WILBUR, Justice

#26847, #26849-a-LSW APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE FOURTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT MEADE COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA THE HONORABLE JEROME A. ECKRICH, III Judge MARTY J. JACKLEY
Attorney General
JEFFREY P. HALLEM
KELLY MARNETTE
Assistant Attorneys General
Pierre, South Dakota
Attorneys for plaintiff
and appellee.
ABBY A. REHORST of
Rena M. Hymans, PC
Sturgis, South Dakota
Attorneys for defendant
and appellant.
WILBUR, Justice [¶1.] Lloyd Edwards appeals the circuit court's denial of his motion to suppress blood evidence seized without a warrant. He also appeals the circuit court's denial of his motion to strike his 2003 driving under the influence (DUI) conviction from the part II information. We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

[¶2.] On March 25, 2013, Officer Nathaniel Borg arrested Edwards for driving or being in actual physical control of a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and driving with a revoked license. Officer Borg read the following advisement to Edwards:

DUI Advisement Card

1. I have arrested you for a violation of SDCL 32-23-1.
2. Any person who operates any vehicle in the state has consented to the withdrawal of blood or other bodily substance and chemical analysis.
3. I require that you submit to the withdrawal of your blood (blood, breath, bodily substance).
4. You have the right to an additional chemical analysis by a technician of your own choosing, at your own expense.

Whether the circuit court erred in denying Edwards's motion to suppress evidence obtained from a warrantless, nonconsensual blood draw.



Whether the circuit court erred in denying Edwards's motion to strike the 2003 conviction from the part II information.

Whether the circuit court erred in failing to hold that the warrantless search conducted under South Dakota's implied consent statutes was constitutional.

DECISION

I. Whether the circuit court erred in denying Edwards's motion to suppress evidence obtained from a warrantless, nonconsensual blood draw conducted pursuant to SDCL 32-23-10. [¶9.] We note that in denying the motion to suppress, the circuit court did so pursuant to the "good faith exception to the warrant requirement." The circuit court's use of this "warrant exception" was in error, because no such warrant exception exists. Indeed, case law instructs that the good faith exception is an exception to the exclusionary rule. See Davis v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 2419, 2429, 180 L. Ed. 2d 285 (2011) (in discussing the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, the United States Supreme Court stated "[e]vidence obtained during a search conducted in reasonable reliance on binding precedent is not subject to the exclusionary rule"); State v. Sorensen, 2004 S.D. 108, ¶¶ 8-9, 688 N.W.2d 193, 196-97 (stating that "[u]nder the 'good faith' exception [to the exclusionary rule], 'evidence is admissible when police officers reasonably rely on a warrant that is subsequently invalidated because a judge finds there was an insufficient basis for the issuing magistrate to find probable cause'" (quoting State v. Saiz, 427 N.W.2d 825, 828 (S.D. 1988))). "Good faith" is not one of the few, "well-delineated exceptions" to the warrant requirement. See State v. Zahn, 2012 S.D. 19, ¶ 30, 812 N.W.2d 490, 499. Because we examine a circuit court's grant or denial of a motion to suppress involving an alleged violation of a constitutionally protected right anew, this error is not determinative. See State v. Smith, 2014 S.D. 50, ¶ 14, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___. [¶10.] "The [circuit] court's findings of fact are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard, but we give no deference to the [circuit] court's conclusions of law." Id. (alterations in original) (quoting State v. Mohr, 2013 S.D. 94, ¶ 12, 841 N.W.2d 440, 444). And although "[f]actual findings of the lower court are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard, . . . once those facts have been determined, 'the application of a legal standard to those facts is a question of law reviewed de novo.'" State v. Heney, 2013 S.D. 77, ¶ 8, 839 N.W.2d 558, 561-62 (quoting State v. Hess, 2004 S.D. 60, ¶ 9, 680 N.W.2d 314, 319).

The Fourth Amendment and blood draws

[¶11.] The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees citizens the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures:

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause supported by affidavit, particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or thing to be seized.

Exceptions to warrant requirement

[¶14.] As it did in State v. Fierro, 2014 S.D. 62, ¶ 13, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, the State argues that under the Fourth Amendment and SDCL 32-23-10, the South Dakota Legislature may constitutionally condition the privilege to drive within the state on a driver providing irrevocable consent to the warrantless withdrawal of blood or other bodily substances. The State also attempts to justify the warrantless blood draw that occurred in this case under the special needs exception to the warrant requirement. We disagree with the State's position for the reasons stated in Fierro. Fierro, 2014 S.D. 62, ¶¶ 14-16, 21-24, ___ N.W.2d at ___. Because the State has failed to articulate an exception to the warrant requirement that would permit a compelled, warrantless blood draw, this type of blood draw violates the Fourth Amendment of the federal constitution and Article VI, § 11 of our state constitution.

Good Faith Exception to the Exclusionary Rule

[¶15.] We now examine whether suppression is the appropriate remedy for this Fourth Amendment violation. See Davis, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2426 (explaining that the Fourth Amendment "says nothing about suppressing evidence obtained in violation of [its] command. That rule—the exclusionary rule—is a 'prudential' doctrine created by [the United States Supreme] Court to 'compel respect for the constitutional guaranty'" (citation omitted) (quoting Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 217, 80 S. Ct. 1437, 1444, 4 L. Ed. 2d 1669 (1960))). The State argues that the blood sample and test results are admissible pursuant to the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule based upon the officer's reliance on prior case law. The State cites to the United States Supreme Court's decision in Davis for the proposition that suppression is not an appropriate remedy when the officer reasonably relied on a binding court precedent at the time of the search or seizure. We examine the good faith exception de novo. Sorensen, 2004 S.D. 108, ¶ 9, 688 N.W.2d at 197 (citing United States v. LaMorie, 100 F.3d 547, 555 (8th Cir. 1996)). [¶16.] The exclusion or suppression of evidence is "'not a personal constitutional right,' nor is it designed to 'redress the injury' occasioned by an unconstitutional search." Davis, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2426 (quoting Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 486, 96 S. Ct. 3037, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1067 (1976)). "The rule's sole purpose . . . is to deter future Fourth Amendment violations." Id. (citing Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 141 & n.2 129 S. Ct. 695, 700 & n.2, 172 L. Ed. 2d 496 (2009)). "Where suppression fails to yield 'appreciable deterrence,' exclusion is 'clearly . . . unwarranted.'" Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2426-27 (quoting United States v. Janis, 428 U.S. 433, 454, 96 S. Ct. 3021, 3032, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1046 (1976)). "For exclusion to be appropriate, the deterrence benefits of suppression must outweigh its heavy costs." Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2427. "Because the goal of deterrence will not always be advanced by excluding relevant, though illegally seized, evidence, the Supreme Court has identified several exceptions to the exclusionary rule." Sorenson, 2004 S.D. 108, ¶ 8, 688 N.W.2d at 197. [¶17.] In Davis, the United States Supreme Court held that an officer's objectively reasonable reliance on binding court precedent at the time of the search or seizure, even if the precedent is later overruled, satisfies the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule. Davis, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2428-29. In so holding, the Court noted that "[p]olice practices trigger the harsh sanction of exclusion only when they are deliberate enough to yield 'meaningfu[l]' deterrence, and culpable enough to be 'worth the price paid by the justice system.'" Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2428 (alteration in original) (quoting Herring, 555 U.S. at 144, 129 S. Ct. at 702). The Court further reaffirmed "that the harsh sanction of exclusion 'should not be applied to deter objectively reasonable law enforcement activity.'" Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2429 (quoting United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 918-19, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3418, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677 (1984)). "Evidence obtained during a search conducted in reasonable reliance on binding precedent is not subject to the exclusionary rule." Id. [¶18.] Following the United States Supreme Court's decision in Schmerber, this Court adopted the following rule:

[B]odily substance samples [are] not subject to the exclusionary rule under the Fourth Amendment if they are taken (1) incident to a lawful arrest, (2) by a reliable and accepted method of obtaining such sample, (3) in a reasonable, medically approved manner, and (4) where there is probable cause to believe that the evidence sought exists. [Schmerber] held that the elimination of alcohol by natural bodily functions presents exigent circumstances which obviate the necessity of obtaining a search warrant.

II. Whether the circuit court erred in denying Edwards's motion to strike the 2003 conviction from the part II information. [¶20.] Edwards challenges the constitutional validity of his 2003 DUI conviction for enhancement purposes. Edwards contends that his 2003 guilty plea was not voluntary, knowing, and intelligent because he was not "personally advised" of his constitutional rights, the maximum possible penalties, his right to a preliminary hearing, and the consequences of entering his plea on the day he initially appeared, pleaded, and was sentenced. He also alleges that he was not advised of his Boykin rights, specifically his right against self-incrimination and his confrontation rights. See Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1969). [¶21.] In moving to strike his 2003 conviction, Edwards does not claim that he is innocent of the predicate conviction, but rather, he "seeks to deprive that conviction of its normal force and effect for sentence-enhancement purposes." See State v. Woodard, 2014 S.D. 39, ¶ 7, ___ N.W.2d ___, ____ (quoting State v. Smith, 2013 S.D. 79, ¶ 5, 840 N.W.2d 117, 119). As such, Edwards's challenge is a collateral attack of a predicate conviction, and therefore, his plea is subject to less scrutiny than if it were raised on direct appeal. Id. Additionally, "our review of a collateral attack of a predicate conviction is limited to jurisdictional errors." Id. (quoting Smith, 2013 S.D. 79, ¶ 6, 840 N.W.2d at 119). "For purposes of a collateral attack on a predicate criminal conviction, we have treated a constitutionally infirm guilty plea as a jurisdictional error." Id. The circuit court's factual findings "shall not be disturbed unless they are clearly erroneous." Smith, 2013 S.D. 79, ¶ 6, 840 N.W.2d at 119 (quoting Monette v. Weber, 2009 S.D. 77, ¶ 6, 771 N.W.2d 920, 923). "And we review the circuit court's conclusions of law de novo." Id. [¶22.] "To initiate an attack on a predicate conviction, the 'defendant has the initial burden of placing the validity of the prior conviction in issue[,]'" such as what was done here—by way of a motion to strike. Woodard, 2014 S.D. 39, ¶ 8, ___ N.W.2d at ___ (quoting State v. Jensen, 2011 S.D. 32, ¶ 9, 800 N.W.2d 359, 363). "Once the defendant has placed the prior conviction in issue[,] the burden shifts 'to the State to prove the existence of a prior valid conviction by a preponderance of the evidence.'" Id. (quoting Smith, 2013 S.D. 79, ¶ 7, 840 N.W.2d at 119). "The State meets this burden by presenting a document that 'appears on its face to be a valid judgment.'" Id. (quoting Jensen, 2011 S.D. 32, ¶ 9, 800 N.W.2d at 363). "If the State meets its burden, the presumption of regularity arises and the burden shifts to the defendant to show that the prior conviction is invalid." Id. (quoting Jensen, 2011 S.D. 32, ¶ 9, 800 N.W.2d at 363). [¶23.] "Boykin requires that before a defendant pleads guilty, he 'be advised of his [federal constitutional] rights relating to self-incrimination, trial by jury, and confrontation,' and 'that [he] intentionally relinquish or abandon known rights.'" State v. Bilben, 2014 S.D. 24, ¶ 5, 846 N.W.2d 336, 338 (second and third alterations in original) (quoting Smith, 2013 S.D. 79, ¶ 8, 840 N.W.2d at 120). "A guilty plea operates as a waiver of important rights, and is valid only if done voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently, with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences." Woodard, 2014 S.D. 39, ¶ 9, ___ N.W.2d at ___ (quoting Bradshaw v. Stumpf, 545 U.S. 175, 183, 125 S. Ct. 2398, 2405, 162 L. Ed. 2d 143 (2005)). And, "[w]e cannot presume a waiver of these three important federal rights from a silent record." Smith, 2013 S.D. 79, ¶ 8, 840 N.W.2d at 120 (quoting Rosen v. Weber, 2012 S.D. 15, ¶ 8, 810 N.W.2d 763, 765). See Woodard, 2014 S.D. 39, ¶ 9, ___ N.W.2d at ___ (stating that "the record in some manner must show the defendant entered his plea understandingly and voluntarily") (quoting Monette, 2009 S.D. 77, ¶ 11, 771 N.W.2d at 925). Thus, the issue of whether the circuit court erred in denying Edwards's motion to strike his 2003 conviction "rests on whether the record 'affirmatively show[s] that the [2003 DUI guilty] plea was voluntary, that the defendant understood the consequences of pleading guilty, and that the defendant explicitly waived the constitutional right against compulsory self incrimination, the right to trial by jury, and the right to confront one's accusers." See Smith, 2013 S.D. 79, ¶ 8, 840 N.W.2d at 120 (first alteration in original) (quoting Monette, 2009 S.D. 77, ¶ 10, 771 N.W.2d at 925). [¶24.] On April 25, 2003, Edwards appeared before the Honorable Randall L. Macy in Butte County. At this initial appearance, Judge Macy advised a group of defendants, including Edwards, of their statutory and constitutional rights, including the right to counsel, right to a preliminary hearing/grand jury proceeding, right against self-incrimination, right to a jury trial, and right to confrontation. The group was also advised of the pleas available and the maximum penalty for a class 1 misdemeanor. [¶25.] Following this advisement, Judge Macy personally addressed Edwards. When asked by the court, Edwards stated that he was present in court for the reading of the rights, heard the rights, and understood them. Edwards then requested a preliminary hearing and the hearing was continued to May 13, 2003. [¶26.] On May 13, 2003, Edwards once again appeared before Judge Macy. Judge Macy advised a group of defendants, including Edwards, of their statutory and constitutional rights, including the right to counsel, right to a preliminary hearing/grand jury proceeding, right against self-incrimination, right to a jury trial, and right to confrontation. The group was also advised of the pleas available and the maximum penalty for a class 1 misdemeanor. [¶27.] Judge Macy then personally addressed Edwards. The court asked Edwards if he was present in court for the reading of the rights, heard the rights, and understood them. Edwards confirmed that he did. The court advised Edwards of his right to have an attorney. Edwards stated that he did not want an attorney and that he intended to plead guilty. The court explained by pleading guilty Edwards would be waiving his "right to a jury trial and all rights that accompany a jury trial." Edwards then pleaded guilty. [¶28.] Here, the record reflects that in 2003, Judge Macy fully advised Edwards of his Boykin rights. Edwards was also advised of the maximum penalty, the consequences of entering his plea, and the right to a preliminary hearing. Edwards was present in the courtroom when the rights were explained en masse. Contrary to Edwards's assertion, a circuit court is not required to "personally" or individually advise each defendant separately of his rights. See State v. Driver, 290 N.W.2d 856, 859 (S.D. 1980). In addition to the en masse advisory, Judge Macy then individually canvassed Edwards about his understanding of the rights and that he would be waving his "right to a jury trial and all rights that accompany a jury trial." See Bilben, 2014 S.D. 24, ¶¶ 7, 12, 846 N.W.2d at 338-39 (stating that this Court recently approved "a general waiver advisement indicating that 'by pleading guilty, you give up all the rights I just read'" (quoting Smith, 2013 S.D. 79, ¶ 18, 840 N.W.2d at 124)). Like the advisement given in Smith and Bilben, "all rights that accompany a jury trial" includes the right against self-incrimination, the right of confrontation, and the right to trial by a jury. Id.; Smith, 2013 S.D. 79, ¶ 18, 840 N.W.2d at 124. And, notably, Edwards makes no claim that, under the totality of circumstances, his plea was unknowing or involuntary. Accordingly, the circuit court did not err in denying Edwards's motion to strike his 2003 conviction.

CONCLUSION

[¶29.] We affirm the denial of Edwards's motion to suppress. And, in addition, we affirm the denial of Edwards's motion to strike his 2003 conviction. [¶30.] KONENKAMP and ZINTER, Justices, concur. [¶31.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and SEVERSON, Justice, concur on Issue 1, and concur in result on Issue 2. GILBERTSON, Chief Justice (concurring in result). [¶32.] I concur with the Court on Issue One. On Issue Two, I concur in the result and adhere to my dissent in State v. Bilben, 2014 S.D. 24, 846 N.W.2d 336. [¶33.] SEVERSON, Justice, joins this special writing.