SEITZ, District Judge.

THIS MATTER is before the Court on Plaintiffs' Motion For Partial Summary Judgment On All Issues Other Than Issues Related To The Calculation of Damages ("Plaintiffs' SJ Motion") [DE 241]. In a previous Order [DE 322], the Court briefly addressed two of the issues raised in Plaintiffs' SJ Motion. This Order discusses these two issues, namely, (1) the statute of limitations and (2) liquidated damages, in more depth and also addresses Plaintiffs' remaining five requests for judgment as a matter of law as to (3) Defendants' contractual defenses and counterclaims, (4) the inapplicability of the taxicab exemption, (5) the inapplicability of the motor carrier exemption, (6) Defendants' liability for unpaid overtime wages, and (7) the liability of Carey International, Inc. as a joint employer and Vince Wolfington as an employer because of his alleged operational control as a corporate officer. Defendants oppose the motion arguing that Plaintiffs have not met the required burden on a motion for summary judgment in any of these categories. Having reviewed the motion, the response and the reply thereto, the entire factual record, and all legal authorities, Plaintiffs' motion is granted only as to the inapplicability of the taxicab and motor carrier exemptions and denied as to the remaining issues. Furthermore, because Plaintiffs have adduced no evidence as to Vince Wolfington's operational control over Carey South Florida, summary judgment is granted in his favor on all claims against him.

I. Background

Plaintiffs, 15 limousine drivers, seek overtime pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., from three Defendants, who were involved in the limousine transport business at the time relevant to this lawsuit. Defendant Carey International, Inc. ("Carey International") owns a number of subsidiary corporations that engage in limousine services. Two of Carey International's subsidiaries are Defendant Carey Limousine Florida, Inc. ("Carey South Florida") and Manhattan International Limousine Network, Ltd. ("Manhattan"). (Affidavit of Robert Michael Sobol, December 1, 2006 ("Sobol Decl. 1") ¶ 2; Martinez Decl., July 5, 2005 ("Martinez Decl.") ¶ 5.) Defendant Vince Wolfington is the former Chief Executive Officer of Carey International. Throughout this Order, the term "Defendants" shall collectively refer to Carey International, Carey South Florida and Wolfington. Also, for purposes of this action, Defendants do not contest that Defendants Carey International and Carey South Florida are joint employers of Plaintiffs. (Defendants' Response at 25.)

Plaintiffs filed two motions for summary judgment. The first motion related to the calculation of damages to which the Defendants filed a cross-motion. The Court ruled on that motion on February 1, 2007. (See DE 321.) With regard to the second motion, the following undisputed facts are relevant to Plaintiffs' seven issues described above.

As part of their chauffeured transportation business, Defendants provided transportation in sedans, limousines, vans and buses. (Sobol Depo., Dec. 12, 2005 ("Sobol Depo.") at 31, 51.) Defendants advertised their business as providing "Limousine Services," and none of the vehicles had taximeters or vacancy signs. (Id. at 31-32, 64-65; Sobol Decl., July 5, 2005 ("Sobol Decl. 2") ¶ 12.) Carey drivers all wore prescribed uniforms and picked up prearranged passengers; they did not cruise for or pick up passengers who hailed them on the streets. (Id. ¶ 6; Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on the Issue of Damages at 17.)

As part of its business plan, Carey South Florida had a relationship with Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd. ("Virgin Atlantic"). The parties debate the nature of the relationship. Plaintiffs claim that Virgin Atlantic had a contractual relationship with Manhattan and that Carey South Florida would solely provide services on behalf of Manhattan when Virgin Atlantic upper class clientele would visit Miami. (See Plaintiffs' SJ Motion at 18.) In support of this assertion, Plaintiffs submitted the testimony of Ed Martinez, who was the Regional Vice President of Operation for both Manhattan and Carey Limousine New York, Inc. (Martinez Decl. ¶¶ 1-11.) Martinez testified that Virgin Atlantic contracted with Manhattan to provide chauffeured transportation services for upper class passengers to and from John F. Kennedy International Airport and Newark Liberty International Airport. (Id. ¶ 6.) He further stated that Manhattan had computer software that was linked to Virgin Atlantic's computer system to facilitate passenger pick ups. (Id. ¶ 6.) With regard to their relationship with Carey South Florida, Martinez indicated that Manhattan negotiated with Virgin Atlantic to extend their services to Miami using Carey South Florida. ( Id. ¶ 10.) Martinez further stated that this was effectuated by Manhattan faxing to Carey South Florida flight information for Virgin Atlantic upper class passengers arriving or departing from Miami the following day. (Id. ¶ 10.) Carey South Florida would then contact Manhattan with a confirmation number for the job and then again when the job was completed. (Id.) Finally, Manhattan would forward the entire payment collected from Virgin Atlantic to Carey South Florida. (Id.)

Defendants claim that Carey South Florida had its own contract with Virgin Atlantic and that the relationship with Manhattan and Virgin Atlantic was akin to a three-party contract. (Defendants' Response to Plaintiffs' SJ Motion ("Defendants' Response") at 23.) In support of this proposition, Defendants submit the testimony of Carey International Chief Executive Officer Devon J. Murphy. Murphy testified that in 1998, Carey International acquired American V.I.P. Limousine ("American VIP"), a Miami-based company. (Murphy Depo. ("Murphy Depo."), Dec. 14, 2005 at 88.) As part of its due diligence in the acquisition of American VIP, Carey International received a schedule summarizing the terms of an oral agreement between Virgin Atlantic and American VIP. (Id. at 87-88.) American VIP had been servicing Virgin Atlantic for 11 years, and when Carey International purchased American VIP, it acquired American VIP's contractual agreements and method of operation with Virgin Atlantic, and merged American VIP's operations with Carey South Florida. (Id. at 90, 92.) Thereafter, Carey South Florida continued to provide services to Virgin Atlantic pursuant to the oral agreement. (Id. at 92.) Because Carey South Florida (through the American VIP acquisition) had an existing relationship with Virgin Atlantic, Manhattan offered to "tuck" the old contract between Carey South Florida and Virgin Atlantic into a new agreement and provide additional services and new rates for Virgin Atlantic in Miami. (Id. at 30, 36, 38, 107-09.)

Additionally, Carey South Florida had arrangements with private carriers or destination management companies such as Sentient Jet, Charter Auction and others whereby passengers arrange flights with these private carriers and the carriers arrange ground transportation at the various airports through Carey South Florida. (Id. at 110-117) Defendants did not provide written documents detailing these arrangements and have not explained with specificity how the arrangements resulted in the transportation of passengers traveling interstate or internationally, much less a through-ticket arrangement. (Id.)

II. Standard of Review

A party seeking summary judgment must demonstrate that "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see also Maniccia v. Brown, 171 F.3d 1364, 1367 (11th Cir. 1999). The movant bears the initial responsibility of informing the court of the basis for its motion and of identifying those materials which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2553 (1986).

In response to a properly supported motion for summary judgment, "the adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party's pleadings, but . . . must set forth specific facts which show a genuine issue for trial." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). If the non-moving party fails to "make a sufficient showing on an essential element of her case with respect to which she has the burden of proof," then the court must enter summary judgment for the moving party. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. The court, however, must view the evidence and factual inferences reasonably drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Maniccia, 171 F.3d at 1367.

"By its very terms, this standard provides that the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). A court is not to resolve factual issues, but may only determine whether factual issues exist. A material fact is one which "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law. . . ." Id. at 248. Therefore, the appropriate inquiry is whether "there are any genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party." Id. at 250.

III. Analysis

1. The Statute of Limitations

Plaintiffs argue that the statute of limitations should be extended from two to three years because Defendants' failure to pay overtime wages was "willful." Alternatively, Plaintiffs' contend that the statute of limitations should be equitably tolled for six years because Defendants made misrepresentations with respect to Plaintiffs' entitlement to overtime under the FLSA. Defendants claim that they reasonably believed that Plaintiffs were independent contractors not entitled to overtime wages, and therefore, the statute of limitations should not be extended.

A. "Willfulness"

A claim for overtime wages under the FLSA must be brought within two years from when the cause of action accrued, unless cause of action arises out of "willful" violation on the part of the employer, in which case it must be brought within three years from when the cause of action accrued. 29 U.S.C. § 255(a). A violation of the FLSA was "willful" if the employer knew or showed reckless disregard for the matter of whether its conduct was prohibited by the FLSA. McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe Co., 486 U.S. 128, 135 (U.S. 1988) (citing Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 126 (U.S. 1985)). The showing needed for a finding of "willful" is demanding in that even if an employer acted unreasonably, if the employer's action was not reckless in determining its legal obligations under the FLSA, such action is not "willful." Duncan v. Brockway Standard, Inc., 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 21165 (D. Ga. 1992).

Here, Plaintiffs have not met this "demanding" burden of finding that Defendants' alleged failure to pay overtime wages was "willful." Defendants indicated that they sought and followed the advice of counsel as to their FLSA obligations. (Wolfington Decl. ¶¶ 8-10, 34.) Additionally, when Club Limousine Services, Inc. ("Club Limousine") (Carey South Florida's predecessor in interest) was acquired, Carey International received representations and an opinion letter from Club Limousine and its counsel that its chauffeurs were not employees. (Id. ¶¶ 23-29, 31.) Finally, Carey International's outside counsel provided training and legal advice to the general managers of its South Florida subsidiaries that confirmed General Manager of Carey South Florida Michael Sobol's opinion that the chauffeurs working at Carey South Florida were not employees. (Sobol Decl. 1 ¶ 10.) Such facts clearly indicate that, at minimum, there is a question of fact as to whether Defendants' acted with knowledge or reckless disregard in not paying the chauffeurs overtime wages. Therefore, summary judgment on the issue of "willfulness" is denied.

B. Equitable Tolling

Plaintiffs next argue that the statute of limitations should be extended to six years because Defendants intentionally misled the drivers concerning their legal rights under the FLSA. Specifically, Plaintiffs claim that (1) Defendants affirmatively misled drivers in seeking legal advice; (2) Defendants knew that the drivers were employees; (3) Defendants misled the drivers into believing they were independent contractors; and (4) Defendants failed to post the required Department of Labor Notice concerning the rights of employees to be paid overtime as required by 29 U.S.C. § 516.4.

Because Defendants' failure to post the FLSA notice is the only grounds that Plaintiffs plead in their Fourth Amended Complaint ("FAC") regarding the tolling of the statute of limitations, it is the only ground upon which Plaintiffs may rely. See Wasco Prods. v. Southwall Techs., Inc., 435 F.3d 989, 991 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding that a plaintiff seeking to toll the statute of limitations on various grounds must have included the allegation in their pleadings). First, because the record shows that there are questions of fact as to whether Defendants actually did post the FLSA notice, Plaintiffs' summary judgment motion must be denied. Additionally, even if Defendants failed to post the FLSA notice, such is not grounds for equitably tolling the statute of limitations. See Immacula Antenor v. D S Farms, 39 F. Supp. 2d 1372 (S.D. Fla. 1999) (holding that because the FLSA poster required by 29 C.F.R. § 516.4 makes no mention of the applicable two-year statute of limitations, failure to post it does not toll the statute of limitations). Thus, Plaintiffs, as a matter of law, are not entitled to toll the statute of limitations.

2. Liquidated Damages

In little more than a paragraph, Plaintiffs argue that they are entitled to recover liquidated damages for unpaid overtime wages under the FLSA as a matter of law. As the Middle District of Florida has held, "liquidated damages [for violations of the FLSA] are mandatory absent a showing by defendants of good faith." Leach v. Johnston, 812 F. Supp. 1198, 1214 (M.D. Fla. 1992); accord Joiner v. Macon, 814 F.2d 1537, 1539 (11th Cir. 1987) (holding that an employer who knew or who had reason to know that the FLSA applied cannot establish good faith as a defense). Here, Defendants have offered substantial factual support indicating that they did not pay overtime wages to the chauffeurs based on a good faith belief, and advice of counsel, that they were independent contractors. (See pg. 8 ¶ 2.) Therefore, based on the record, this Court cannot conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact concerning the availability of liquidated damages under the FLSA.

3. Defendants' Affirmative Defenses

Plaintiffs claim generally that they are entitled to summary judgment as to various of Defendants' affirmative defenses. Plaintiffs' sole argument to negate all five stances is that such defenses abridge or deny Plaintiffs their rights under the FLSA. (Plaintiffs' SJ Motion at 15-16.) In support of this proposition, Plaintiffs cite to Lynn's Food Stores, Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Labor, 679 F.2d 1350, 1352 (11th Cir. 1982) ("Lynn's Food Stores").

However, the holding in Lynn's Food Stores, that there are only two ways in which FLSA claims can be settled or compromised, does not as a matter of law directly negate Defendants' "defenses." Plaintiffs' citations to dicta in Lynn's Food Stores that the FLSA provisions are not subject to negotiation or bargaining and that FLSA rights cannot be abridged by contract or otherwise waived, refer to the fact that employers and employees cannot agree to deviate from the FLSA because employers and employees have unequal bargaining power. Id. at 1352. Although the issues have not been briefed, based on the limited knowledge that the Court has of the record facts, the "defenses" at issue do not exhibit instances in which the parties expressly agreed to abridge or otherwise waive Plaintiffs' FLSA rights in this regard. Therefore, Defendants' five assertions that Plaintiffs (1) failed to mitigate the claims, (2) are estopped from bringing the claims, (3) are subject to an offset for sums owed to Defendants, (4) have agreed to indemnify Defendants for various costs incurred due to violation of the I/O Agreements, and (5) have rendered the I/O Agreements unenforceable will have to wait until the issues are properly presented. Therefore, Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment as to the listed affirmative defenses is denied.

4. The Taxicab Exemption

Defendants previously moved for summary judgment on the application of the taxicab exemption. The Court held that Defendants did not meet their burden of establishing the applicability of the exemption. Specifically, the Court found that Defendants were not entitled to summary judgment because Carey South Florida (1) advertised itself as a worldwide chauffeured transportation service, (2) employed drivers that did not cruise for passengers, and (3) charged fares based on a flat or hourly rate (as opposed to a metered rate). (See DE 136 at 14-16.)

Plaintiffs now move for summary judgment arguing that the taxicab exemption is not applicable. Thus, Plaintiffs have the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of fact and that the taxicab exemption does not apply as a matter of law. Also, it is a well-established principle that exemptions under the FLSA are to be construed narrowly against the employer, such that employees are not exempted from overtime unless it is the clear intent of Congress. Arnold v. Ben Kanowsky, Inc., 361 U.S. 388, 392 (U.S. 1960).

The relevant facts are not in dispute, and as to the law, Plaintiffs rely on Rossi v. Boroday, 438 F. Supp. 2d 1354, 1361-1364 (S.D. Fla. 2006). In that case, Magistrate Judge Bandstra held that the plaintiffs were entitled to judgment as a matter of law as to the inapplicability of the taxicab exemption because the Rossi defendants advertised themselves as a limousine company, did not own or operate taxicab transportation, and used vehicles that did not have taximeters, but rather charged on a flat or hourly basis. Id. at 1363.

Defendants argue that the Rossi decision was incorrect because the term "taxicab" was inaccurately defined to preclude a limousine company from falling within the exemption. Defendants claim that the DOL's definition of "business of operating taxicabs" should be given great deference and that under such definition, they fall within the taxicab exemption.

Here, Defendants can hardly deny that the facts in this case are almost identical to those in Rossi. Defendants acknowledge that they advertise as "limousine services," that their vehicles are not metered and do not have vacancy signs, and that the drivers do not cruise for passengers. Further, while it is true that Defendants operate like a taxicab company in a certain respect under the DOL definition, in that customers determine the destination, they do not meet other aspects of the definition including that the business includes "occasional and unscheduled trips to or from transportation terminals as the individual passengers may request" or that the business includes "stands at transportation terminals as well as at other places where numerous demands for taxicab transportation may be expected."

Moreover, under the plain meaning of 29 U.S.C. 213(b)(17), Defendants are not in the business of operating taxicabs; they are in the business of providing limousine service. See Pioneer Inv. Serv. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs. Ltd. Partnership, 507 U.S. 380, 388 (U.S. 1993) (stating that courts properly assume, absent sufficient indication to the contrary, that Congress intends the words in its enactments to carry "their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning"). The inapplicability of the taxicab exemption to these Defendants is consistent with Rossi and other decisions which have addressed this issue under circumstances where the vehicles are more similar to "taxicabs" than in the case at bar. See Wirtz v. Cincinnati, Newport and Covington Transportation Co., 375 F.2d 513 (6th Cir. 1967) (finding that "red top" sedans which were not metered, did not have vacancy signs and which were not advertised as taxicabs did not fall under the taxicab exemption); Herman v. Brewah Cab. Inc., 992 F.Supp. 1054 (E.D. Wis. 1998) (taxicab exemption did not apply to a transportation service for the elderly and handicapped); see also Opinion Letter, Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. DOL, 1998 WL 852774, at * 1 (April 17, 1998) (stating that the "ordinary meaning" of the term taxicabs contemplates vehicles that are offered for hire to the general public on city streets and while it is not necessary that all the transportation be provided to persons who "flag down" the vehicles, that is an important aspect of the common meaning of "taxicab"). Accordingly, as a matter of law, Defendants do not fall within the taxicab exemption and Plaintiffs are entitled to summary judgment on this issue.

5. The Motor Carrier Exemption

Defendants also previously moved for summary judgment on the application of the motor carrier exemption. The motor carrier exemption, 29 U.S.C. § 213(b)(1), mandates that overtime pay is not required for any employee with respect to whom the Secretary of Transportation ("Secretary') has power to establish "qualifications and maximum hours of service pursuant to section 21502" of the Motor Carrier Act ("MCA"). The Court previously found that the motor carrier exemption applies if the following two part test is met: (1) the employee plaintiff must be employed by carriers whose transportation of passengers is subject to the Secretary's jurisdiction under section 204 of the Motor Carrier Act ("MCA"); and (2) the employee plaintiff engaged in activities of a character directly affecting the safety of operation of motor vehicles in interstate or foreign commerce within the meaning of the MCA ( 29 C.F.R. § 782.2). (See DE 136 at 9.) With regard to the first requirement, the Court held that 49 U.S.C. § 13501 gives the Secretary jurisdiction over transportation by motor carrier if, inter alia, it transports persons by motor carrier between a place in a state and a place in another state or "in the practical continuity of movement in the flow of interstate commerce." (Id. at 9-10.) Defendants argued that Carey South Florida's relationship with Virgin Atlantic satisfied the interstate commerce through-ticket requirement. Because the litigation was at an early stage and the parties had not had an opportunity to conduct much discovery, the Court could not resolve the issue of whether there was a through-ticketing arrangement between Carey South Florida and Virgin Atlantic. However, now that discovery has ended and the parties have produced all their evidence, Plaintiffs' SJ Motion presents the opportunity to take a second look at the issue. (Id. at 14.)

The dispositive question is whether Defendants' relationship with Virgin Atlantic constitutes a through-ticket system. In a case factually identical to the one at bar, involving a similar plaintiff and the same defendants, Richard Cartun v. Carey Int'l, Inc., et al, Case No. 04-21074-Civ-UUB ("Cartun"), Judge Ungaro-Benages held that the motor carrier exemption did not apply to a limousine company where there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that it was a party to a through-ticketing arrangement with an air carrier. Id. at 9-11. In arriving at this conclusion, Judge Ungaro-Benages relied substantially on the ICC decisions in both Motor Transp. of Passengers Incidental to Air, 95 M.C.C. 526 (1964) ("Motor Transp.") and James T. Kimball — Petition for Declaratory Order, 131 M.C.C. 908, 1980 WL14197 (1980) ("Kimball"). In both of these decisions, the ICC concluded that the relevant motor carrier was involved in intrastate commerce because they did not have a common arrangement or through-ticketing system with an out-of-state air carrier to transport passengers coming into a state or departing from a state. A. The Evidence of a Through-Ticketing Arrangement with Virgin Atlantic is Insufficient.

Here, after almost a year of discovery, again Defendants have not provided sufficient evidence of an alleged common arrangement or through-ticketing service between Carey South Florida and Virgin Atlantic to create an issue of fact for a jury. Defendants do not submit any written evidence of the agreement, but rather only offer the testimony of Carey International Chief Executive Devon Murphy to support their contention that such a relationship does exist. Defendants claim that Murphy's testimony clarifies Manhattan Vice President Ed Martinez's testimony which appears to indicate that Manhattan has a relationship with Virgin Atlantic and uses Carey South Florida as a type of subcontractor. However, in his own words, when asked if Carey South Florida had an ongoing direct contractual relationship with Virgin Atlantic, Murphy stated, "I don't know specifically whether it's directly or what the form of it is. I do know that we acquired a company in 1998 whose, you know largest customer was Virgin Atlantic." (Murphy Depo., Dec. 14, 2005 at 30.) Murphy also stated when asked if Carey South Florida has an actual written contract with Virgin Atlantic, that "I don't know whether they do or don't. I just know when we acquired the company in `98 I believe there was a contract." (Id. at 36.) Thus, Murphy's testimony does not offer any evidence based on personal knowledge as to Carey South Florida's relationship with Virgin Atlantic, nor whether Carey South Florida had a through-ticketing arrangement with the airline.

Further, Murphy's testimony as to the existence of a due diligence schedule in the American VIP acquisition that discusses a verbal agreement between Carey South Florida and Virgin Atlantic is also insufficient to create a genuine dispute for a jury to resolve. First, Defendants did not offer the schedule into evidence. Second, the existence of an oral relationship between American VIP and Virgin Atlantic prior to the acquisition by Carey International does not answer the question of whether post-acquisition, Carey South Florida and Virgin Atlantic possessed a through-ticketing arrangement. Finally, Murphy's testimony suggests that Manhattan "tuck[ed]" the "oral agreement" between Carey South Florida and Virgin Atlantic into its own agreement with Virgin Atlantic. This fact taken together with the fact that Manhattan would fax or otherwise transmit to Carey South Florida jobs from Virgin Atlantic establishes that Manhattan had the arrangement with Virgin Atlantic, not Carey South Florida.

Therefore, the undisputed facts, taken in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, make clear that at the time relevant to the issues in this case, Carey South Florida did not possess a through-ticketing arrangement with Virgin Atlantic. Defendants have established at most that Virgin Atlantic and Manhattan are parties to an agreement regarding the transportation of upper class passengers. As such, Plaintiffs do not fall under the jurisdiction of the DOT under the tests presented in Motor Transp. and Kimball. B. Carey South Florida's Relationship with Private Carriers/Destination Management Companies also does not Satisfy the Requirement of a Through-Ticketing Arrangement.

Defendants' contention that Carey South Florida has a through-ticketing arrangement with private carriers such as Sentient Jet, Inc., Charter Auction, Inc. and others is also not supported by admissible record evidence. The standards presented in Motor Transp. and Kimball require that the motor transportation carrier possess a through-ticketing arrangement with an out-of-state air carrier. Similar to the facts in Cartun, Defendants, after almost a year of discovery, have provided no evidence that the private carriers they do business with provide service between states or internationally. Nor have the Defendants placed in evidence the actual agreements on which they purport to rely. Thus, Defendants have not made the requisite showing to establish the existence of an essential element to their affirmative defense, on which they will bear the burden of proof at trial. See Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323.

Moreover, the system Murphy described — whereby a passenger makes a reservation with a private aviation company, which makes a reservation with Carey International, who in turn transmits the information to one of its subsidiaries, would be a tsunami-size sweep of employees into the motor carrier exemption. Under Defendants' interpretation, any employee at any Carey International subsidiary that receives a job from Carey International pursuant to one of these private carrier agreements, would have no FLSA protections. This interpretation clearly runs fowl of the tenet that exemptions under the FLSA are to be construed narrowly against the employer. Arnold v. Ben Kanowsky, Inc., 361 U.S. 388, 392 (U.S. 1960). Additionally, this situation is clearly inconsistent with the through-ticketing arrangement with an air carrier prescribed in Motor Transp. and Kimball for inclusion in the motor carrier exemption. Here, the relationship purports to be between Carey International, not Carey South Florida, and various private carriers. Thus, considering the slim record evidence taken in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Carey South Florida's relationship with private carriers does not bring their employees' activity within the jurisdiction of the Secretary. Therefore, the motor carrier exemption does not apply and Plaintiffs are entitled to judgment on this affirmative defense as a matter of law.

6. The FLSA Overtime Claim

Plaintiffs next argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on their FLSA overtime claim. Plaintiffs argue that under the Pattern Jury Instructions for the Eleventh Circuit, § 1.71, p. 127-29 (2000 ed.), there are three elements in an FLSA overtime claim: (1) that Plaintiffs were employed by the Defendants, (2) that Plaintiffs were engaged in commerce; and (3) that Defendants failed to pay Plaintiffs overtime required by the law. With regard to the first two elements, Defendants Carey International and Carey South Florida are not contesting that they are joint employers of Plaintiffs and are enterprises engaged in commerce as defined by 29 U.S.C. § 203(r) and 203(s). With regard to the third element, Plaintiffs assert that "Defendants' own expert witness report set forth that the Plaintiffs did in fact work overtime." (Plaintiffs' SJ Motion at 22.) However, Plaintiffs' papers do not point out exactly what in Defendants' expert witness report evidences which Plaintiffs worked overtime, which weeks they worked overtime, or how many hours of overtime they worked. The precise number of hours Plaintiffs worked are clearly in dispute and remain unresolved. Thus, these factual disputes which are material to the outcome of this case cannot be resolved at this stage of the litigation. See Rossi, 438 F. Supp. 2d at 1365 (finding that summary judgment was improper where the precise number of hours that plaintiff worked was in dispute and unresolved).

7. The Liability Of Carey International, Inc. And Vincent Wolfington.

Plaintiffs next seek summary judgment regarding the liability of both Carey International and Wolfington. Defendants have not contested that Carey South Florida and Carey International are joint employers of the Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs state that they seek summary judgment regarding Carey International's liability in effort to avoid an inconsistent verdict whereby Carey South Florida is found to be guilty, but Carey International is not. Plaintiffs concerns, however, are unfounded. Because the issue of Carey International's liability is not contested, the jury will not be required to make such a determination. Additionally, Plaintiffs have failed to put forth any facts requiring the conclusion that Carey South Florida and Carey International are joint employers. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c) (stating that the party moving for summary judgment "must show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law"). Therefore, summary judgment as to Carey International's liability is denied.

With regard to Wolfington's liability, Plaintiffs claim that Wolfington had operational control of and set policy for Defendants which makes him an "employer" for the purposes of the FLSA. An "employer" includes "any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee. 29 U.S.C § 203(d). "The overwhelming weight of authority is that a corporate officer with operational control of a corporation's covered enterprise is an employer under the FLSA for unpaid wages." Patel v. Wargo, 803 F.2d 632, 637-638 (11th Cir. 1986) (citing Donovan v. Agnew, 712 F.2d 1509, 1511 (1st Cir. 1983)). To be personally liable, an officer must either be involved in the day-to-day operation or have some direct responsibility for the supervision of the employee. Id. at 638. The proper criteria for a court to analyze in determining if a an individual is an employer for the purposes of the FLSA is whether the alleged employer (1) had the power to hire and fire the employees; (2) supervised or controlled employee work schedules or conditions of employment; (3) determined the rate and method of payment; and (4) maintained employee records.

Here, Plaintiffs have offered no evidence that Wolfington participated in any of these activities. There is no evidence that Wolfington had the power to hire and fire employees at Carey South Florida, controlled the drivers' schedules, determined their base rate or fixed gratuity, or had any involvement with employee records. In fact, none of the testimony purporting to show that Wolfington has operational control over Carey is based on personal knowledge as required under Rule 56(e). Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e) (stating "[s]upporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge). Plaintiffs conclusory statements are insufficient evidence on a summary judgment motion as none of this testimony establishes that Wolfington had operational control of Carey South Florida. Because Plaintiffs failed to make out a prima facie case of liability against Wolfington, there is nothing to send to the jury on the question of his liability.

While Plaintiffs have put forth no evidence illustrating Wolfington's operational control over Defendants, Defendants have put forth evidence indicating that Wolfington had no such control. Robert Sobol, General Manager of Carey South Florida testified that Wolfington had no role in hiring, firing, contracting with, termination of, or decisions about whether and what to pay chauffeurs at Carey South Florida. (Sobol Decl. ("Sobol Decl. 3"), Feb. 28, 2002 ¶ 26.) Sobol also testified that Wolfington had nothing to do with the day-to-day operations of Carey South Florida. (Id.) In his deposition, Wolfington states that the management of a subsidiary is done by the local management (Wolfington Depo., July 20, 2004 at 14). Wolfington also denied receiving any correspondence from Lieberman (Wolfington Decl. 1 ¶ 19;Wolfington Depo., at 124, 137-38.); and he testified he did not recognize the names of any of the Plaintiffs (Wolfington Decl. 1 ¶ 18); and none of the Plaintiffs have spoken to him about their alleged entitlement to overtime. (Defendants Statement of Facts ¶ 54 (referencing the depositions of various Plaintiffs.))

Thus, because Defendants have established that Wolfington did not exercise operational control over Plaintiffs (and that he had never spoken to most of them) and the complete lack of evidence otherwise, Wolfington is entitled to summary judgment.

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth herein, it is hereby ORDERED that

(1) Plaintiffs' Motion For Partial Summary Judgment on all Issues Other Than Issues Related to the Calculation of Damages [DE 241] is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.

(2) Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment as to an extension of the statute of limitations is DENIED. Whether Defendants' failure to pay overtime wages was "willful" is a genuine question of fact for the jury. Also, as a matter of law, the statute of limitations should not be equitably tolled.

(3) Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment as to liquidated damages is DENIED.

(4) Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment as to Defendants' affirmative defenses is DENIED.

(5) Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment as to the inapplicability of the taxicab exemption is GRANTED.

(6) Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment as to the inapplicability of the motor carrier exemption is GRANTED.

(7) Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment as to the Defendants' liability under the FLSA is DENIED.

(8) Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment as to the liability of Carey International and Vince Wolfington is DENIED.

(9) Because Plaintiffs have put forth no evidence that Wolfington had any operational control over Carey South Florida, summary judgment is GRANTED in favor of Defendants as to Wolfington's liability, and the claims against Defendant Wolfington are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION

THIS MATTER is before the Court on Defendants' Motion for Reconsideration [DE 375]. Pursuant to Rule 60(b), Defendants ask the Court to reconsider its March 1, 2007 Order Granting Plaintiffs' Partial Summary Judgment Motion ("March 1, 2006 Order") [DE 371]. A Rule 60(b) motion may provide relief from judgment due to, inter alia, "mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect." Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(1) (2007). Motions made under Rule 60(b) are within the sound discretion of the district court. Turner v. Secretary of Air Force, 944 F.2d 804, 807 (11th Cir. 1991).

Here, Defendants state that in their response to Plaintiffs' summary judgment motion, they inadvertently failed to refer to certain evidence previously filed in the record that is relevant to their motor carrier exemption affirmative defense. Specifically, Defendants indicate that certain exhibits to Devon Murphy's deposition were put into the record on January, 3, 2006, more than a year prior to the Court's March 1, 2006 Order. As of March 1, 2007, the docket contained over 350 entries, not including the abundance of exhibits attached to the various filings. The Court is not required to "scour the record" looking for evidence to support Defendants' arguments. See Coggin v. Longview Indep. Sch. Dist., 337 F.3d 459, 469 (5th Cir. 2003). Thus, such omission was clearly the sole fault of the Defendants and given that this action is on the eve of trial, Plaintiffs would be prejudiced if the Court were to reconsider its decision.

More importantly, however, had the Court reviewed the evidence relating to alleged contracts with Virgin Atlantic and other private carriers, the Court's decision would not have been different. As the March 1, 2007 Order stated, after noting the insufficient evidence of an oral contract with Virgin Atlantic, "the existence of an oral relationship between American VIP and Virgin Atlantic prior to the acquisition by Carey International does not answer the question of whether post-acquisition, Carey South Florida and Virgin Atlantic possessed a through-ticketing arrangement." (See DE 371.) Similarly, the omitted acquisition schedule to which Defendants refer says nothing about a through-ticketing system. ( See Murphy Depo. Exh G.) Thus, these additional documents do not provide sufficient evidence to create a jury issue on the motor carrier exemption defense.

Additionally, a review of the private carrier agreements that Defendants now references does not illustrate any new facts that would alter the Court's decision. Rather, the agreements, which were executed by Carey International, not Carey South Florida, merely result in Carey International and its affiliates becoming the preferred chauffeured transportation service provider to the private carriers. ( See Murphy Depo, Exh. K at 2; Murphy Depo. Exh. L at 1-2; Murphy Dep. Exh. M at 6.) For example, the private carrier agreements suggest that rather than automatically booking limousine service when the passenger makes a reservation with the private carrier, as is typical in a through-ticket arrangement, the private carrier simply calls Carey's central reservation center to arrange a car just as any other customer would. ( See Murphy Depo, Exh. K, Art. 2; Murphy Depo. Exh. L at 4; Murphy Dep. Exh. M at 6.) Such an arrangement is merely a loose affiliation between businesses and does not constitute a through-ticketing arrangement for purposes of the motor carrier exemption.

Moreover, the Court noted that to use Defendants' relationships with private carriers to bring them within the motor carrier exemption would be:

a tsunami-size sweep of employees into the motor carrier exemption. Under Defendants' interpretation, any employee at any Carey International subsidiary that receives a job from Carey International pursuant to one of these private carrier agreements, would have no FLSA protections. This interpretation clearly runs fowl of the tenet that exemptions under the FLSA are to be construed narrowly against the employer. Arnold v. Ben Kanowsky, Inc., 361 U.S. 388, 392 (U.S. 1960). Additionally, this situation is clearly inconsistent with the through-ticketing arrangement with an air carrier prescribed in Motor Transp. and Kimball for inclusion in the motor carrier exemption.

( See DE 371 at 20.) Thus, because the private carrier agreements do not evidence the existence of a through-ticketing arrangement and the narrow parameters of the motor carrier exemption, there remains no factual dispute as to whether such exemption applies.

Accordingly, for the reasons set forth herein, it is hereby

ORDERED that Defendants' Motion for Reconsideration [DE 375] is DENIED.