FLYNN, J.

Peter Gartlan, Chief Defender, and Emily P. Seltzer, Deputy Public Defender, Office of Public Defense Services, filed the brief for appellant.

Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Anna M. Joyce, Solicitor General, and Shannon T. Reel, Assistant Attorney General, filed the brief for respondent.

Before Duncan, Presiding Judge, and DeVore, Judge, and Flynn, Judge.

FLYNN, J.Defendant appeals from a judgment of conviction for identity theft and second-degree theft. On appeal, he challenges the trial court's decision to admit into evidence a video showing him being booked at the police station, over defendant's objection that the video was unduly prejudicial. Defendant argues that the court erred by failing to make a record demonstrating that it balanced the probative value of the evidence against the danger of unfair prejudice, as required by State v. Mayfield , 302 Or. 631, 733 P.2d 438 (1987). We are persuaded that the record does not reflect that the court exercised the discretion that it is afforded under OEC 403 to determine whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by other considerations, including the danger of unfair prejudice. We reverse and remand on that basis.

I. BACKGROUND

Defendant was convicted based on evidence that he stole an ATM card from a woman in whose home he was staying and that he then used the card to withdraw funds from the woman's bank account. The evidence against defendant at trial included a photograph of a person using the stolen ATM card to withdraw funds from the owner's bank account and a video of defendant being booked into jail while wearing clothing similar to the clothing worn by the person in the ATM photograph. Defendant argued as his theory of defense that another housemate stole and used the ATM card and that the ATM photograph was not sufficiently distinctive to identify the pictured person as defendant. The booking video, taken approximately 20 days after the date of the ATM theft, showed defendant at a police station following an arrest.

Defendant objected that the video should be excluded because its probative value was outweighed by the unfair prejudice that would flow from showing defendant in custody. Defense counsel added that showing this arrest video "becomes more problematic, because I think that" the video depicted defendant being brought into jail on a probation violation, rather than the charged crime. The state argued that the video was not prejudicial because it only showed the standard booking process that follows any arrest.

The court initially indicated that it wanted to view the video to "help [it] decide the balancing issue." However, while the court watched the arrest video with counsel, the prosecutor emphasized that the video bore a date stamp of November 2, 2012, which the court understood to be a date several days earlier than the date of defendant's arrest for the charged crimes. Immediately after that comment, the court advised the parties that it was admitting the video because "it's relevant," but that it planned to give the jury a cautionary instruction.

II. ANALYSIS

A. The Trial Court's Obligation to Conduct OEC 403 Balancing

In response to defendant's objection that the video should be excluded as more prejudicial than probative, the trial court was required to conduct the balancing prescribed by OEC 403. See Mayfield , 302 Or. at 645, 733 P.2d 438. That provision of the evidence code permits trial courts to exclude evidence that is relevant "if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." OEC 403. Although we will review the trial court's ultimate balancing determination for abuse of discretion, we do so only when the record reflects that the court consciously exercised that discretion. See State v. Pinnell , 311 Or. 98, 112–13, 806 P.2d 110 (1991) (court must engage in the " ‘conscious process of balancing the costs of the evidence against its benefits' " as " ‘a prerequisite to the exercise of discretion’ " (quoting Charles Alan Wright & Kenneth W. Graham, Jr., 22 Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence § 5232, 263 –64 (1978) )); Mayfield , 302 Or. at 647, 733 P.2d 438 ("[T]rial judges are granted broad discretion when findings are made on the record to back up this discretionary call."). In ruling on a challenge to evidence based on OEC 403, "[t]he judge errs if the judge fails to exercise discretion, refuses to exercise discretion or fails to make a record which reflects an exercise of discretion." Mayfield , 302 Or. at 645, 733 P.2d 438 (citing State v. Johns , 301 Or. 535, 725 P.2d 312 (1986) ).

In Mayfield , the court prescribed an " ‘approved method of analysis that should guide trial courts in their decision-making under OEC 403.’ " State v. Mazziotti , 276 Or.App. 773, 778, 369 P.3d 1200 (2016) (quoting State v. Borck , 230 Or.App. 619, 637, 216 P.3d 915, adh'd to as modified on recons. , 232 Or.App. 266, 221 P.3d 749 (2009), rev. den. , 348 Or. 291, 231 P.3d 795 (2010) ). That prescribed method includes four basic steps: (1) "analyze the quantum of probative value of the evidence and consider the weight or strength of the evidence"; (2) "determine how prejudicial the evidence is, to what extent the evidence may distract the jury from the central question whether the defendant committed the charged crime"; (3) balance those two factors; and (4) make a ruling to admit some, all, or none of the proponent's evidence. Mayfield , 302 Or. at 645, 733 P.2d 438. A trial court need not "expressly follow the Mayfield analysis," but, rather, "meets the requirements of Mayfield if ‘the record establishes that, in deciding to admit [the evidence], the trial court considered the matters prescribed in Mayfield .’ " State v. Corbin , 275 Or.App. 609, 616, 365 P.3d 647 (2015) (quoting Borck, 230 Or.App. at 637, 216 P.3d 915 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). Appellate courts "examine whether the trial court properly applied the balancing test that OEC 403 prescribes for errors of law[.]" State v. Shaw , 338 Or. 586, 614–15, 113 P.3d 898 (2005).

B. The Ruling in this Case

Based on our review of the record in this case, we are persuaded that the record does not show that the court engaged in "the balancing test that OEC 403 prescribes." See Shaw , 338 Or. at 615, 113 P.3d 898. Rather, the court told the parties that it would admit the video because "it's relevant." Determining whether challenged evidence is "relevant" is a threshold inquiry, but it does not resolve any of the considerations that make up the balancing test that OEC 403 prescribes. The significance of a determination that evidence is "relevant" is addressed by OEC 402, which specifies that "[e]vidence which is not relevant is not admissible" but that "relevant" evidence is generally admissible. Evidence is "relevant" if it has "any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." OEC 401. However, "[e]vidence law demands not only logical relevance but also that the probative value of the evidence not be substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice as set forth in OEC 403." Mayfield , 302 Or. at 644, 733 P.2d 438. Thus, describing evidence as "relevant" does not suggest OEC 403 balancing, because the purpose of OEC 403 is to determine when relevant evidence should be excluded.

Defendant's objection was to the unfair prejudice from a video that showed defendant in custody. Regardless of whether the trial court initially planned to "decide the balancing issue," the court did not address any of the considerations that defendant's objection required the court to consider. Defendant argued that, "[j]ust as in trial" it is prejudicial for the jury to know that the defendant is in custody, and it would be unduly prejudicial for the jury to see defendant "with the walk of shame, handcuffs on, being taken to the jail." See, e.g., State v. Washington , 355 Or. 612, 627, 330 P.3d 596 (2014), cert. den. , ––– U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 685, ––– L.Ed.2d –––– (2014) (explaining that Oregon has long recognized that criminal defendants have a right " ‘to appear free of physical restraints during a jury trial,’ " in part to protect the defendant's right to an impartial jury, because "the use of physical restraints can impinge on the presumption of innocence to which a defendant is entitled" (quoting State v. Bowen , 340 Or. 487, 489, 135 P.3d 272 (2006), cert. den. , 549 U.S. 1214, 127 S.Ct. 1258, 167 L.Ed.2d 89 (2007) )). The prosecutor responded that the video showed defendant wearing "very similar clothing" to the person in the ATM photo and would be highly probative. With respect to prejudice, the prosecutor acknowledged that letting the jury know that a defendant is in custody at the time of trial can be prejudicial but argued that the video would not be as prejudicial because "everybody has to get booked on charges."

Yet the court's ruling reflects no assessment of the "quantum of probative value" to showing defendant's clothing at the time of the arrest. Nor does it reflect a determination of the extent to which the jury would observe that the video depicted defendant in custody or the extent to which that observation might improperly bias the jury. And it reflects no balancing of those competing factors. In other words, there is no record that the court "analyze[d] the quantum of probative value of the evidence" or determined the extent to which the video might "distract the jury from the central question whether the defendant committed the charged crime" and no indication that it balanced those countervailing considerations against each other. See Mayfield , 302 Or. at 646, 733 P.2d 438. That is error.

We recognize that we have described Mayfield 's balancing test as "a matter of substance, not form or litany" and have held that we look to whether the "totality of the attendant circumstances" shows that the trial court engaged in the balancing that Mayfield requires. See, e.g. , State v. Conrad , 280 Or.App. 325, 330–31, 381 P.3d 880 (2016). Indeed, in Conrad , we held that the court's ruling satisfied Mayfield "given the totality of the attendant circumstances," even though the court denied the motion by simply stating, "So that motion is * * * denied." Id. at 331, 381 P.3d 880. But Conrad emphasizes that we considered it to be "the rare case," in which we could conclude that the trial court satisfied Mayfield despite a "very thin record." Id. at 332, 381 P.3d 880. We specifically cautioned that "the point of Mayfield " is that "we can conduct meaningful review only when we can tell that the court exercised its discretion and how it did so" and that "[i]n many cases," when a trial court fails "to articulate on the record, in the manner set forth in Mayfield , how it is exercising its discretion," that failure "will preclude meaningful appellate review[.]" Id . at 331–32, 381 P.3d 880.

The record in this case differs from the record in Conrad in at least two important respects, both of which make this one of the "many cases," in which the court's failure to articulate its balancing of the Mayfield factors "preclude[s] meaningful appellate review[.]" 280 Or.App. at 332, 381 P.3d 880. First, among the circumstances that made Conrad a "rare case," we emphasized that the defendant's arguments regarding the challenged evidence were of "limited scope." The defendant argued that videos showing interviews with his alleged victims were prejudicial only because the jury might place undue emphasis on video evidence during its deliberations. Id. He argued that this prejudice outweighed a probative value that he contended was "low" because the videos were not conducted under oath and because the victim's answers were elicited by interviewers. Id. at 331, 381 P.3d 880. In other words, the full extent of the potential "danger of unfair prejudice" in Conrad could be resolved by the court answering "yes" or "no" to the defendant's premise that the jury would place undue emphasis on videos during deliberations. And the full extent of his challenge to the probative value of the videos would, similarly, be resolved by the court answering "yes" or "no" to the defendant's generic premise that interview answers are of low probative value when the interview is not conducted under oath. That "limited" focus permitted us to infer from the record as a whole that the court consciously engaged in the Mayfield analysis before rejecting the defendant's objection. Id. at 332, 381 P.3d 880.

Here, by contrast, the trial court could balance the "quantum of probative value" of the video against the risk that the video would "distract the jury from the central question" only after evaluating where each consideration fell on a spectrum. To "analyze the quantum of probative value" of the video, the court first had to assess the extent to which the clothing that defendant wore in the video resembled the clothing worn in the ATM photo and the extent to which unique characteristics of the clothing made any resemblance significant. Similarly, in order to determine how prejudicial the evidence was, the court first had to assess the extent to which the jury would observe that the video depicted defendant in restraints or appreciate that the video meant defendant had been arrested more than once. Only after making those determinations could the court balance the weight of the evidence against the risk of unfair prejudice. None of those determinations appear on the record, and, without them, we cannot determine that the court exercised its discretion in the manner set forth in Mayfield .

The second significant distinction between the record in this case and the record in Conrad is the language of the court's ruling. The trial court's ruling in Conrad was a generic denial of the OEC 403 objection. That lack of specificity permitted us to infer from the other "rare" circumstances, that the court denied the objection after engaging in the balancing that Mayfield requires. Here, however, the trial court explained why it was "going to overrule the objection" to the video. And that explanation—because "it's relevant"—precludes us from inferring that the court denied the objection based on an evaluation and balancing of the extent of probative value of the evidence and the risk of unfair prejudice. We decline the dissent's invitation to treat the court's statement that the video "is relevant" as short-hand for an articulation of the balancing that Mayfield requires. As explained above, "relevance" and "probative value" are distinct legal concepts, and nothing about the statement "it's relevant" implies an assessment of the quantum of probative value of the evidence, let alone an assessment of the extent of potential prejudice and a balancing of the competing considerations. On the contrary, it implies that the court's analysis never reached beyond the threshold question of "relevance."

Moreover, the court's reference to giving a "cautionary instruction" regarding the evidence does not change our conclusion that the record does not reflect the balancing that Mayfield requires. See State v. Altabef , 279 Or.App. 268, 270 & n. 3, 379 P.3d 755 (2016). In Altabef , as here, the trial court admitted evidence over the defendant's OEC 403 objection because the evidence was "relevant," but agreed to give a cautionary instruction. We concluded that, "[a]lthough the parties debated the probative value of the evidence, the record offers no indication that the trial court balanced the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect." Id . at 270 n. 3, 379 P.3d 755. As in Altabef , the offer of a curative instruction—although it may reflect the court's recognition that the evidence is potentially prejudicial—does not change the fact that "the record offers no indication that the trial court balanced the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect." Id . The trial court's "fail[ure] to make a record which reflects an exercise of discretion" is error. See Mayfield , 302 Or. at 645, 733 P.2d 438.

C. Harmless Error Analysis

Article VII (Amended), section 3, of the Oregon Constitution requires us to affirm despite the error if we conclude that "there was little likelihood that the error affected the verdict." State v. Davis , 336 Or. 19, 33, 77 P.3d 1111 (2003). Under that standard, we conclude that the error in this case was not harmless and requires reversal. Defendant argues that by showing him in custody, the video "may have led the jury to believe that defendant posed a danger to officers or staff." See, e.g. , Washington , 355 Or. at 628, 330 P.3d 596 (explaining why allowing the defendant to appear in restraints may have been prejudicial). In addition, he argues that the video presented the risk that the jury would "believe that he was a recidivist who was therefore likely guilty of the charged offenses." See, e.g. , State v. Johns , 301 Or. 535, 549, 725 P.2d 312 (1986) ("[E]ven if evidence that a defendant has committed other crimes has some legitimate probative value, the danger of unfair prejudice to the defendant may outweigh any such probative value."). Finally, defendant argues that those substantial risks of prejudice outweighed a probative value that was "minimal" because the articles of clothing defendant wore "are so common that they have little value as indications of identity."

Had the trial court engaged in the required exercise of evaluating and balancing those countervailing considerations, it may have been persuaded by defendant's arguments for excluding the video. And exclusion of that evidence would have had a tendency to affect the verdict. Thus, we cannot conclude that the court's error had little likelihood of affecting the verdict. See State v. Pierce , 189 Or.App. 387, 392, 76 P.3d 172 (2003) (after explaining that trial court erred in failing to engage in the analysis that Mayfield requires, concluding that error was not harmless because the admitted evidence may have affected the jury's verdict).

Reversed and remanded.

DEVORE, J., dissenting.

I write this note of apology to the majority, because I cannot agree, and to the trial court, because I believe it did not err. In my opinion, the record suffices to show that the trial court did exercise its discretion to determine that the probative value of the video outweighed its prejudice. And, I believe that the majority opinion cannot be reconciled with our recent decisions about what record we demand of our trial courts.

The majority declares that "the record does not reflect that the [trial] court exercised the discretion that it is afforded under OEC 403" and that "the record does not show that the [trial] court engaged in the balancing test that OEC 403 prescribes." 282 Or.App. at 27–28, 386 P.3d at 157 (internal quotation marks omitted). The majority states, "[T]he [trial] court did not address any of the considerations that defendant's objection required the court to consider." 282 Or.App. at 28, 386 P.3d at 157. The majority observes that

"the court's ruling reflects no assessment of the quantum of probative value to showing defendant's clothing at the time of the arrest. Nor does it reflect a determination of the extent to which the jury would observe that the video depicted defendant in custody or the extent to which that observation might improperly bias the jury."

282 Or.App. at 29, 386 P.3d at 157 (internal quotation marks omitted). Although I agree that the record is thin, the record shows that the trial court did its job correctly.

To paraphrase, the trial court's task, when presented with an objection under OEC 403, is to (1) assess the probative value of the challenged evidence, (2) assess the prejudicial effect of that evidence, (3) balance the probative value against the prejudicial effect, and (4) decide whether to admit all, some, or none of that evidence. See State v. Mayfield , 302 Or. 631, 645, 733 P.2d 438 (1987) (describing the process as four steps). As to the last point, the court may mitigate the prejudicial effect of the offered evidence by giving the jury a limiting instruction describing the limited or proper purpose of that evidence. Id . at 647, 733 P.2d 438 ; see also State v. Brown , 272 Or.App. 424, 432, 355 P.3d 216, rev. den. , 358 Or. 145, 363 P.3d 1288 (2015) (trial court may consider a limiting instruction to minimize prejudice).

This trial court did all that was asked of it, and the court did so in the expeditious way that a trial court must. The state offered the video for the simple purpose of showing that defendant was "wearing the same" or "very similar clothing" in the video as the clothing someone wore when photographed using an ATM. The video, however, was not recorded on the date of the offense, nor in conjunction with defendant's arrest for the offense. The state noted the different date of the video. Although the video was recorded on a different date, the state explained that, because defendant had left a duffle bag with other clothing at the house of someone else, defendant was missing clothing. The state urged, "So the fact that several days later he's in this, * * * real similar outfit is very relevant to the state's case to prove identity."

Defendant's counsel said, "I'll concede there is some relevance" to the video. But counsel objected that the video was "prejudicial" because it showed defendant in custody. He argued that the prejudice was the same as wearing an orange jumpsuit in court. That was defendant's sole and simple objection. Defendant did not argue that the video would disclose that he had committed another bad act or that it was inadmissible evidence of propensity or character. See OEC 404(3) (proscribing propensity evidence; providing exceptions).

After hearing arguments, the court stated that it would "like to see what you want to offer." To assess probative value and prejudice, the court watched the video twice. The court directed that the video "stop when he's coming through the doorway there, just so I could take a look at the clothing." The court observed that as defendant passed in front of a cabinet, the court could "see pants and shoes and top." The state narrated, "So you see the dark hoodie, the same fading type of jeans, and the same shoes." Reaching its conclusion, the court recognized the video was from "a different day" and would not have been from the time of the offense, but about "[f]ive days closer to the event in question" than originally discussed. The video was "about twenty days after" the offense. The court ruled, "[I]t's relevant. I'll give a cautionary instruction. So I'm going to overrule the objection."

The record reflects that the court first assessed the probative value of the video by viewing it outside the presence of the jury. The court considered that the video was not taken in conjunction with an arrest at the time of the offense but was taken days later. It heard the state urge probative value with reference to defendant's reduced wardrobe that strengthened the probability that he wore the same clothes seen in a video taken on a different date than the offense. The court resolved that the date was 20 days after the offense, five days closer than originally assumed. The probative value in the video was self-evident in clothing recited by the court and narrated by the state.

The court implicitly assessed the prejudicial effect of the video. That assessment is implicit because the court engaged in colloquy, drawing out defendant's originally simple objection—that he should not be shown in custody—until defendant could articulate that the issue was the probative value "versus the, the prejudicial value here." The court entertained defendant's arguments. The court evaluated those arguments when twice watching a limited video showing defendant walking through a hallway but showing nothing more. The court necessarily recognized a prejudicial effect insofar as the court indicated that it would give a limiting instruction.

The court balanced the probative value against the prejudicial effect of the evidence. That balancing must have happened because the court declared that it would balance. The court explained that it wanted to watch the video because, "[f]rankly, it'll help me decide the balancing issue." Nothing in the record supports a reasonable interpretation that the court silently and abruptly changed its method of analysis by deciding not to balance probative value and prejudicial effect. The record does not indicate that the court decided that it need not balance.

The court reached its conclusion in the terms in which the parties had argued the objection. The state had urged that the evidence was "relevant." Defendant had argued that the evidence was "prejudicial." The court declared, "it's relevant," in the sense that the evidence was substantially more relevant than prejudicial. The majority makes too much of those two words, "it's relevant," treating them in isolation, while dismissing the entire context of seven pages of trial transcript in which the court entertained arguments about the probative value and prejudicial effect of the evidence. Moreover, those words did not represent the ruling so much as an explanation that relevance outweighed prejudice. That is so because the court's ruling, in fact, was spoken in the next words, "So I'm going to overrule the objection." That ruling necessarily means that the court responded in required terms under OEC 403. See State v. Conrad , 280 Or.App. 325, 330, 381 P.3d 880 (2016) (treating such a statement that way).

In prior decisions, we have recognized that the four-step analysis described in Mayfield "is a matter of substance, not form or litany." Brown , 272 Or.App. at 433, 355 P.3d 216 ; see also Conrad , 280 Or.App. at 330, 381 P.3d 880. We look instead at the " ‘totality of attendant circumstances' " to determine whether the court balanced the competing considerations. Conrad , 280 Or.App. at 331, 381 P.3d 880 (quoting State v. Borck , 230 Or.App. 619, 637, 216 P.3d 915, adh'd to as modified on recons. , 232 Or.App. 266, 221 P.3d 749 (2009), rev. den. , 348 Or. 291, 231 P.3d 795 (2010) ). In Brown , the trial court made no lengthy review of each of the four steps in Mayfield . Instead, it summarily declared that the probative value of prior convictions substantially outweighed the prejudicial effect. We concluded that "although the [trial] court's statements are not extensive, the totality of the attendant circumstances indicate that the court did engage in the conscious process of balancing the costs of the evidence against its benefits that Mayfield requires." 272 Or.App. at 433–34, 355 P.3d 216 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Even less sufficed in Conrad . In that case, the defendant denied that any sex abuse had occurred and objected to the admission of videotapes of the investigatory interviews with the child victims. 280 Or.App. at 327–28, 381 P.3d 880. The defendant challenged the evidence in a motion in limine . Id . at 327, 381 P.3d 880. The court heard the arguments, then determined the motion by simply stating, " ‘So that motion is * * * denied.’ " Id . at 331, 381 P.3d 880. The court did far less than here to demonstrate that it had considered the probative value (e.g. , testing the temporal connection between clothing at the ATM and clothing in the video), assessed the prejudicial effect (e.g., twice watching the video of a limited scene in a hallway; intending to give a limiting instruction), and expressed that it would engage in balancing (e.g., "that'll help me with the balancing").

In Conrad we were "satisfied that the [trial] court implicitly balanced" for several reasons. Id . at 332, 381 P.3d 880. First, because the court was "specifically tasked" with resolving a balancing issue under OEC 403, it was "fair to conclude that the court understood the narrow question before it." Id . Second, because the court had received defendant's written motion, it was "fair to conclude that the court implicitly balanced." Id . Third, that case was not one in which the state argued, or the court could have concluded that balancing was not required. Id. (citing State v. Mazziotti , 276 Or.App. 773, 779, 369 P.3d 1200, rev. allowed , 359 Or. 847 (2016) (where, under OEC 404(4), state argued balancing was unnecessary)).

Those same considerations should guide our conclusion in this case. The trial court was specifically tasked with resolving the balancing issue under OEC 403. In an interactive colloquy, the court entertained the arguments about probative value and prejudicial effect. It reviewed the evidence outside the jury's presence. The court declared aloud that it would balance those considerations. And, like the simple ruling in Conrad ("So that motion is * * * denied"), this trial court concluded, "So I'm going to overrule the objection." Because defendant did not raise an objection about other bad acts under OEC 404(3), that ruling necessarily meant that the court had balanced, as it said it would. See Conrad , 280 Or.App. at 331, 381 P.3d 880.

Indeed, the trial court's three-sentence ruling here expressed more than the single sentence in Conrad . If nothing else, the statement "it's relevant" determines, despite the date difference, that the video tape has probative value. The statement, "I'll give * * * a cautionary instruction," responds to defendant's argument that to be seen in custody has a prejudicial effect, which will be mitigated with an appropriate jury instruction. And, the statement, "So I'm going to overrule the objection," expresses that the court necessarily determined that relevance substantially outweighed prejudice. Thus, contrary to the majority, the record here does reflect that the trial court exercised the discretion that is afforded under OEC 403. But see 282 Or.App. at 31, 381 P.3d at 158–59.

The majority fairly describes Conrad as an example of the outer limit of what is permissible under Mayfield , but the record in this case confirms that the trial court was within that outer limit. This case is closer to the trial court's statements in Brown than this case is to Conrad because the transcript shows that the trial court probed relevance, responded to the risk of prejudice with intent to give a limiting instruction, and expressed aloud the court's awareness of the need to balance the competing considerations. As a consequence, the majority's decision inadvertently casts doubt on Brown and is irreconcilable with Conrad.

In order to reach its decision, the majority interposes a number of comparisons. Those comparisons are questionable with other cases. I take them in reverse order of complexity.

First, the majority seeks to distinguish Conrad because this trial court declared the video "relevant," while the trial court in Conrad simply "denied" the motion. The majority assumes that, in this case, the trial court only found the video relevant and did nothing else. That assumption is dispelled by consideration of the totality of the attendant circumstances, a review of the seven pages of transcript, and recognition of all three sentences comprising the trial court's ruling. See Borck , 230 Or.App. at 638, 216 P.3d 915 (considering the totality of attendant circumstances).

Second, the majority seeks to distinguish Conrad based on the nature of the objections there and here. The majority minimizes the objection to the video in Conrad , where the defendant complained about the lack of sworn testimony, the answers elicited by an investigator, and the ability of a jury to watch the video repeatedly. I do not understand how a purportedly less serious objection serves to distinguish Conrad or to tell anything about how we review whether a trial court properly applied OEC 403. Nevertheless, based on a purportedly lesser objection in Conrad , the majority overlays a conceptual construct for that case in which probative value and prejudicial effect can be answered simply "yes" and "no." In contrast, the majority contends that, in this case, those questions of relevance and prejudice "fall on a spectrum," creating greater complexity. I confess I know of no authority for an intellectual overlay of that sort, let alone one that presupposes that, in one case, the question is "yes" or "no" as to relevance or prejudice, while, in another case, the question of relevance or prejudice involves a "spectrum" of complexity. Such distinctions, to me, are artificial and unpersuasive.

Third, the majority rejects any significance in the trial court's statement that it would give a limiting instruction. Rather than seeing that as recognition of defendant's argument about prejudicial effect, the majority declares that it means nothing. The majority compares State v. Altabef , 279 Or.App. 268, 379 P.3d 755 (2016), but that case presented a different problem. That defendant objected to evidence of prior bad acts, not ordinary prejudice like being seen in custody. The significance was the possibility that the trial court, at that time, might well have believed that no balancing was required because of the state of the caselaw. Id . at 270 n. 5, 379 P.3d 755. At that time, a rule on "other bad acts," OEC 404(4), had been interpreted to preclude balancing under OEC 403. State v. Phillips , 217 Or.App. 93, 98, 174 P.3d 1032 (2007), rev. den. , 345 Or. 159, 190 P.3d 380 (2008) ("[I]n criminal cases, [OEC 404(4) ] precludes OEC 403 balancing of probative value against, among other things, danger of undue prejudice" except as otherwise required by the state or federal constitutions). The trial court in Altabef ruled that it would give a rather inartful limiting-instruction, saying that the jury can consider prior, uncharged acts of sex abuse only to "help explain how we got to where we are." 279 Or.App. at 270, 379 P.3d 755. Treating that as a limiting instruction, we held that we could not determine that the court engaged in balancing under OEC 403. The reason, however, is because, in other-bad-acts cases, the law formerly permitted the court to avoid balancing due to OEC 404(4).

That prospect does not exist in this case because there was no obvious evidence of other bad acts, and there would have been no reason for the jury to assume that the videotape came from any incident other than an arrest on the charge at issue. Most importantly, defendant did not raise an objection under OEC 404(3), and the state did not respond that OEC 404(4) obviated the need to balance under OEC 403. Mazziotti , 276 Or.App. at 779, 369 P.3d 1200 (reversing where state argued balancing was not necessary due to OEC 404(4), and there was no record indicating that the court balanced). In short, any comparison with Altabef is mistaken.

Finally, the majority comments in a footnote that the majority "need not decide why the trial court addressed only ‘relevance’ when explaining its ruling." 282 Or.App. at 29, 386 P.3d at 157–58 (emphasis in original). Then, as if to suggest why the court may have done so, the majority recognizes that, at the time, OEC 404(4) permitted a court to avoid balancing in cases involving other bad acts or offenses. That suggestion is unwarranted on this record, for the same reason just mentioned. The parties and the trial court did not treat this as an other-bad-acts case. Rather, the parties and the court treated this as a case under OEC 403.

I agree with the majority, not in reading this record or applying our precedents, but in the larger lesson. When the trial court expresses on the record its application of OEC 403, as described in Mayfield, the court assures the parties of due consideration of the competing considerations, demonstrates that discretion is being exercised, and facilitates appellate review. See Conrad , 280 Or.App. at 331, 381 P.3d 880 (stressing Mayfield ). When records are thin, as here, the risk that we err grows. In this instance, I fear that it is we who err, not the trial court. To be sure, no one is infallible. Therefore, with an apology to my colleagues if I err in reading this record or our precedents, and with an apology to the trial court if we have erred in returning this case, I respectfully dissent.