WIEST, J.

Defendant contracted to build houses for the Ramm Development Company and sublet the plumbing work to plaintiff. For such work there was due plaintiff from defendant the sum of $880. Defendant forwarded to plaintiff, who was named as payee therein, the postdated check of the Ramm company for $250 and the promissory note of that company for $630. Payment of the check was refused for lack of funds and has not been paid. A renewal note, accompanied by a check for $24.45, was sent by the Ramm company to plaintiff. The note has not been paid. This was in 1931. In October, 1934, plaintiff brought this suit against defendant to recover on account of the plumbing work. Defendant claimed that plaintiff accepted the Ramm company note and check in payment of the amount due under the subcontract. This was denied by plaintiff, and the issue thereon was tried by the court without a jury with finding and judgment for defendant. Defendant concedes that, without an agreement to such effect, the note and check of the Ramm company would not constitute payment of plaintiff's claim against him.

Under plaintiff's review by appeal defendant contends that, inasmuch as plaintiff did not move for a new trial, the finding of the trial judge, if supported by competent evidence, may not be challenged as against the preponderance of the evidence, and cites many cases decided previous to the 1933 court rules, and also Boran v. New York Life Ins. Co., 274 Mich. 638.

Court Rule No. 64 (1933), provides:

"Upon appeal to the Supreme Court from a judgment in an action at law tried without a jury, such judgment may be affirmed or reversed, the cause remanded with directions, or a new trial ordered. Appellant may assign as error that the judgment is against the preponderance of the evidence; but on appeals in civil cases error cannot be assigned for total lack of evidence on a material question unless such lack of evidence has been called to the attention of the court during the trial or on motion for a new trial."

This rule changed previous procedure and all cases theretofore holding otherwise do not govern.

The Boran Case, supra, was review of a trial by jury, without a motion for a new trial, on the ground that the verdict was contrary to the great weight of the evidence and it was properly held, on appeal, that such question would not be considered.

In Jenkins v. Bentley, 277 Mich. 81, the trial was by the court and, upon appeal, we were only asked to increase the damages awarded appellant in the circuit court and we declined to do so. The statement in the opinion in that case that review under Court Rule No. 64 (1933), requires a motion for a new trial was not necessary to decision, was incorrect and is now deleted.

When the trial in an action at law is had before the court without a jury, error may be alleged that the finding, upon which the judgment rests, is against the preponderance of the evidence, and this may be done under Court Rule No. 64 (1933), without a motion for a new trial. Where the trial is by jury error may not be alleged that the verdict is against the great weight of the evidence without a motion on such ground for a new trial. In both instances we review the findings by the court; in the one of findings before judgment and in the other findings after verdict.

Payment is an affirmative defense. Kay v. County of Wayne, 274 Mich. 90. Payment, in point of law, may be accomplished by the creditor accepting, as payee named therein, obligations of his debtor's debtor in satisfaction. In the absence of an express agreement as to satisfaction, the taking of the direct obligation of such third party, prima facie, by substitution or specie of novation, extinguishes the obligation of the original debtor. This prima facie presumption departs when in conflict with credible evidence. At all times plaintiff could have brought an action upon the obligations of the Ramm company. Plaintiff claims that the Ramm company was insolvent. This, if so, did not undo the substitution.

As stated in Cadens v. Teasdale (syllabus), 53 Vt., 469 (38 Am. Rep. 697):

"A owed B, and C owed A; by agreement of the three, C gave his note to B, and was substituted in place of A as B's debtor. C was insolvent at the time; but this fact was unknown to all the parties. Held, that the loss fell on B."

Defendant credited his debtor, the Ramm company, with the amount of the obligations made by that company payable to plaintiff. The disclosed circumstances lend support to defendant's testimony that plaintiff agreed to accept the obligations of the Ramm company to the release of defendant. Plaintiff did take the Ramm company obligations, sought payment on the check, which, when refused, he claims, he then left with a clerk in defendant's office, but which defendant denies ever receiving. However, plaintiff has kept the renewal note and the accompanying small check and his explanation relative to such retention is not satisfactory. His acts were in line with acceptance of the substituted debtor and the release of defendant, and we cannot say that the judgment rendered was against the preponderance of the evidence.

The judgment is affirmed, with costs to defendant.

FEAD, C.J., and NORTH, BUTZEL, BUSHNELL, SHARPE, POTTER, and CHANDLER, JJ., concurred.