REYNOLDSON, Chief Justice.

This appeal arises out of the same circumstances we addressed in a related opinion filed today, City of Dubuque v. Telegraph Herald, Inc., 297 N.W.2d 523 (Iowa 1980). The issues here involve the Herald's attempts to secure information about applicants for the position of Dubuque city manager through Iowa's open meetings law, chapter 28A, The Code 1979.

Plaintiff newspaper has appealed, and defendants city and council members have cross-appealed, from trial court's rulings in the Herald's suit alleging violations of chapter 28A. We affirm on plaintiff's appeal, affirm in part and reverse in part on defendants' cross-appeal, and remand with directions.

July 10, 1979, plaintiff Telegraph Herald, Inc., publisher of a Dubuque newspaper, brought a section 28A.6 law action against the city of Dubuque and the individual council members, seeking judicial enforcement of chapter 28A, The Code 1979. The petition alleged that in interviewing and selecting candidates for the position of city manager the council held meetings and closed sessions in violation of the open meetings law. The Herald prayed that the court determine the city had acted illegally, order payment of costs and attorney fees, and enjoin defendants from future chapter 28A violations for one year.

October 25, 1979, the cause came on for trial. The evidence disclosed that the council members and mayor agreed informally, in open meeting, that if some applicants requested confidentiality all applications would be considered in closed session, otherwise all would be considered in open session.

As a result of advertisements approximately forty-one applications were received. Five applicants requested confidentiality despite a warning in the advertisement that the applications were subject to the open meetings law. A later survey conducted by the city after this suit was commenced revealed approximately thirteen applicants objected to release of their names.

The evidence shows the council went into closed sessions at several meetings in May, June and July of 1979 to consider and screen these applicants. When the field of candidates had been narrowed to seven, city council members, usually individually but on at least four occasions in pairs, interviewed the finalists personally at various times and places. Council member Farrell testified council members were more likely to become acquainted with an applicant in that type of setting. She further testified the council members did not wish to violate the open meetings law and that corporate counsel had advised the council such "one-on-one" interviews would not violate chapter 28A provisions.

During trial the Herald sought to introduce into evidence tape recordings of the closed sessions to determine whether the council legally closed the sessions to discuss matters that might cause irreparable damage to some persons, or merely to discuss qualifications, which would not justify such action. Defendants objected on relevancy grounds, asserting the substance of the closed session was not at issue; rather, the issue was whether they legally could go into closed session to screen applicants. Trial court eventually sustained the objection and ordered the envelope containing the tape sealed.

Trial court filed its ruling October 26, 1979. It held the interviews conducted between final candidates and individual council members did not constitute "meetings" as defined in section 28A.2(2) because less than a majority of the council were present. It held the executive (closed) sessions occurring May 16 and 22, June 12 and 18, and July 6, 9 and 11 were all held contrary to one or more chapter 28A requirements, including reference to a specific exemption for closing the meeting, section 28A.5(2); taking final action in open session, section 28A.5(3); and obtaining an affirmative closure vote of two-thirds of the members or, alternatively, of all the members present at the meeting, section 28A.5(1).

Costs, including attorney fees and expenses totaling $3,257.13, were taxed to the city. Contrary to Dubuque's contention, the taxed fees were not prorated and confined to those incurred with respect to the issue upon which the Herald had been successful. Council members were enjoined "from any further violations of Chapter 28A . . . from October 26, 1979 to October 25, 1980." Trial court overruled the Herald's Motion for Enlargement of Findings and Amendment of Decree, designed to secure a holding that the tapes and minutes of the illegally closed council sessions were public records.

The Herald contends on appeal that trial court should have (1) ruled the interviews with applicants, conducted by one or two city council members at a time, were "meetings" subject to chapter 28A provisions, (2) found that the closed sessions of the city council violated chapter 28A on four grounds in addition to those found, (3) held the minutes and tapes of the illegally closed council sessions were public records, and (4) admitted these minutes and tapes into evidence. Finally, the Herald requests that it be awarded costs and attorney fees on this appeal.

Dubuque and the council members assert on cross-appeal that because the Herald was only partially successful in establishing chapter 28A violations, costs and attorney fees should not have been awarded for the entire case.

I. Were the applicant interviews, conducted by one or two city council members, "meetings" under chapter 28A provisions?

Trial court ruled the above-described "one-on-one" interviews with applicants did not constitute section 28A.2(2) "meetings" because less than the majority of the council were present at each interview. The Herald contends the statutory definition of "meeting" is ambiguous. It suggests various alternative constructions in an attempt to establish that the legislature could not have intended the instant interviews to fall outside the statutory definition.

Section 28A.2(2) provides:

"Meeting" means a gathering in person or by electronic means, formal or informal, of a majority of the members of a governmental body where there is deliberation or action upon any matter within the scope of the governmental body's policy making duties. Meetings shall not include a gathering of members of a governmental body for purely ministerial or social purposes when there is no discussion of policy or no intent to avoid the purposes of this chapter.

In construing this statute we take note of the legislative intention expressed in section 28A.1 that "[a]mbiguity in the construction or application of this chapter should be resolved in favor of openness." See Greene v. Athletic Council of Iowa State University, 251 N.W.2d 559, 560 (Iowa 1977); Annot., 38 A.L.R.3d 1070, 1073 (1971). However, a statute must be read as a whole and given its plain and obvious meaning, a sensible and logical construction. Hamilton v. City of Urbandale, 291 N.W.2d 15, 17 (Iowa 1980) (citing cases). We seek to avoid interpretations that would produce strained, impractical or absurd results. Id. at 19 (citing Loras College v. Iowa Civil Rights Commission, 285 N.W.2d 143, 147 (Iowa 1979)).

It is obvious that the legislature's definition of "meeting" is confined to the first sentence of section 28A.2(2). It requires a gathering (in person or by electronic means) of a majority of the members of a governmental body. It also requires deliberation or action upon a matter within the scope of the body's policy making duties. Thus, this definition is applicable whenever the term "meeting" is used in chapter 28A, including the second sentence of section 28A.2(2). In our view, the second sentence of section 28A.2(2), quoted above, merely reaffirms the right of a majority of a governmental body's members to meet for a purely ministerial function, or in a social setting (as is often the case in a small community), without being required to follow chapter 28A provisions, so long as there is no discussion of policy and no intent to avoid the purposes of the act. See City of Miami Beach v. Berns, 245 So.2d 38, 41 (Fla. 1971).

The Herald, centering upon the section 28A.2(2) clause "or no intent to avoid the purposes of this chapter," argues the individual interviews were "meetings" because the council intended to evade the act. A threshold difficulty with this position is that the proof fails to establish this was the council's "intention."

The "sunshine laws" are creatures of recent statutes unknown to the common law. Knight v. Iowa District Court, 269 N.W.2d 430, 433 (Iowa 1978). Because the statute does not specify whether actions to enforce chapter 28A are ordinary or equitable, this case should have been, and was, brought and tried as an ordinary action. See In re Oseing, 296 N.W.2d 797, 800 (Iowa 1980). It follows that trial court's findings are binding here if supported by substantial evidence. Iowa R. App. P. 14(f)(1).

Trial court did not find an intent to violate the act. It concluded the council members were, at all times, acting reasonably on their corporation counsel's advice. There obviously is a difference between an intention to violate chapter 28A and a good-faith reliance on corporate counsel's opinion that the provisions of chapter 28A are not implicated in a proposed course of action. See also § 28A.6(3)(a)(3) (reasonable reliance on corporate counsel) and § 28A.6(4) (ignorance of legal requirements no defense to enforcement proceeding). This case does not require us to interpret further the above-quoted section 28A.2(2) clause the Herald relies on, or to speculate concerning its possible applications.

Although other sunshine acts contain varying provisions, our above ruling is supported by opinions from other jurisdictions. See Henderson v. Board of Education, 78 Cal.App.3d 875, 880-83, 144 Cal.Rptr. 568, 571-72 (1978); Sacramento Newspaper Guild v. Sacramento County Board of Supervisors, 263 Cal.App.2d 41, 48 n. 4, 69 Cal.Rptr. 480, 486 n. 4 (1968); Idaho Water Resource Board v. Kramer, 97 Idaho 535, 571-72, 548 P.2d 35, 71-72 (1976); People ex rel. Cooper v. Carlson, 28 Ill. App.3d 569, 571-72, 328 N.E.2d 675, 678 (1975); Woodbury Daily Times Co. v. Gloucester County Sewerage Authority, 158 N.J. Super. 448, 450, 386 A.2d 445, 446 (App. Div. 1978). The composite rationale which may be distilled from these decisions is that such laws do not prohibit gatherings of less than a majority of the governing body where decisions are not made and official actions are not taken and that the right of free speech might be violated by a law forbidding any discussion by public officers between meetings. Activities of a governmental body's individual members to secure information to be reported and acted upon at an open meeting ordinarily do not violate sunshine statutes. Any other rule would hamstring the progress of governmental bodies, and impose intolerable time burdens on unpaid officeholders.

The Herald's next two contentions likewise are unpersuasive. The "one-on-one" interviews were neither "closed sessions" nor "informal gatherings," measured against our above analysis. Under the first contention, each time a member of a governmental body discussed policy with another individual, a "closed session" would occur. An equally illogical result obtains under the Herald's "informal gathering" theory, for it ignores the legislature's apparent intent that temporal proximity exist among members of the governmental body.

Finally, the Herald argues the four interviews conducted by two council members did constitute a "meeting" because the two members constituted a "governmental body" within the section 28A.2(1)(c) definition. But the multimember body referred to in that subsection must be "formally and directly created" by another body qualifying under subsections (a) or (b) before it is a statutory "governmental body" as that phrase is used in the section 28A.2(2) definition of "meeting."

We hold trial court was right in determining these interviews did not violate chapter 28A. If the information gleaned from the interviews (other than personal matters protected by section 28A.5(1)(i)) had been discussed in an open council meeting before final action, the legislative policy that "the basis and rationale of governmental decisions [be] easily accessible to the people" would have been achieved. See § 28A.1, The Code. This result would have been insured had the city disclosed with respect to each applicant the information requested by the Herald, discussed in the companion "public records" case filed today.

II. Did the closed sessions of the city council violate chapter 28A on grounds in addition to those the court found?

Although trial court found that seven executive sessions of the city council were illegally closed, the Herald argues the court erred in failing to hold the closures illegal for four additional reasons. Dubuque and the council members allege no issue is presented for review because the Herald was not prejudiced: trial court agreed the meetings were illegally closed.

The Herald's petition, formulated under our liberal pleading rules, only generally alleged the closed sessions were "in violation of the provisions of Chapter 28A." See Iowa R. Civ. P. 69. The newspaper did not employ a motion to enlarge trial court's findings and conclusions to urge that court to include in its ruling the additional grounds it now asserts. See Iowa R. Civ. P. 179.

We agree the city council illegally closed the sessions for the reasons identified by trial court. We decline to consider additional reasons that, in our view, were not directly presented to trial court nor ruled on there. See generally White v. Citizens National Bank, 262 N.W.2d 812, 814-15 (Iowa 1978); Shaw v. Addison, 236 Iowa 720, 733 34, 18 N.W.2d 796, 803-04 (1945).

III. Do tape recordings of the illegally closed sessions constitute public records open to public inspection?

Trial court overruled the Herald's Motion for Enlargement of Findings and Amendment of Decree, designed to obtain a holding that the tape recordings of the closed sessions became public records open to public inspection. The court relied on the absence of such a penalty in section 28A.6(3), which lists sanctions for violating chapter 28A provisions. Trial court found no written minutes of the closed sessions were kept, thus it addressed only the proper treatment of the tape recordings.

We first note section 28A.5(4) removes such tape recordings from the classification of "public records open to public inspection." After an in camera inspection trial court may determine "what part, if any, of the minutes [or recording] should be disclosed to the party seeking enforcement of this chapter for use in that enforcement proceeding." (Emphasis supplied.) These limitations upon usage militate strongly against a release of the tapes to the general public.

The Herald argues that in absence of the sanction of making the tapes a public record, a governmental body could maintain secrecy by illegally closing a session intentionally. It cites Allan-Deane Corp. v. Township of Bedminster, 153 N.J. Super. 114, 120, 379 A.2d 265, 268 (App. Div. 1977), as authority for such a non-statutory remedy. However, the New Jersey court only authorized the plaintiff's access to the minutes, a remedy similar to that authorized by our statute.

If the sealed records are of probative value in these cases, they ordinarily will surface and become public in an enforcement trial. On the other hand, adoption of the remedy advanced by the Herald could expose to public view on a mere unintentional omission of a formal step in closing a meeting, vital information relating to litigation strategy, prospective land acquisitions, and specific law enforcement techniques.

We think the legislature balanced these policy considerations and found them to weigh against public exposure. We decline to read into the statute language the legislature could have supplied had it so intended. See Hamilton, 291 N.W.2d at 18-19; Neumeister v. City Development Board, 291 N.W.2d 11, 14 (Iowa 1980). Of course trial court upon appropriate findings has the power under section 28A.6(3)(c) to void any action taken at an illegally closed meeting, thus forcing the governmental body into compliance with chapter 28A requirements.

Trial court rightly denied the Herald's request to impose the sanction of declaring these tapes public records open to public inspection.

IV. Should tape recordings of the closed sessions have been admitted into evidence?

The Herald also appeals from trial court's rulings that the tapes should not be admitted into evidence. The court reasoned that (1) the prejudicial effect of disclosure of the tapes outweighed their probative evidentiary value, and (2) the tapes could not have evidentiary value since plaintiff did not attack the result of the closed sessions, but only the fact of closure.

Plaintiff did not, and does not, seek imposition of the section 28A.6(3)(c) sanction of voiding the council's appointment of a new city manager. It is apparent that the council's right to close the sessions was the fighting issue. Ordinarily, this would turn on factors apparent when the decision to close the meetings was made, not on anything subsequently said in the meeting.

In any event, on this issue the Herald was granted all the relief demanded in its petition: a determination that the sessions were illegally closed. Exclusion of the tapes did not affect that result. Nor will we speculate whether they should have been admitted to support one of the additional grounds of illegality we declined to consider in division II. Error, if any, in ruling these tapes inadmissible was harmless.

V. Should the costs and attorney fees trial court awarded be confined to those incurred in litigating successful issues?

In district court counsel for the Herald made a fee application under section 28A.6(3)(b) for their total time of fifty-one hours, and $197.13 in advanced costs. Trial court denied defendants' request to allocate the time and expense to the issue upon which the Herald was successful. It found $60 per hour was reasonable, added the costs advanced, and awarded a total sum of $3,257.13. This amount was taxed as part of the costs against defendant Dubuque only, as trial court found the individual council members were, "at all time[s], reasonably acting on the advice of their corporation counsel."

On cross-appeal Dubuque argues the Herald advanced two principal contentions below (that the executive (closed) sessions and the individual interviews each violated chapter 28A) and was successful only with respect to one. Therefore, they assert the fees and costs should have been prorated.

Section 28A.6(3)(b) states that a court shall order payment of "all costs and reasonable attorneys fees to any party successfully establishing a violation of this chapter." (Emphasis supplied.) Dubuque argues that if the two issues had been submitted in separate suits, the Herald would only be entitled to costs and attorney fees in the litigation relating to the sessions found to be illegally closed. It asserts a different result should not obtain merely because the two issues were joined. Dubuque reasons that by being forced to pay costs and attorney fees attributable to the Herald's second, unsuccessful contention, the city is being penalized for legal conduct.

The Herald interprets section 28A.6(3)(b) to mean that upon proof of any violation, all costs and reasonable attorney fees are to be awarded to the party who established the violation. Of course this interpretation would encourage parties to combine frivolous with valid contentions in order to establish a chapter 28A violation, knowing attorney fees would be awarded for the total time expended.

Although we have held trial court has considerable discretion in fixing attorney fees, see Gabel v. Gabel, 254 Iowa 248, 250, 117 N.W.2d 501, 503 (1962), the crucial issue here is not discretion, but statutory interpretation. In view of the statutory language and policy considerations involved, we hold the award for costs and attorney fees should be confined to those costs and fees incurred in successfully establishing a chapter 28A violation. Where, as here, a party is unsuccessful in establishing other alleged violations, the costs and attorney fees must be prorated. Upon remand trial court should determine that portion of the costs and attorney fees attributable to the individual interviews issue, and amend its judgment to eliminate those items from the award against Dubuque and in favor of the Herald.

Finally, the Herald requests this court to fix attorney fees for its counsel's services in defending the cross appeal. We do not find express statutory authority in chapter 28A to assess attorney fees for appellate services.

The general rule is that in order to tax attorney fees the situation must fall clearly within the terms of the statute. Wilson v. Fleming, 239 Iowa 918, 919, 32 N.W.2d 798, 798 (1948). Thus while section 472.33, The Code, permits taxing of attorney fees for a successful appeal to the district court in a condemnation case, we have held fees cannot be taxed for appeals to this court. Iowa Department of Transportation v. Read, 262 N.W.2d 533, 537 (Iowa 1978); Wilson, 239 Iowa at 920, 32 N.W.2d at 798. In marital dissolution cases the appellate court may award fees, for the appeal, apparently under the general language of section 598.11, which allows a court to order the adverse party to pay a sum "to enable such party to prosecute or defend the action." See generally In re Marriage of Jennerjohn, 203 N.W.2d 237, 245 (Iowa 1972). Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 26 permits an award of fees to counsel for an indigent for services "at every stage of the proceedings . . . through appeal."

No such language appears in chapter 28A. Under section 28A.6(3), the court that orders payment of costs and reasonable attorney fees is the same court that makes the prior "finding by a preponderance of the evidence that a governmental body has violated any provision of this chapter." We think both references are to the district court, and there is no statutory authority for this court to assess attorney fees for appellate services.

We affirm on plaintiff's appeal, affirm in part and reverse in part on defendants' cross-appeal, and remand with directions. Costs on this appeal are taxed to plaintiff.

AFFIRMED ON PLAINTIFF'S APPEAL, AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART ON DEFENDANTS' CROSS-APPEAL, AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.

All Justices concur except UHLENHOPP and McCORMICK, JJ., who dissent and SCHULTZ, J., who takes no part.