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In Sweig, the court concluded that although there was a contract that governed the plaintiff's employment, the plaintiff could base a quantum meruit claim on the procuring-cause rule.
Summary of this case from Marks v. Compo Steel Products, Inc.Opinion
No. 08 CV 0271.
June 20, 2008
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff, Michael Sweig ("Sweig"), has filed a two-count action for breach of contract and quantum meruit against defendant, ABM Industries, Inc. ("ABM"). ABM has moved to dismiss Sweig's breach of contract and quantum meruit claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. For the following reasons, ABM's motion [#6] will be denied.
Sweig's complaint was initially filed in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois and was properly removed by ABM to the district court on January 18, 2008. This court has jurisdiction over this matter under 28 U.S.C. 1332(a), as the matter in controversy amounts to $3.65 million (exceeding the requisite $75,000) and is between an Illinois citizen (Sweig) and a corporation that is a citizen of Delaware and California (ABM).
I. Motion to Dismiss Standard
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) challenges the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. General Elec. Capital Corp. v. Lease Resolution Corp., 128 F.3d 1074, 1080 (7th Cir. 1997). In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the court accepts as true all well-pleaded facts alleged in the complaint and draws reasonable inferences from those facts in the plaintiff's favor. Dixon v. Page, 291 F.3d 485, 486 (7th Cir. 2002). In order to survive a motion under Rule 12(b)(6), the Seventh Circuit has found that the complaint must provide the defendant with "fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests." EEOC v. Concentra Health Servs., Inc., 496 F.3d 773, 776-77 (7th Cir. 2007) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1964, 167 L.E.2d 929 (2007)). The allegations in the complaint must also be "enough to raise a right to relief above a speculative level." Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at 1965.
II. Facts
Unless otherwise stated, the facts recited here are taken from Sweig's complaint.
Sweig is the former chairman and CEO of Lakeside Building and Maintenance and Lakeside Michigan, companies that provided janitorial and facility maintenance services for large-scale facilities. On or about July 12, 2002, ABM acquired substantially all of the assets, business, and goodwill of Sweig's companies, and also entered into a Sales and Marketing Employment Agreement (the "Employment Agreement"). Under the Employment Agreement, Sweig was to perform marketing and sales duties such as maintaining and generating new customer accounts, preserving and building new and existing business relationships, and occasionally carrying out tasks as assigned by ABM's CEO, Henrik C. Slipsager ("Slipsager"). Sweig alleges in his complaint that the "[a]cquisition of companies is a matter unrelated to [his] duties and responsibilities under the [Employment Agreement]." Compl. ¶ 9.
Sweig's claims arise from the prelude to ABM's acquisition of the company, OneSource. In or about the summer of 2005, Slipsager and Sweig had a discussion about the possibility of ABM's acquiring other companies, wherein Sweig recommended OneSource as a potential target. Sweig had a long-standing relationship with the Chairman of OneSource, Lord Michael Ashcroft ("Lord Ashcroft"), and offered to introduce Slipsager to him. During this conversation, he explained to Slipsager that he expected to be compensated if the relationship ultimately resulted in an acquisition. In 2006 and 2007, Slipsager and Sweig again discussed a possible business relationship between the two companies. In or about spring 2007, Slipsager asked Sweig to approach Lord Ashcroft about the possible deal, and Sweig and Slipsager agreed orally at that time that Sweig would be compensated if the deal went through. Sweig then contacted Lord Ashcroft to discuss the possible acquisition. Sweig again told Slipsager that he expected to be compensated if a deal resulted. Slipsager did not disagree. Sweig then reported the information regarding his meeting with Ashcroft to Slipsager, after which Slipsager and Lord Ashcroft discussed the potential acquisition. Following Slipsager and Lord Ashcroft's discussion, Slipsager "assured Sweig that he would receive a one percent (1%) business opportunity fee if the deal closed." Compl. ¶ 17. ABM officially acquired OneSource on October 7, 2007 for $365 million. According to press releases issued by ABM, the company expected to receive "$28 million to $32 million worth of cost synergies" and would realize $14 million in tax cost savings due to the merger. Compl. ¶ 20.
Following the acquisition of OneSource, ABM refused to compensate Sweig in the form of a business opportunity fee, despite their oral agreement, and the present suit ensued.
III. Discussion
ABM has moved to dismiss Sweig's breach of contract claim on the grounds that (1) the oral agreement ("Oral Agreement") to compensate Sweig for his assistance with the OneSource acquisition was covered by the Employment Agreement and, as such, it qualified only as a modification of that contract, which was void under its integration clause; (2) the Oral Agreement is not an enforceable contract because of its indefinite price term; and (3) the Illinois Business Brokers Act, 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. 307/10-1 to 307/99-1, bars Sweig's claims.
A. Argument that Oral Agreement Is Covered by Employment Agreement
ABM has attached the Employment Agreement entered into by ABM and Sweig to its motion to dismiss. The Employment Agreement is properly considered part of the complaint since Sweig refers to it in his pleading, and it is integral to providing the context for the Oral Agreement. See Wright v. Associated Ins. Cos., Inc., 29 F.3d 1244, 1248 (7th Cir. 1994) (citing Venture Assocs. Corp. v. Zenith Data Sys. Corp., 987 F.2d 431 (7th Cir. 1993)). Further, if Sweig's allegations in his complaint conflict with the terms of the Employment Agreement, the court does not have to accept those allegations as true. Jackson Nat'l Life Ins. Co. v. Gofen Glossberg, Inc., 882 F. Supp. 713, 718 (N.D. Ill. 1995) (citing Graue Mill Dev. Corp. v. Colonial Bank Trust Co., 927 F.2d 988, 991 (7th Cir. 1991) (finding that the terms of a written contract will prevail over the pleadings)).
In its motion to dismiss, ABM first argues that the Oral Agreement between ABM and Sweig was covered by the parties' Employment Agreement. ABM specifically notes that the Employment Agreement stipulates in the "Duties and Responsibilities" clause (the "Duties Clause") that Sweig "shall be expected to assume and perform such sales and marketing duties and responsibilities as are assigned from time to time by the Chief Executive Officer of the Company to whom [Sweig] shall report and be accountable," and that his sales and marketing duties were to include "without limitation . . . preservation and building of new and existing business relationships of [ABM] and its affiliates." Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. 1, at § C. This text, ABM contends, indicates that Sweig's interaction with Lord Ashcroft occurred at the direction of Slipsager (and thus was within the terms of the Employment Agreement) and also qualified as building a new business relationship for the company. ABM urges the court to look at the document alone to determine what is meant by "building new business relationships." See Air Safety, Inc. v. Teachers Realty Corp., 706 N.E.2d 882, 884, 185 Ill.2d 457, 236 Ill. Dec. 8 (1999) (noting that Illinois contracts are interpreted according to the "four corners" rule). ABM further argues that the unambiguous language of the document requires that the court dismiss this claim as a matter of law. See id. at 884. Specifically, ABM argues that "the plain language of the Employment Agreement establishes that it broadly governs the entire employment relationship between Plaintiff and ABM. The Employment Agreement provides for the building of new business relationships, such as the acquisition of OneSource, as assigned by ABM." Def.'s Mot. Memo. at 7. Sweig concedes in his complaint that he and Slipsager discussed a possible "business relationship" between ABM and OneSource. Compl. ¶ 11. The question then becomes, whether in brokering an acquisition of OneSource for ABM, Sweig was simply acting within his sales and marketing duties by "building a new business relationship," or whether "building new business relationships" does not include assisting in the acquisition of other companies. If the latter, then Sweig's actions were not within the scope of his Employment Agreement.
Determining whether a contract is ambiguous is a matter of law. Bourke v. Dun Bradstreet Corp., 159 F.3d 1032, 1036 (7th Cir. 1998). Mere disagreement about the meaning of a term will not render a contract ambiguous. Interim Health Care of N. Ill., Inc. v. Interim Health Care Inc., 225 F.3d 876, 879 (7th Cir. 2000). Neither party in the case at hand explicitly argues that the Employment Agreement is ambiguous, but both nonetheless interpret the language differently. Because the language has been interpreted as having two different meanings, the court must decide whether both interpretations are reasonable in order to determine whether it is ambiguous. Bourke, 159 F.3d at 1037.
In a recent Illinois case, the court found that "a clause promising to 'proceed in good faith . . . to build up diligently and extend the business of marketing of [defendant's invention] as rapidly and fully as practicable' is quite ambiguous." Marusiak v. Adjustable Clamp Co., No 01 C 6181, 2005 WL 2420370, at *6 (N.D. Ill Sept. 30, 2005). The court further noted that this clause was "susceptible to several different constructions," explaining that "[s]uch a clause could mean anything from a promise to engage in some degree of marketing efforts to a covenant to undertake a much more extensive marketing campaign." Id. Similarly, in the instant case, the obligation to "build new business relationships" could range from bolstering ABM's relationships with new customer accounts, as Sweig contends in his response, Pl.'s Resp. at 6, to acquiring for ABM the assets of other businesses. It is not clear from the terms of the contract alone, though, that "building new business relationships" encompasses the act of acquiring (or, likewise, brokering the acquisition of) other businesses. In fact, other portions of the contract indicate that the Duties Clause might not have such a broad meaning. See Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52, 63, 115 S. Ct. 1212, 131 L. Ed. 2d 76 (1995) (noting that "a document should be read to give effect to all its provisions and to render them consistent with each other"). Specifically, the fact that the Employment Agreement places emphasis on making customer data available to Sweig may evidence that his role was to be customer-centric. See Def.'s Mot., Ex. 1, at § K(1). Additionally, the fact that the "Compensation" section of the Employment Agreement provides for a salary adjustment in the event of another "employment agreement, in addition to [this contract], with [ABM]" raises the possibility that the parties anticipated entering into other, separate employment agreements. Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. 1, at § F(2)(a). Because both interpretations of the Duties Clause seem reasonable, dismissal at this stage would be inappropriate.
The court notes that information available at a later stage in the litigation about ABM and Sweig's employment history may shed light on the meaning of "building new business relationships." See Murphy v. Keystone Steel Wire Co., a Div. of Keystone Consol. Indus., Inc., 61 F.3d 560, 564 — 65 (7th Cir. 1995) (stating that "[s]ummary judgment is particularly appropriate in cases involving the interpretation of contracts") (citing Ryan v. Chromalloy Am. Corp., 877 F.2d 598, 602 (7th Cir. 1989)).
In its motion to dismiss, ABM in large part relies on Air Safety, Inc. v. Teachers Realty Corp., 706 N.E.2d 882, 185 Ill. 2d 457, 236 Ill. Dec. 8 (Ill. 1999). In Air Safety, the parties contested the meaning of a contract dealing with asbestos abatement. Id. at 459 — 60. In that case, three change orders were made to amend the prior contract governing the asbestos abatement project. Id. at 460 — 61. The moving party argued that an integration and merger clause negated the change orders. Id. It is not clear, however, that Air Safety is applicable here. While in Air Safety it was uncontroverted that the subsequent agreements were modifications of the initial agreement, in the instant case it is not clear that the subsequent oral agreement between Sweig and ABM resulted in a modification of the Employment Agreement. Moreover, the court's decision in Air Safety came at the summary judgment stage, after additional evidence had been made available through discovery.
Furthermore, the issue before the court in Air Safety was whether to allow a "provisional admission" of extrinsic ambiguities. Id. at 463. A "provisional admission" would allow a party to provide parol evidence to show that an otherwise unambiguous contract in fact is ambiguous by looking outside of the language of the contract. Id. The court in Air Safety declined to rule on the use of the provisional admission approach, which has been applied in many cases by the Illinois appellate court. Id. Importantly, the challenge in that case was not that the terms were "facially unambiguous," but rather whether extrinsic evidence should have been used to determine their meaning. Id. at 463 — 64. Here, however, the court is not attempting to decide whether to allow for a "provisional admission" to determine the meaning of "building of new business relationships" but, rather, is deciding whether that language is, on its face, susceptible to two reasonable interpretations. The court decides that it is.
B. Modification of Employment Agreement or a New Contract
ABM further argues that the subsequent Oral Agreement is void as a matter of law because it modified ABM's employment relationship with Sweig, and the Employment Agreement required such a modification to be in writing and entered into by two officers. ABM contends that the Employment Agreement's integration clause is fatal to Sweig's claim because it specifically laid out guidelines for subsequent modifications. Sweig, on the other hand, alleges in its complaint that the Oral Agreement was a separate contract altogether, and thus not governed by the integration clause, and only addresses the possibility of a modification in its response to ABM's motion to dismiss. If the Oral Agreement is, in fact, a contract modification rather than a new contract, ABM's argument that it fails due to the integration clause may have some merit. See, e.g., Leavitt v. John Hancock Life Ins. Co., No. 04 C 7451, 2007 WL 625636, at *8 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 23, 2007) (finding that a subsequent oral modification was void because it was not entered into by a party with authority to bind). But see Tadros v. Kuzmak, 660 N.E.2d 162, 170, 277 Ill. App. 2d 301, 213 Ill. Dec. 905 (1995) (noting that Illinois courts have found written contracts to be modifiable by subsequent oral agreements even though the language of the contract precludes them). The court need not enter into an inquiry as to whether this was a valid modification of the Employment Agreement, however, since it is not evident at this point whether the Oral Agreement was a modification at all. Rather, it may be that the Oral Agreement constituted a separate contract.
ABM points to the Employment Agreement's integration clause as defeating Sweig's argument, broadly asserting that "[t]he parties expressly agreed that their contractual relationship must be reduced to writing, signed by Plaintiff and two officers and have ABM's board approval to have effect." Def.'s Mot. Mem. at 7. The actual language of the Employment Agreement, however, provides that "this Agreement . . . sets forth every contract, understanding and arrangement as to the employment relationship between [Sweig] and [ABM], and this Agreement may only be changed by written amendment signed by both [Sweig] and [ABM]." Def.'s Mot., Ex. 1, at § Y (emphasis added). It is important to note that Sweig alleges in his complaint not that the Oral Agreement was a contract modification but, rather, that it was a separate contract altogether. ABM incorrectly characterizes Sweig's argument when it asserts that "Plaintiff argues that he should be relieved from his explicit obligation to amend the agreement in writing only, but he offers no explanation why he should be excused from the requirement that any valid modification must be agreed to by two officers." Def.'s Reply at 9 (emphasis omitted). Again, such an assertion assumes that the Agreement was a modification, as opposed to a separate contract.
The Seventh Circuit, applying Illinois law, has explained that "[a] modification of a contract is a change in one or more respects which introduces new elements into the details of the contract and cancels others but leaves the general purpose and effect undisturbed." Int'l Bus. Lists, Inc. v. Am. Tel. Tel. Co., 147 F.3d 636, 641 (7th Cir. 1998). It is not clear that the Oral Agreement between ABM and Sweig altered the terms of the Employment Agreement; rather, it appears at this stage that the alleged oral contract to broker an acquisition in exchange for a finder's fee could be deemed a distinct contract. See, e.g., ECHO, Inc. v. Whitson Co., Inc., 52 F.3d 702, 708 (7th Cir. 1995) (finding that a distributorship agreement and a purchase order pursuant to that agreement were separate contracts); Aon Corp. v. Utley, 863 N.E.2d 701, 706, 371 Ill. App. 3d 562, 309 Ill. Dec. 69 (Ill.App.Ct. 1st Dist. 2006) (finding that two agreements between the parties were distinct contracts because the latter did not "pertain to the same subject matter" as the earlier contract).
Furthermore, the Oral Agreement introduces an entirely different compensation scheme than was in place for Sweig and ABM's employment relationship under the Employment Agreement. Also important is that brokers and finders may be considered an entirely separate professional category, with regulatory schemes addressing them and specific contractual duties and customs. See, e.g., Black's Law Dictionary 205 (8th ed. 2004) (defining a "broker" as "[a]n agent who acts as an intermediary or negotiator, esp. between prospective buyers and sellers"); id. at 664 (8th ed. 2004) (defining a "finder" as "[a]n intermediary who brings together parties for a business opportunity, such as two companies for a merger"); see also Illinois Business Broker's Act, 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. 307/10-1 to 307/99-1 (see further discussion of this statute below). In this case, for example, the court cannot be sure that Slipsager and Sweig would not have had the same conversations regarding an acquisition of OneSource regardless of whether Sweig was an employee of ABM or not. Indeed, Sweig may simply have leveraged a personal connection in exchange for compensation.
Thus, because it is not clear that brokering the acquisition of businesses such as OneSource was within the scope of Sweig's Employment Contract, ABM's motion to dismiss cannot be granted on that basis.
C. Indefiniteness Argument
ABM next moves to dismiss Sweig's breach of contract claim on the grounds that the alleged oral agreement fails for indefiniteness. Specifically, ABM argues that the agreement lacked an essential term: price. Under Illinois law, price is generally considered an essential contract term. Ne. Ill. Reg'l Commuter R.R. Corp. v. Kiewit W. Co., 396 F. Supp. 2d 913, 921 (N.D. Ill. 2005). For an oral contract to be binding, the material terms of the agreement have to be definite enough for the court to determine the intention of the parties. Id. Courts have found, however, that something other than a strictly fixed price may suffice. See Kellner v. Bartman, 620 N.E.2d 607, 611, 250 Ill. App. 3d 1030, 189 Ill. Dec. 639 (Ill.App.Ct. 4th Dist. 1993) (noting that providing a mode for determining a price can be definite enough); see also 17A Am. Jur. 2d Contracts § 182 (noting that courts are "reluctant to hold that a contract is too uncertain to be enforceable" and that "a determination that an agreement is sufficiently definite is favored in the courts, so as to carry out the reasonable intention of the parties if it can be ascertained").
In the Kiewit case, on which both parties rely, the court found that an oral agreement to pay for repair work was too ambiguous with respect to price. 396 F. Supp. 2d at 921. Specifically, the party refusing to pay for the repairs had only agreed to a proposed price as "seem[ing] pretty reasonable" and had instructed the other party to "spare no expense." Id. ABM argues that the conversations between Sweig and Slipsager about a "customary fee" and payment of a one percent (1%) business opportunity fee constitute a similarly vague agreement. In Kiewit, however, the court did not mention the specific price that the party deemed "pretty reasonable." See id. Here, in contrast, the court must accept plaintiff's allegation that the agreed upon (and ascertainable) amount was one percent of the sale price.
It is also worth noting that Kiewit, 396 F. Supp. 2d at 920 — 21, was decided at the summary judgment stage, presumably providing the court with more information about the specifics of the agreement.
Additionally, customary rates have been found to be sufficiently definite substitutes for an unknown price term when there is a common trade practice. See Bensdorf Johnson, Inc. v. N. Telecom Ltd., 58 F. Supp. 2d 874, 878 (N.D. Ill. 1999) (noting that the implicit reasonable price term is "particularly true for brokerage contracts"); see also Miller v. Bloomberg, 324 N.E.2d 207, 207, 26 Ill. App. 3d 18 (Ill.App.Ct. 2d Dist. 1975) (stating that "where a contract specifies that the price is to be measured by the 'fair market value', 'reasonable value' or 'current market value' . . . courts have generally held that the price is sufficiently certain in order to have an enforceable obligation").
In sum, construing the allegations in the complaint in favor of Sweig, there appears to be a plausible claim that the two parties had an oral agreement regarding the definite amount of compensation.
D. Illinois Business Brokers Act
ABM further argues that the Illinois Business Brokers Act ("the Act"), 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. 307/10-1 to 307/99-1, bars Sweig's claims for breach of contract. ABM contends that, because Sweig was the procuring cause of ABM's acquisition of OneSource, he qualifies as a business broker under the Act. The Act seeks to regulate middlemen in business transactions. Edwin D. Mason Charles R. Haywood, The Illinois Business Brokers Act: Pitfalls for the Unwary, 85 Ill. B.J. 542, 542 (1997). However, the Act does not apply to the transaction at hand because the parties do not meet one of the statutory requirements. Section 105 of the Act provides that it "shall apply only when the person engaging or seeking to engage the business broker is domiciled in this State or when the company or business sought to be sold has its principal place of business in this State." 815 Ill. Comp. Stat. 307/10-105. For purposes of the Act, ABM, the entity engaging the business broker, is considered domiciled in California, where it has its principal place of business, and Delaware, its place of incorporation. Ill. Admin. Code tit. 14, § 140.51(a) ("Domicile," for purposes of the Act "means, when applied to a business, that entity's principal place of business and, where applicable, that entity's place of incorporation."); see also Sandra F. Monroe Co., Inc. v. Nat'l Equip. Servs., Inc., No. 99 C 3120, 2000 WL 420746, at *3 — 4 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 12, 2000) (finding that because the Act is a "consumer protection statute" the term "domiciled" should be construed broadly to include both the "place of incorporation" and "principal place of business.") (emphasis added). Additionally, although neither party has indicated where OneSource's principal place of business is located, neither has alleged or otherwise suggested that it is located in Illinois. As such, the law does not apply to this transaction.
ABM cites dicta, most notably from Sandra F. Monroe v. National Equipment Services, 2000 WL 420746, at *3, suggesting that "domicile" could have a broader meaning under the Act and argues that ABM's "deep connection with Illinois and its reliance upon the protections afforded by Illinois law" provide a basis for applying the Act in this case. See Def.'s Mot. at 12. But the court finds no basis, either in Sandra F. Monroe or elsewhere, for stretching the definition of "domicile" to the great lengths that Sweig suggests.
Additionally, ABM argues that because the applicable substantive law is Illinois state law, the Act should necessarily apply. It is true that Illinois state law is governing because Sweig has brought this action in Illinois, the Employment Agreement contains an Illinois choice of law provision, and neither party contests the application of Illinois law. See Wood v. Mid-Valley Inc., 942 F.2d 425, 426 (7th Cir. 1991) (stating that "when neither party raises a conflict of law issue in a diversity case, the federal court simply applies the law of the state in which the federal court sits"). However, the text of the Act contains explicit requirements for its applicability, and the parties to this suit do not qualify. Thus, in the absence of evidence that the transaction at issue meets the statutory requirements of the Act, it would be improper to dismiss based on this ground.
E. Quantum Meruit Claim
ABM does not devote much of its briefing to Sweig's second count, an alternative claim for quantum meruit, but nonetheless argues for its dismissal as well. Sweig is permitted to plead alternative claims of breach of contract and quantum meruit. See Bus. Dev. Servs., Inc. v. Field Container Corp., 422 N.E.2d 86, 94, 96 Ill. App. 3d 834, 52 Ill. Dec. 405 (Ill.App.Ct. 1st Dist. 1981); see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(d)(2) — (3) (allowing alternative pleadings alleging different theories in a complaint, regardless of consistency).
In order to address the quantum meruit claim, it is again necessary to examine the scope of the Employment Agreement. As the Seventh Circuit has explained, "When two parties' relationship is governed by contract, they may not bring a claim of unjust enrichment unless the claim falls outside the contract." Utility Audit, Inc. v. Horace Mann Serv. Corp, 383 F.3d 683, 688 — 89 (7th Cir. 2004) (citing Cromeens, Holloman, Sibert, Inc. v. AB Volvo, 349 F.3d 376, 397 (7th Cir. 2003)). While Sweig and ABM's employment relationship was governed by the Employment Agreement, it is not clear that the claimed compensation falls within that contract. Cf. Allied Vision Group, Inc. v. RLI Prof'l Techs., Inc., 916 F. Supp. 778, 781 (N.D. Ill. 1996) (finding that an unjust enrichment claim was barred because the plaintiff's right to a finder's fee was explicitly included in the underlying contract). As discussed above, whether Sweig's efforts in brokering a deal between ABM and OneSource fell within the scope of the Employment Agreement is unclear. It is likewise not clear that the Employment Agreement necessarily governs the parties' relationship with respect to Sweig's quantum meruit claim.
In order to state a claim under the doctrine of quantum meruit, the plaintiff must (in addition to showing that the claim is outside of the scope of a pre-existing contract) show (1) that the plaintiff performed services; (2) the reasonable value of those services; and (3) that the services provided a benefit to the defendant which would be unjust for him to keep without paying the plaintiff. Bensdorf Johnson, Inc. v. N. Telecom Ltd., 58 F. Supp. 2d 874, 880 (N.D. Ill. 1999). In this case, ABM undoubtedly realized a benefit from the acquisition of OneSource, as evidenced in ABM's press release following the acquisition. Compl. ¶ 20 (noting that the acquisition resulted in $28 — 32 million in cost synergies and a total of about $14 million dollars in tax savings). The parties are also in agreement that Sweig was the procuring cause of the transaction. See Mirza v. Fleet Retail Fin., Inc., No. 01 C 0566, 2002 WL 31526549, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 13, 2002) (finding that, "[u]nder Illinois law, in order to earn a commission, a business opportunity broker or finder must be the procuring cause of the transaction"); Edens View Realty Inv., Inc., v. Heritage Enters., Inc., 408 N.E.2d 1069, 1074, 87 Ill. App. 3d 480, 42 Ill. Dec. 360 (Ill.App.Ct. 1st Dist. 1980) (holding that "plaintiff was instrumental in bringing the buyer and seller together and was thus the procuring cause of the sale of defendant's property"). Furthermore, brokers have been found to be entitled to reasonable commissions. See, e.g. Weisberg v. Century Int'l Foods, Inc., No. 88 C 10154, 1990 WL 115598, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 7, 1990) (finding that a "triable issue of fact" existed as to "whether a right to a commission existed"). Thus, because Sweig provided a benefit to ABM through his introduction to Lord Ashcroft and may have a right to a commission, he has sufficiently stated a claim for quantum meruit in the amount of a 1% business opportunity fee. See Mirza, 2002 WL 31526549, at *5 (declining to rule on the validity of a 0.5% finder's fee for purposes of quantum meruit at the summary judgment stage, and, instead, allowing the plaintiff to argue "the value of his services at trial").
IV. Conclusion and Order
For the foregoing reasons, ABM's motion to dismiss Sweig's breach of contract and quantum meruit claims [#6] is denied.