court, and is now heard in this court on appeal. The issue here is between the plaintiff and W.E. Taylor. Taylor on July 19, 1927, had recovered a judgment against the owner by the consideration of the Court of Common Pleas, which was a lien upon the real estate in question at the time the mortgage was given.
If the judgment, prior as it is in point of time to the plaintiff's mortgage, must yield in any degree to the latter instrument, it is because the equitable doctrine of subrogation intervenes in behalf of the mortgagee. Of the proceeds of the mortgage, amounting to $15,600, something over $6,000 was used to clear the property of two mortgages which were senior liens to the judgment. One of these mortgages was held by the plaintiff, the other by a stranger. These mortgage liens were cancelled by the plaintiff's money, because the plaintiff believed that it would thereby obtain a first lien upon the property for its new mortgage of $18,500, or such part thereof as would satisfy the needs of the mortgagor.
The plaintiff's claim of subrogation is two-fold. First, it claims by conventional subrogation, that is subrogation by contract, express or implied; second, it claims legal subrogation, independent of contract.
We find no evidence of an express contract for subrogation. As between subrogation by implied contract and legal subrogation the distinction seems to us shadowy. What is the difference whether we say that the law implies from certain circumstances a contract of subrogation or that the circumstances are such that the law endows the party with a right of subrogation? Whether it be called one or the other the facts in this case disclose that the plaintiff was not a mere volunteer furnishing money for the payment of the old mortgages, as urged by the defendant, but, rather, the circumstances attending the payment of the money on the November note gave it an altogether different standing.
The plaintiff had, in the first place, the express assurance of the mortgagor that there was no judgment lien upon the property, and it parted with its money under this belief. This was a species of fraudulent representation as to an existing fact. Manifestly the mortgagors had knowledge of the judgment against them, and it is equally manifest that if they had disclosed that fact the plaintiff would not have advanced the money on a mortgage, junior to such judgment lien. This fact is said to give rise to a subrogation. The language of Mr. Freeman in a note to American Bonding Co. v. National Bank ( 97 Md. 598, 55 A. 395), in 99 Am. St. Rep., 519, is adopted in 25 Ruling Case Law, 1338, to this effect:
"When, however, there is misrepresentation and fraud whereby one is induced to advance money to discharge a lien on property, and the money is so applied, it is not uncommon for a court of equity to protect the lender by subrogating him to the lien of the incumbrance which his money has been used to discharge."
Such seems to be the general rule on legal subrogation.
In Ohio the doctrine is quite as liberal. Straman, Admr., v. Rechtine, 58 Ohio St. 443, 51 N.E. 44. Whether the doctrine of this case be one of legal subrogation or one of subrogation predicated upon an implied convention we need not determine. Sufficient to say that the law of this state applicable to the case at bar is laid down in the first paragraph of the syllabus of above case as follows:
"Where money is loaned under an agreement that it shall be used in the payment of a lien on real estate, and it is so used, and the agreement is that the one who so loans the money shall have a first mortgage lien on the same lands to secure his money and through some defect in the new mortgage or oversight as to other liens, the money can not be made on the last mortgage, the mortgagee has a right to be subrogated to the lien which was paid by the money so by him loaned, when it can be done without placing greater burdens upon the intervening lienholders than they would have borne if the old mortgage had not been released, but not as against a bona fide lienholder who acquired his lien after the release of the old mortgage without notice of such agreement and payment."
Certainly every element of subrogation prescribed in the Straman case is present in the case at bar. The money was loaned by the plaintiff, (1), to pay first and second mortgages; (2), and was so used; (3), under an agreement that the plaintiff should have a first lien; (4), but through a misrepresentation or oversight as to a lien preceding the new mortgage; (5), the money could not be made on such mortgage, from which it follows (6), that the plaintiff is subrogated to the cancelled mortgages, provided no greater burden is cast upon the intervening lienholders.
True, it is suggested in the instant case that the judgment lienholder is prejudiced by the transaction, but this is manifestly wrong. He is not prejudiced unless there is placed upon him greater burdens than he would have borne "if the old mortgage had not been released."
Of course if the old mortgages had not been released they would have been senior to the judgment, and the subrogated plaintiff succeeds to just what the mortgagees would have taken if their mortgages had not been released. It is nothing to the judgment creditor that the plaintiff be substituted for the earlier mortgagees, and that it have the identical precedence over the judgment lienholder that those mortgagees would have had if their mortgages had continued to subsist. Miller v. Stark, Admr., 61 Ohio St. 413, 56 N.E. 11.
It is unnecessary to multiply the available authorities of similar import.
Further resistance to the subrogation is made on the ground that the plaintiff before it parted with its money on the note sued upon caused the records to be searched by a title company, from which it secured a certificate of title that indicated that there was no judgment lien. It is now urged that the plaintiff should be remitted to its right of action against the title company. It would be strange if a prospective mortgagee in employing the services of a title company to search the records should thereby forfeit the right of subrogation which it would otherwise have. This would be to penalize the prudent and diligent, who are favored in all the other fields of equity. It would be tantamount to holding that a prospective purchaser for value employs a title company at his peril, because the negligence of the latter may utterly destroy such purchaser's right. Whether such rule obtains elsewhere we need not inquire. The rule does not seem to obtain in Ohio. In the Straman case, supra, it was expressly held that subrogation arose through the mortgagee's "oversight as to other liens," which implies the negligence of the mortgagee, and in Miller v. Scott, 23 Ohio App. 50, 154 N.E. 358, the court expressly adopts the doctrine of 25 Ruling Case Law, 1393, to the effect that the negligence of the party seeking subrogation does not defeat him so long as the burden of the lienholder resisting the substitution is not increased.
It is accordingly concluded that the plaintiff is subrogated to the rights of the two earlier mortgagees and the decree will be drafted accordingly.
Decree for plaintiff.
MIDDLETON and FARR, JJ., concur.
MAUCK, P.J., and MIDDLETON, J., of the Fourth Appellate District, and FARR, J., of the Seventh Appellate District, sitting by designation in the Eighth Appellate District.