Summary
stating that "[t]he mere fact that plaintiff was eligible for a pension is not enough for this Court to infer age discrimination" and citing Hazen
Summary of this case from Hill v. Pharmacia Upjohn CompanyOpinion
Docket No. 166008.
Submitted January 18, 1995, at Lansing.
Decided May 12, 1995, at 9:55 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Chambers Steiner (by Angela J. Nicita), for the plaintiffs.
Bodman, Longley Dahling (by Joseph A. Sullivan, Karen L. Piper, and Lisa M. Panourgias), for the defendants.
Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and HOLBROOK, JR., and MARKEY, JJ.
Plaintiff filed suit against defendants alleging age discrimination in violation of the Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2202(1)(a); MSA 3.548(202)(1)(a). Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court's order granting defendants' motion for summary disposition and denying plaintiff's motion for summary disposition, both pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). We affirm.
Margaret Plieth, Frederick Plieth's wife, joins him as plaintiff. Because her loss of consortium claim is derivative and dependent on Mr. Plieth's claim, and to avoid confusion, we will refer only to plaintiff Frederick Plieth.
St. Raymond Church is a Roman Catholic parish located in the City of Detroit. The parish is under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Detroit.
In August 1991, the Reverend Ralph L. Quane became the pastor of St. Raymond. At that time, the parish was experiencing financial difficulties. The parish relies heavily on Sunday collections to cover its operating expenses. Between August 1991 and January 1992 the number of families in the parish declined from approximately 1,500 to approximately 1,250.
In December 1991, the archdiocese completed an audit of the parish. A separate financial study and organizational analysis was completed by the Plante Moran accounting firm in January 1992. These audits revealed that the parish's debts exceeded $200,000. Plante Moran recommended that the parish reorganize its staff and consolidate responsibilities.
At the beginning of 1992, the parish employed three maintenance workers: plaintiff, age sixty-two; Dennis Quigley, age thirty-three; and Frank Pfeiffer, age sixty-three. Plaintiff had worked at St. Raymond since 1969. Quigley was hired in 1978 and Pfeiffer was hired in 1985.
Among other changes, Father Quane decided to consolidate the parish's maintenance duties into two positions. On May 15, 1992, Father Quane notified plaintiff and four other employees that their positions were being eliminated.
The other four employees were Camille J. Biernacki, religious education secretary, age forty; Catherine N. Fisette, director of religious education, age thirty-one; Catherine R. Garofalo, school librarian, age sixty-three; and Dorcas Kolodziej, school secretary, age sixty-eight.
On July 24, 1992, plaintiff filed a complaint alleging age discrimination against St. Raymond Church, the Archdiocese of Detroit, and Father Quane. Both parties subsequently sought summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10).
The trial court determined that plaintiff has failed to establish a prima facie case of age discrimination and that, even if plaintiff had established a prima facie case, defendants had articulated legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for discharging plaintiff. Therefore, on June 7, 1993, the trial court denied plaintiff's motion for summary disposition and granted defendants' motion for summary disposition.
Plaintiff appealed. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for summary disposition and in granting defendants' motion.
On appeal, an order granting or denying summary disposition is reviewed de novo. A motion for summary disposition may be granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) when, except with regard to the amount of damages, there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the nonmovant, the trial court must determine whether a record might be developed that would leave open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ. Michigan Mutual Ins Co v Dowell, 204 Mich. App. 81, 85-86; 514 N.W.2d 185 (1994).
Plaintiff's claim of age discrimination is based upon the Civil Rights Act, which provides in relevant part:
(1) An employer shall not do any of the following:
(a) Fail or refuse to hire or recruit, discharge, or otherwise discriminate against an individual with respect to employment, compensation, or a term, condition, or privilege of employment, because of . . . age. [MCL 37.2202; MSA 3.548(202).]
The burden of proof in an age discrimination case is allocated as follows: (1) the plaintiff has the burden of proving a prima facie case of discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence; (2) if the plaintiff is successful in proving a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions; and (3) the plaintiff then has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reason offered by the defendant was merely a pretext. Barnell v Taubman Co, Inc, 203 Mich. App. 110, 120; 512 N.W.2d 13 (1993).
To establish a prima facie case of age discrimination under the disparate treatment theory, plaintiff must show that he was a member of a protected class and that he was treated differently than persons of a different class for the same or similar conduct. Id. at 120-121.
Age need not be the only reason or main reason for the discharge, but it must be one of the reasons that made a difference in determining whether to discharge a person. Id. at 121. Therefore, the question is whether age was a determining factor in plaintiff's discharge.
Plaintiff contends that the trial court failed to give proper weight to Father Quane's deposition testimony. During his deposition, Father Quane stated that before terminating any employees, he had looked into the employees' benefits and found that, unlike Quigley and Pfeiffer, plaintiff would be able to retain his pension and medical benefits. At one point, Father Quane stated that he partly based his decision on the fact that plaintiff would continue to receive benefits and the other two maintenance workers would not.
Plaintiff's eligibility for a pension was based on his having worked a sufficient number of years at a sufficient number of hours per week and on his having reached retirement age.
Father Quane maintains that two factors also mentioned during the deposition controlled his decision. First, he wished to retain employees who worked mainly in the school over other employees. Although there was some overlap, Quigley and Pfeiffer worked primarily in the school and plaintiff worked primarily in the church and rectory. Second, Father Quane believed that, compared to Quigley and Pfeiffer, plaintiff was an inferior worker.
For purposes of this appeal, we will take the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiff and assume that plaintiff's eligibility for a pension and medical benefits did influence Father Quane's choice of which employee to lay off. Therefore, the issue presented is whether consideration of an employee's eligibility for benefits automatically constitutes an improper consideration of age. We conclude that it does not.
Michigan courts have considered federal law when reviewing claims of age discrimination based on state law. Featherly v Teledyne, Industries, Inc, 194 Mich. App. 352, 357-358; 486 N.W.2d 361 (1992). The United States Supreme Court has held that an employer does not violate the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., by acting on the basis of a factor, such as the employee's pension status or seniority, that is empirically correlated with age. Hazen Paper Co v Biggins, 507 US ___; 113 S Ct 1701; 123 L Ed 2d 338, 345-346 (1993).
In Hazen, the employee charged that the employer had deliberately fired him a few weeks before his pension benefits vested. The Court concluded that there is no disparate treatment under the ADEA when the factor motivating the employer is something other than the employee's age. 123 L Ed 2d 345, 346. The Court explained:
It is the very essence of age discrimination for an older employee to be fired because the employer believes that productivity and competence decline with old age. . . .
When the employer's decision is wholly motivated by factors other than age, the problem of inaccurate and stigmatizing stereotypes disappears. This is true even if the motivating factor is correlated with age, as pension status typically is. [ 123 L Ed 2d 347. Emphasis in original.]
As with the ADEA, the Civil Rights Act is aimed at the prejudices and biases borne against persons because of their membership in a certain class. The act seeks to eliminate the effects of offensive or demeaning stereotypes, prejudices, and biases. Radtke v Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 379; 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993).
Plaintiff has presented no evidence that Father Quane supposed a correlation between plaintiff's age and pension status and acted accordingly. See Hazen, supra, 123 L Ed 2d 348. The mere fact that plaintiff was eligible for a pension is not enough for this Court to infer age discrimination. See Gaworski v ITT Commercial Finance Corp, 17 F.3d 1104, 1120 (CA 8), cert den ___ US ___; 115 S Ct 355; 130 L Ed 2d 310 (1994).
Even if our analysis regarding age discrimination and pension status had reached a different result, plaintiff still would not have met his burden of proof. Plaintiff does not challenge defendants' assertion that the parish's financial condition was the impetus for the layoffs. When an employer lays off employees for economic reasons, the employee bears a greater burden of proof in establishing discrimination. In such a case, the employee must present evidence that age was a determining factor in the decision to discharge him. Matras v Amoco Oil Co, 424 Mich. 675, 684; 385 N.W.2d 586 (1986); Reisman v Regents of Wayne State Univ, 188 Mich. App. 526, 540; 470 N.W.2d 678 (1991). At best, plaintiff has offered evidence that his pension eligibility played some part in Father Quane's decision to terminate him rather than the other two maintenance workers. Plaintiff has made no showing that his pension eligibility — and therefore, in plaintiff's argument, his age — was a determining factor in that decision.
We conclude that plaintiff has not met his burden of proving a prima facie case of age discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence. Therefore, the trial court did not err in denying plaintiff's motion for summary disposition and in granting defendants' motion for summary disposition.
Affirmed.