WILLIAM M. SKRETNY

Fried & Klawon, Wayne I. Freid, of Counsel, Williamsville, NY, for Plaintiff. Rubin, Fiorella & Friedman LLP, James E. Mercante, of Counsel, New York, NY, for Defendant Atwood.
McGee & Gelman, F. Brendan Burke, Jr., of Counsel, Buffalo, NY, for Defendant Bistis.

Webster Szanyi LLP, Donall Gerard O'Carroll, of Counsel, Buffalo, NY, for Movant HealthNow New York Inc.

ORDER

WILLIAM M. SKRETNY, Chief Judge.

Presently before this court are Objections to the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation, and Decision and Order. Having reviewed the Report and Recommendation, and Decision and Order de novo, after considering the Objections to the parties' submissions, see 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b); Local Rule 72(a), this Court concurs with the findings and recommendations contained in the Report and Recommendation. Accordingly, the Objections are DENIED, and the Report and Recommendation is ACCEPTED, including the authorities cited and the reasons given therein. Because this Court finds remand appropriate for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, it does not reach the Magistrate Judges alternate ruling in its Decision and Order denying HealthNow's motion to intervene.

IT HEREBY IS ORDERED, that the Report and Recommendation is ACCEPTED. Further, that the Objections of Defendant Michael Atwood and the Objection of HealthNow are DENIED. Further, that HealthNow's Motion to Intervene is DISMISSED as moot, consistent with the Magistrate Judge's recommendations.

SO ORDERED.

REPORT and RECOMMENDATION

DECISION and ORDER

LESLIE G. FOSCHIO, United States Magistrate Judge.

JURISDICTION

This case was referred to the undersigned by Honorable William M. Skretny on November 15, 2010, for pretrial nondispositive motions. The matter is presently before the court on a motion filed April 4, 2011, by Healthnow New York Inc. to intervene

(Doc. No. 14).

BACKGROUND and FACTS

On September 22, 2007, Plaintiff Gayle Stewart (“Plaintiff” or “Stewart”), sustained personal injuries while a guest upon “Telos,” a boat owned and captained by Defendant Michael Atwood (“Atwood”), the Telos lost steering capability, and another boat, the “Watermark,” owned and captained by Defendant Michael Bistis (“Bistis”), attempted to assist in towing the Telos (“the accident”). The accident occurred in Lake Erie within the continental boundary of the United States. At all time relevant to this action, Plaintiff has been a participant in a healthcare plan (“insurance policy”) administered by HealthNow New York Inc. (“HealthNow” or “Movant”) pursuant to an Employee Welfare Benefit Plan through Plaintiff's employer, Ingram Micro Inc., a locally headquartered software and computer technology reseller. Pursuant to the terms of the insurance policy, HealthNow has paid in excess of $ 12,000 for certain medical, surgical and other healthcare benefits Plaintiff received in treatment for Plaintiff's injuries sustained in the accident.

The insurance policy contains a “Rider for Subrogation Rights” (“Subrogation Rider”)

providing, as relevant, that in the event the insured in injured in an accident for which another party is responsible, and HealthNow has paid health insurance benefits as a result of that injury, HealthNow “will be subrogated and succeed to the right of recovery against the party responsible” for the injury to the extent of health insurance benefits paid by HealthNow. Subrogation Rider ¶ 1. The Subrogation Rider further provides HealthNow is entitled to be reimbursed for any health insurance benefits paid by HealthNow, from any settlement or judgment funds received by the insured from the party responsible for the insured's injuries, provided the settlement or judgment received “specifically identifies or allocates monetary sums directly attributable to expenses for which we have paid benefits.” Id.

Plaintiff commenced this action in New York Supreme Court, Erie County, on September 22, 2010, seeking to recover for personal injuries sustained in the September 22, 2007 boating accident. Plaintiff and Atwood are both residents of New York, whereas Bistis is a resident of South Carolina. In view of the absence of the requisite complete diversity necessary for jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a), on October 26, 2010, Atwood removed the action to this court, asserting Plaintiff's allegations comprise a maritime claim within this court's admiralty jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1333. The Notice of Removal (Doc. No. 1) (“Removal Petition”), states that Bistis consented to the removal. Removal Petition ¶ 6.

Plaintiff did not challenge the removal.

Atwood's answer, filed November 15, 2010 (Doc. No. 2) (“Atwood's Answer”), asserts as his Fourth Affirmative Defense that Atwood is, pursuant to the Limitation of Liability Act of 1851, 46 U.S.C. § 30501 et seq. (“Limitation of Liability Act” or “the Act”), entitled to exoneration from or limitation of liability up to the value of the Telos, and asserts a crossclaim against Bistis for indemnification and contribution. Similarly, Bistis's Answer, filed December 14, 2010 (Doc. No. 5) (“Bistis's Answer”), asserts as his Ninth Affirmative Defense, that Bistis also is, pursuant to the Act, entitled to exoneration from or limitation of liability to the extent of the value of the Watermark, and asserts a crossclaim against Bistis for indemnification and contribution.

On April 14, 2011, Movant HealthNow filed a motion to intervene in this action (Doc. No. 14) (“motion to intervene”), supported by the attached Declaration of Donall O'Carroll (“O'Carroll Declaration”), exhibits A through D (“Movant's Exh(s). ___”), and the Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion to Intervene by HealthNow New York, Inc. (“Movant's Memorandum”). By Order filed April 22, 2011 (Doc. No. 15), the parties were directed to file their responses to the motion to intervene by May 13, 2011, and any replies were to be filed by May 20, 2011.

On May 24, 2011, Plaintiff and Bistis filed a Stipulation of Dismissal as to Defendant Bistis (Doc. No. 16) (“Stipulation of Dismissal”), based on settlement. By text order entered May 26, 2011 (Doc. No. 17), the Stipulation of Dismissal was “So Ordered” by Chief District Judge Skretny.

By letter to the undersigned dated June 17, 2011 (Doc. No. 18) (“June 17, 2011 Letter”), Bistis advised that Judge Skretny's approval of the Stipulation of Dismissal rendered the pending motion to intervene moot as to Bistis. By letter to the undersigned dated June 21, 2011 (Doc. No. 19) (“June 21, 2011 Letter”), Movant disputed Bistis's assertion that the motion to intervene was moot as to Bistis on the ground that the motion to intervene was pending when the Stipulation of Dismissal, which does not purport to dismiss HealthNow's claims against Defendants, was filed, and that HealthNow, which is not a party to this action, was not aware of any settlement between Plaintiff and Bistis and thus was unable to secure its purported subrogation claim against Bistis. June 21, 2011 Letter at 1. Movant further asserts that because an insurer's claims for amounts paid by it are divisible and independent of the insured's claim for uninsured losses, the fact that Bistis has settled with Plaintiff does not negate Movant's right to pursue its subrogation claims against Bistis as a tortfeasor. Id. at 2. Oral argument was deemed unnecessary.

Based on the following, the action should be REMANDED to New York Supreme Court, Erie County for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and Movant's motion to intervene (Doc. No. 14), dismissed as moot. Alternatively, Movant's motion to intervene (Doc. No. 14) is DENIED.

DISCUSSION

1. Jurisdiction

Defendants, in removing the instant action to this court, asserted that Plaintiff has essentially alleged a maritime claim within this court's admiralty jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1333. Plaintiff did not seek remand or otherwise challenge the removal, and the 30 days in which to do so has now expired except for remand based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Regardless of whether the issue is raised by the parties, a district court is required to inquire into and determine whether federal subject matter jurisdiction in a removed action exists. Mehlenbacher v. Akzo Nobel Salt, Inc., 216 F.3d 291, 295–96 (2d Cir.2000). See also College Standard Magazine v. Student Association of State University of New York at Albany, 610 F.3d 33, 35 (2d Cir.2010) (federal courts, including district courts, “ ‘have an independent obligation to consider the presence or absence of subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte.’ ” (quoting Joseph v. Leavitt, 465 F.3d 87, 89 (2d Cir.2006))). Such obligation equally applies to removal based on admiralty jurisdiction. See Transatlantic Marine Claims Agency, Inc. v. Ace Shipping Corp. Division of Ace Young Inc., 109 F.3d 105, 108 (2d Cir.1997) (remanding action to district court to determine whether admiralty jurisdiction existed, despite absence of any challenge by parties to such jurisdiction). Unlike personal jurisdiction, the lack of federal subject matter jurisdiction for a removed action cannot be waived by either party, and may be raised at any time, either on motion, or sua sponte by the court. Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis, 519 U.S. 61, 69, 117 S.Ct. 467, 136 L.Ed.2d 437 (1996).

In removing the instant action to this court, Atwood asserts Plaintiff's allegations comprise a maritime claim within this court's admiralty jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1333, pursuant to which “federal jurisdiction exists in ‘[a]ny civil case of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction, saving to suitors in all cases all other remedies to which they are otherwise entitled.’ ” Voytovich v. 1111 Fuhrman Boulevard, Inc., 2003 WL 21919461, at *1 (W.D.N.Y. July 25, 2003) (italics added and quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1333(1)). The “saving to suitors” clause thus “permits plaintiffs to seek common law remedies to which they may be entitled; plaintiffs are thus entitled to proceed in state court.” Id. (citing Lewis v. Lewis & Clark Marine, Inc., 531 U.S. 438, 443–54, 121 S.Ct. 993, 148 L.Ed.2d 931 (2001)).

A plaintiff injured in a maritime accident thus may elect to bring a state common law claim in state court, or a maritime claim in federal court pursuant to admiralty jurisdiction. J. Aron & Company v. Chown, 894 F.Supp. 697, 698 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (“ ‘plaintiffs with a common law claim arising from a transaction over which a federal court would have admiralty jurisdiction may either avail themselves of federal admiralty jurisdiction or sue at law in state court.’ ” (quoting McAllister Brothers, Inc. v. Ocean Marine Indemnity Co., 742 F.Supp. 70, 75 (S.D.N.Y.1989))). Further, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals has specifically stated that

Common law maritime cases filed in state court are not removable to federal court, due to 28 U.S.C. § 1333's “saving to suitors” clause. Dating back to the Judiciary Act of 1789, this clause preserves a plaintiff's right to a state court forum in cases arising under the common law of the sea.
Pierpoint v. Barnes, 94 F.3d 813, 816 (2d Cir.1996) (citing Romero v. International Terminal Operating Co., 358 U.S. 354, 363, 79 S.Ct. 468, 3 L.Ed.2d 368 (1959) (“common-law remedies were, under the saving clause, enforcible in the courts of the States and on the common-law side of the lower federal courts when the diverse citizenship of the parties permitted”); and 14 Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller and Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3673 (1985)).

Here, because the citizenship of the parties is not diverse, jurisdiction over the action in this court would exist only in admiralty. Although Plaintiff could have chosen to present her claims as maritime torts under admiralty jurisdiction in this court, she elected to sue only pursuant to New York common law, negligence, in state court, as permitted by the “saving to suitors” clause, thereby depriving this court of admiralty jurisdiction and barring its removal. J. Aron & Company, 894 F.Supp. at 698 (holding the effect of the plaintiff's “irrevocable election to proceed at common law” by filing breach of contract action in state court, pursuant to the saving to suitors clause, was to deprive the district court of admiralty jurisdiction over the action, even though the action could have been pleaded as a maritime claim and filed in district court pursuant to its original admiralty jurisdiction). Accordingly, the instant action was not removable to this court, which is otherwise without federal subject matter jurisdiction over the claims.

Nor is federal subject matter jurisdiction created by the fact that Atwood and Bistis each asserted in their respective answers an affirmative defense pursuant to the Limitation of Liability Act, entitling each to exoneration from or limitation of liability to the value of, respectively, the Telos and the Watermark. The Act provides that “a vessel owner faced with potentially large liability arising from a collision may apply to the district court for a determination of whether exoneration or limitation is appropriate.” Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company, 895 F.Supp. at 608 (italics added and citing Rule F of the Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty or Maritime Claims and Asset Forfeiture Actions (“Rule F”)). Application for a determination of Rule F limitation on liability may be obtained by filing a complaint in the appropriate district court “[n]ot later than six months after receipt of a claim in writing....” Rule F(2). Unfortunately for Defendants, neither applied for such a determination pursuant to Rule F, and the six-month period in which such application may be made, i.e., triggered by receipt of the written Complaint, has since elapsed.

Nor has either Defendant, by pleading as an affirmative defense a limitation of liability under the Limitation of Liability Act, created federal subject matter jurisdiction to support the removal to this court. Rather, “[t]o remove a case as one falling within federal-question jurisdiction, the federal question ordinarily must appear on the face of a properly pleaded complaint; an anticipated or actual federal defense generally does not qualify a case for removal.” Jefferson County, Alabama v. Acker, 527 U.S. 423, 430–31, 119 S.Ct. 2069, 144 L.Ed.2d 408 (1999) (citing Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co. v. Mottley, 211 U.S. 149, 152, 29 S.Ct. 42, 53 L.Ed. 126 (1908) (“a suit arises under the Constitution and laws of the United States only when the plaintiff's statement of his own cause of action shows that it is based upon those laws of that Constitution. It is not enough that the plaintiff alleges some anticipated defense to his cause of action....”)).

Accordingly, the action should be REMANDED to New York Supreme Court, Erie County, for lack of federal subject matter jurisdiction.

2. Intervention

Should the District Judge disagree with the recommendation that this matter be remanded to state court for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and the case therefore remain lodged in this court, the undersigned, alternatively, and in the interest of completeness, addresses the motion to intervene.

Movant HealthNow seeks to intervene to preserve its subrogation rights pursuant to the insurance policy's Subrogation Rider. HealthNow asserts it is entitled to mandatory intervention, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 24(a), as well as permissive intervention pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 24(b). Neither Plaintiff nor Atwood filed any response to the motion to intervene, although Bistis advised that Judge Skretny's approval of the Stipulation of Dismissal rendered the pending motion to intervene moot as to Bistis. June 17, 2011 Letter. Movant disputes Bistis's assertion that the Stipulation of Dismissal has rendered the motion to intervene moot as to Bistis because the motion to intervene was pending when the Stipulation of Dismissal was filed, that HealthNow, who is not a party to this action, was not aware of any settlement between Plaintiff and Bistis, June 21, 2011 Letter at 1, and the fact that Bistis has settled with Plaintiff does not bar Movant's right to pursue its subrogation claims against Bistis as a tortfeasor. Id. at 2.

As relevant to the instant case, Rule 24(a) governs intervention as of right and provides

(a) Intervention of Right. On timely motion, the court must permit anyone to intervene who ... (2) claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of the action, and is so situated that disposing of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant's ability to protect its interest, unless existing parties adequately represent that interest.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 24(a)(2) (italics added).

Alternatively, Rule 24(b), pertaining to permissive intervention provides in pertinent part

(b) Permissive Intervention.

(1) In General. On timely motion, the court may permit anyone to intervene who ... (B) has a claim or defense that shares with the main action a common question of law or fact.
Fed.R.Civ.P. 24(b)(1) (italics added).

As stated, HealthNow moves to intervene to pursue a subrogation claim against the parties to recover, through subrogation and reimbursement, for the health benefits HealthNow has paid to Plaintiff for treatment of the injuries Plaintiff sustained as a result of the accident, which is the subject of Plaintiff's claim against Defendants in this personal injury action.

“ ‘Subrogation is the right one party has against a third party following payment, in whole or in part, of a legal obligation that ought to have been met by the third party.’ ” Allstate Insurance Co. v. Mazzola, 175 F.3d 255, 258 (2d Cir.1999) (quoting 2 Allan D. Windt, Insurance Claims and Disputes § 10.05 (1995)). “The doctrine of equitable subrogation allows insurers to ‘stand in the shoes' of their insured to seek indemnification by pursuing any claims that the insured may have had against third parties legally responsible for the loss.” Id. (citing Winkelmann v. Excelsior Insurance Co., 85 N.Y.2d 577, 626 N.Y.S.2d 994, 650 N.E.2d 841, 843 (1995); and 16 George J. Couch et al., Couch on Insurance 2d § 61:1 (2d rev. ed. 1983 & Supp. 1988)). “In short, one party known as the subrogee is substituted for and succeeds to the rights of another party, known as the subrogor.” Id. Based upon principles of equity, the doctrine of subrogation “has a dual objective as stated by New York courts:

It seeks, first, to prevent the insured from recovering twice for one harm, as it might if it could recover from both insurer and from a third person who caused the harm, and second, to require the party who has caused the damage to reimburse the insurer for the payment the insurer has made.
Id. (quoting Winkelmann, 626 N.Y.S.2d 994, 650 N.E.2d at 843 (citations omitted)).

It is so well settled as not to require discussion that an insurer who pays claims against the insured for damages caused by the default or wrongdoing of a third party is entitled to be subrogated to the rights which the insured would have had against such third party for its default or wrongdoing ... [and] to enforce these rights by an action in its own name without joining the insured as a party. This right of subrogation is based upon principles of equity and natural justice. We recognize at once the fairness of the proposition that an insurer who has been compelled by his contract to pay to or in behalf of the insured claims for damages ought to be reimbursed by the party whose fault has caused such damages....”
Allstate Insurance Company v. Stein, 1 N.Y.3d 416, 775 N.Y.S.2d 219, 807 N.E.2d 268, 272 (2004) (quoting Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corporation v. Hooker Electrochemical Co., 240 N.Y. 37, 147 N.E. 351, 353 (1925)).

Because timeliness is required for both mandatory and permissive intervention, a determination that the application to intervene is untimely dispenses with the need to address the remaining three requirements. Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc. v. Herman, 166 F.3d 1248, 1257 (D.C.Cir.1999) (“If the motion was not timely, there is no need for the court to address the other factors that enter into an intervention analysis.”). Here, the subrogation claim HealthNow seeks to assert by intervention is governed by the same three-year statute of limitations applicable to the personal injury action Plaintiff commenced in state court against Defendants. See Stein, 775 N.Y.S.2d 219, 807 N.E.2d at 271 & n. 1 (citing N.Y. C.P.L.R. 214(5)) (imposing three-year statute of limitations for most personal injury accidents, and observing a subrogation claim based on a personal injury accident is subject to the same statute of limitations applicable to a claim based on the incident giving rise to the subrogation claim). In other words, the statute of limitations in a subrogation action by an insurance company, as subrogee of an insured to whom the insurer had paid health insurance benefits for injuries sustained in an accident, runs from the date of the accident rather than from the date the benefits were first paid. Stein, 775 N.Y.S.2d 219, 807 N.E.2d at 272. Moreover, “ ‘[a] motion to intervene filed after the statute of limitations had run for the movant would not be timely.’ ” New Jersey Carpenters Health Fund v. DLJ Mortgage Capital, Inc., 2010 WL 6508190, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2010) (quoting Ceribelli v. Elghanayan, 1994 WL 529853, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 1994)).

In the instant case, the accident for which Plaintiff sues occurred on September 22, 2007. Accordingly, the three-year period for the subrogation claim for which HealthNow seeks to intervene to assert also accrued on September 22, 2007, and the three year limitations period applicable to such claim expired on September 22, 2010, more than six months before HealthNow filed its motion to intervene on April 14, 2011. As such, the motion to intervene is not timely under either Rule 24(a) (intervention as of right), or 24(b) (permissive intervention). Moreover, permitting intervention where, as here, the statute of limitations on the subrogation claim would prevent it from being filed as a separate action would be to allow the time-barred claim in through the ‘back door.’ See United States v. California, 507 U.S. 746, 758–59, 113 S.Ct. 1784, 123 L.Ed.2d 528 (1993) (although United States had subrogation right to contractor's claims against the state, the federal government was not subrogated to a right free of a preexisting infirmity, i.e., the passage of the applicable statute of limitations which had run almost six years prior to filing subrogation action).

Furthermore, insofar as the Subrogation Rider provides that HealthNow is entitled to be reimbursed by Plaintiff, as the insured, for any benefits HealthNow paid for treatment of Plaintiff's injuries, from any funds in settlement or judgment Plaintiff receives from the party responsible for her injuries, Subrogation Rider ¶ 1, such claim would be in equity for constructive trust and would not yet be time-barred.

“ ‘A constructive trust is the formula through which the conscience of equity finds expression. When property has been acquired in such circumstances that the holder of the legal title may not in good conscience retain the beneficial interest, equity converts him into a trustee.’ ” Dolmetta v. Uintah National Corporation, 712 F.2d 15, 18 (2d Cir.1983) (quoting Beatty v. Guggenheim Exploration Co., 225 N.Y. 380, 122 N.E. 378 (1919)). “Since a cause of action for a constructive trust is one ‘for which no limitation is specifically prescribed by law,’ it is governed by New York's six-year statute of limitations.” Dolmetta, 712 F.2d at 18 (quoting N.Y C.P.L.R. § 213[1] (McKinney 1972)). Further, the accrual of a claim for constructive trust “runs from the occurrence of the wrongful act or event which creates a duty of restitution.' ” Id. (citing Scheuer v. Scheuer, 308 N.Y. 447, 126 N.E.2d 555 (1955)). Because HealthNow's construction trust claim based on restitution must be sought from Plaintiff, HealthNow would have to assert a claim for constructive trust against any funds that come into Plaintiff's possession as a result of Plaintiff's personal injury action against Defendants. See Great–West Life & Annuity Insurance Company v. Knudson, 534 U.S. 204, 213, 122 S.Ct. 708, 151 L.Ed.2d 635 (2002) (recognizing an equitable restitution claim seeks to impose a constructive trust or equitable lien on “particular funds or property in the defendant's possession.” (citations omitted)); Nechis v. Oxford Health Plans, Inc., 421 F.3d 96, 103 (2d Cir.2005) (affirming district court's dismissal of plaintiffs' claim seeking to impose constructive trust on funds, health care insurance premiums paid by plaintiffs to defendant insurance company, which plaintiffs maintained were in defendant's possession only because defendant had wrongly denied to pay plaintiffs' insurance claims, because plaintiffs failed to establish such funds could clearly be traced back to any particular funds in the defendant's possession).

In the instant case, HealthNow could not assert a cause of action for constructive trust against Plaintiff until and unless Plaintiff receives money damages from either Defendant through settlement, such as with Bistis, or as the result of a trial in Plaintiff's favor against Atwater, and then fails to reimburse HealthNow for the health insurance benefits HealthNow has paid for treatment of Plaintiff's injuries in accordance with the insurance policy. See Dolmetta, 712 F.2d at 18 (cause of action for imposition of constructive trust runs from occurrence of event or wrongful act creating duty of restitution). Even if Plaintiff has already received a monetary sum from Bistis in settlement of Plaintiff's claims against Bistis, as anticipated in accordance with the Stipulation of Discontinuance, given that less than six years have elapsed since the Stipulation of Discontinuance was filed, HealthNow could yet pursue an action against Plaintiff in state court

to impose a constructive trust on such funds.

HealthNow's motion to intervene is, therefore, DENIED.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, the action should be REMANDED to New York Supreme Court, Erie County, for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and Movant's motion to intervene (Doc. No. 14) is DISMISSED as moot. Alternatively, Movant's motion to intervene (Doc. No. 14) is DENIED.

SO ORDERED, as to the motion to intervene.

ORDERED that this Report and Recommendation be filed with the Clerk of the Court.

ANY OBJECTIONS to this Report and Recommendation must be filed with the Clerk of the Court within fourteen (14) days of service of this Report and Recommendation in accordance with the above statute, Rules 72(b), 6(a) and 6(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Local Rule 72.3.

Failure to file objections within the specified time or to request an extension of such time waives the right to appeal the District Court's Order. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985); Small v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 892 F.2d 15 (2d Cir.1989); Wesolek v. Canadair Limited, 838 F.2d 55 (2d Cir.1988).

Let the Clerk send a copy of this Report and Recommendation to the attorneys for the Plaintiff and the Defendants.

SO ORDERED, as to the motion to intervene.