YOUNG, District Judge

Javier A. Mendez-Vidal, San Juan, PR, for Petitioner.

Diana Itzel Perez, Puerto Rico Departament of Justice, Federal Division, San Juan, PR, Michel Mir-Martinez, San Juan, PR, for Respondents.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

YOUNG, District Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

"The Constitution's Double Jeopardy Clause is an analytically gnarly beast. What seems like a fairly straightforward prohibition on multiple prosecutions for the same crime turns out to be a bramble bush of doctrinal twists and snarls. At the center is the so-called dual sovereignty doctrine." Anthony J. Colangelo, Gamble, Dual Sovereignty, and Due Process, 2019 Cato Sup. Ct. Rev. 189, 189. Under our system of government, the federal government and the States are separate sovereigns and as such can charge, convict, and sentence the same individual for the same crime. What about the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico? Somewhat late in the game, "[t]he Supreme Court has only once directly addressed whether Puerto Rico is a separate sovereign from the federal government, in a criminal case." Centro de Periodismo Investigativo, Inc. v. Fin. Oversight & Mgmt. Bd. for Puerto Rico, 35 F.4th 1, 14 (1st Cir. 2022). In 2016, the Supreme Court held in Puerto Rico v. Sánchez Valle that the United States of America and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are not -- and never have been -- separate sovereigns for purpose of the Double Jeopardy Clause. 579 U.S. 59, 78, 136 S.Ct. 1863, 195 L.Ed.2d 179 (2016). The Supreme Court reasoned that, "while each State is a separate sovereign from the federal government for purposes of the Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause, Puerto Rico is not because the historical source of Puerto Rico's prosecutorial power was derived from the federal government." Centro de Periodismo Investigativo, Inc., 35 F.4th at 14 (citing Sánchez Valle, 579 U.S. at 68-69, 75, 136 S.Ct. 1863 ).

The case before the Court illustrates the profound difference this distinction makes. Petitioner David Núñez Pérez ("Núñez Pérez") claims that he has suffered Double Jeopardy, having been convicted and sentenced by the United States for the same crime for which he was later convicted and sentenced by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. See Pet. 6, ECF No. 3; Pet., Ex. 1, Pet. Pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (" Section 2254 Petition") 5, ECF No. 3-1. In fact, the parties agree that if these criminal actions were prosecuted today , at least the Puerto Rico convictions and sentences for carjacking and manslaughter -- totaling forty-six years and six months’ additional prison time -- constitutionally would be barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause. See Joint Mot. Compl. Court Order ("Joint Mot.") 4, 10, ECF No. 49.

The Respondents, Erik Rolon Suarez, Hector Hernandez-Morales, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (collectively "the Commonwealth") argue, however, that Núñez Pérez's petition is time-barred under the statute of limitations set by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA") pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 2244(d)(1)(C). See Mot. Dismiss Habeas Corpus Pet. ("Mot. Dismiss") 3-5, ECF No. 17. The Petitioner and Respondents disagree about the retroactivity of Sánchez Valle, but agree that even if, arguendo, the Supreme Court's decision in Sánchez Valle (1) established a "right" that was "newly recognized by the Supreme Court" and (2) "made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review," the petition is untimely by eleven days and must be dismissed without reaching the merits unless equitable tolling applies.

For the reasons stated below, the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss the petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, ECF No. 17, is hereby DENIED. Sánchez Valle is retroactive, and equity demands that the eleven-day defalcation on the AEDPA's statute of limitations be excused. Furthermore, because the parties do not dispute that the federal charge and certain later Puerto Rico charges are identical, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico's prosecution, conviction, and sentencing of Núñez Pérez violates the Double Jeopardy Clause with respect to the charge, conviction, and resultant sentence for carjacking and manslaughter, with the effect of reducing Núñez Pérez's sixty-nine-year sentence by forty-six years and six months.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Facts Concerning Underlying Federal And Puerto Rico Convictions

1. Núñez Pérez Convicted in Federal Court for Carjacking with Resultant Death and Sentenced to Ten Years’ Custody.

The facts of the crime are as senseless as they are heartbreaking. On June 26, 2001, Núñez Pérez with two others participated in a carjacking of a customer at a fast-food restaurant, netting $90.00. See Third Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., Ex. C, Offic. Trans. J. P.R. Cir., Puerto Rico v. Núñez Pérez, KLAN0400170 ("P.R. Cir. J.") 2, ECF No. 47-3. Núñez Pérez was a passenger in that stolen car. Id. 2-3. After being pursued by police, the driver struck and killed Puerto Rico Police Officer William Camacho who was on foot and attempting to protect the public by stopping or diverting traffic. Id. 3.

On July 24, 2001, Núñez Pérez was indicted, with two others, on three counts in the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico (the "Federal Criminal Action") for:

Count One -- Violation of 18 USC § 2119(3) and § 2 : taking a motor vehicle by force or violence, with the intent to cause death or serious bodily harm and resulting in death ("Federal Carjacking Count")

Count Two -- Violation of 18 USC § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii) : possessing, brandishing or carrying firearms in relation or furtherance of a carjacking.

Count Three -- Violations of 18 USC § 922(g)(1) and 18 USC § 924 (a)(2) : possessing a firearm having been convicted in court of a crime being punishable by imprisonment of a term exceeding one year.

Judgment, United States v. Núñez-Pérez et al., Criminal No. 01-0519 (D.P.R. Sept. 18, 2002), ECF No. 71. On May 2, 2002, Núñez Pérez pled guilty to aiding and abetting the Federal Carjacking Count, and was later sentenced to 120 months’ -- ten years -- incarceration for his participation in the carjacking. See id. The remaining two firearms charges were dismissed. Id.

2. Núñez Pérez Subsequently Convicted in Puerto Rico Court on Charges Relating to Same Incident and Sentenced to Sixty-Nine Years to Run Consecutively to Federal Sentence.

In February 2002, while the Federal Criminal Action was pending, Núñez Pérez was indicted by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in the Mayagüez Superior Court (the "Puerto Rico Criminal Action") for Carjacking (Case IDP2002G0408), First Degree Murder (IVI2002 G0029) (collectively "the Puerto Rico Carjacking and Manslaughter Counts"), and two other weapons’ possession charges relating to the same incident (collectively "the Puerto Rico Weapons’ Possession Charges"). See Third Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., Ex. B, Offic. Trans. J. P.R. Ct. First Instance, Puerto Rico v. Núñez Pérez, Criminal No. PD2002G0320 3-10, ECF No. 47-2. Núñez Pérez was found guilty by a jury on all of the charges, except the murder charge for which he was found guilty of manslaughter. See id.

Núñez Pérez received a sixty-nine-year Puerto Rico prison sentence to run consecutively to his ten-year federal sentence as follows: forty-five years’ custody for carjacking, one year and six months’ custody for manslaughter, and twenty-two years and six months’ custody on the weapons’ possession charges. See id. 3-10.

The Respondents stipulate that the Federal Carjacking Count on the one hand, and the Puerto Rico Carjacking and Manslaughter Counts on the other, are identical crimes for purposes of Double Jeopardy analysis. See Joint Mot. 10.

B. Post-Conviction Procedural History In Puerto Rico Courts

1. Núñez Pérez's Conviction Affirmed and Double Jeopardy Claim Rejected on Direct Appeal.

Núñez Pérez appealed his Puerto Rico convictions arguing among other things that Double Jeopardy applied. On August 31, 2006, the Puerto Rico Court of Appeals rejected that argument, and the convictions were affirmed. P.R. Cir. J. 24-25. That court held that "[t]he doctrine of dual sovereignty applies to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Therefore, conduct that constitutes a crime in both jurisdictions may be punished independently by both entities, without violating the constitutional clause against double jeopardy or constituting multiple punishments for the same conduct." Id. (citation omitted). Núñez Pérez's request for certiorari to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico was denied on February 2, 2007, for lack of jurisdiction. First Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., Ex. 1, Certified Trans. Res. Denying Cert. P.R. Supreme Ct., Puerto Rico v. Núñez Pérez, CC-2006-1062 1, ECF No. 39-1.

2. Núñez Pérez's Rule 192.1 Motion based upon Supreme Court Decision Sánchez Valle was Denied.

On June 9, 2016 -- ten years after Núñez Pérez's conviction became final -- the Supreme Court issued its decision in Puerto Rico v. Sánchez Valle.

On June 20, 2017 -- one year and eleven days after that decision -- Núñez Pérez, with the assistance of the Legal Aid Society, filed a motion pursuant to Rule 192.1 of the Puerto Rico Rules of Criminal Procedure, arguing that Double Jeopardy applied to his Puerto Rico convictions under Sánchez Valle. See Fourth Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., Ex. 1, Offic. Trans. Res. Denying Req. Release P.R. Ct. First Instance, Civ. No. IPD2002GO4O8, IVI2002GOO29 ("P.R. Ct. First Instance Res.") 1, ECF No. 50-1. The Rule 192.1 motion was denied on September 12, 2018. Id. 5.

Núñez Pérez applied for certiorari to the Puerto Rico Court of Appeals, which denied the writ on December 18, 2018. See Third Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., Ex. 4, Offic. Trans. Res. Denying Writ Cert. P.R. Cir. Ct., KLCE201801466 ("P.R. Cir. Ct. Res.") 1, 7, ECF No. 47-4. In denying the writ of certiorari, the Court of Appeals rejected the retroactive application of Sánchez Valle to Núñez Pérez's case because his conviction was final before Sánchez Valle was decided:

[A]s to the retroactive application of the rule announced in Pueblo v. Sánchez Valle, we find that the legal controversy was duly settled in Pueblo v. Torres Irizarry. In the latter case, the Puerto Rico Supreme Court set forth a precedent that the lower courts must observe and apply. The Supreme Court held that Pueblo v. Sánchez Valle established a constitutional defense in favor of the accused and that the caselaw rule applies retroactively, provided the judgment in that case is not yet final. Pueblo v. Torres Irizarry, 199 D.P.R. at 30 [99 PR Offic. Trans., at 13]. In so ruling, the Puerto Rico Supreme Court examined the controversy based on its pronouncements in Pueblo v. González Cardona, 153 DPR 765, 774 [53 PR Offic. Trans. 51, 7] (2001), which, in turn, considered the rule set forth in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989), the case cited by petitioner. See: Pueblo v. Torres Irizarry, 199 D.P.R. at 27 [99 PR Offic. Trans., at 12]; Pueblo v. González Cardona, 153 DPR at 772 [53 PR Offic. Trans. 51, at 6] n. 2.

Seeing that there is no controversy as to the fact that a final and unappealable judgment has been entered against Núñez Pérez when Pueblo v. Sánchez Valle was decided, we find no compelling reason to disturb the appealed Resolution. In addition, we find no indication of passion, prejudice, bias, or manifest error in the decision rendered by the [Court of First Instance].

For the foregoing reasons, we deny the writ of certiorari in accordance with the criteria provided under Court of Appeals Rule 40.

Id. 7. Núñez Pérez applied for certiorari to the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, which was denied on February 15, 2019, along with two motions for reconsideration which were denied not later than May 17, 2019. See Answer ¶ 12, ECF No. 36.

C. Habeas Corpus Procedural History In Federal Court

This petition was initially filed pro se by Núñez Pérez, mailed May 21, 2019, and docketed on June 7, 2019. See Pet., Ex. 2, Envelope, ECF No. 3-2; Pet. Counsel appeared on behalf of Núñez Pérez a year later on June 9, 2020. See Notice of Appearance, ECF No. 13. A supplemental motion in support of the petition was filed on October 23, 2020. See Mem. Supp. Habeas Corpus Pet., ECF No. 14. On March 29, 2021, the Commonwealth filed a motion to dismiss the petition. Mot. Dismiss Habeas Corpus Pet., ECF no. 17. On June 3, 2021, the Court ordered supplemental briefing. Order, ECF No. 18. On June 23, 2021, Núñez Pérez filed a supplemental memorandum. See Mot. Compliance Order ("Pet.’s Suppl. Mem."), ECF No. 21. On July 2, 2021, the Commonwealth filed its supplemental memorandum. See Reply Pet.’s Mem. & Compliance Court's Order ("Resp'ts’ Suppl. Mem."), ECF No. 22.

On November 4, 2021, the Court held a hearing on the motion to dismiss. See Minute Order, ECF No. 29.

On November 18, 2021, the Court ordered the Respondents to answer the petition and that the motion to dismiss was held in abeyance. Order 1, ECF No. 30. On February 4, 2022, the Respondents filed an answer to the Petition. See Answer.

On March 31, 2022, the Court ordered supplemental briefing with respect to the parties’ positions on the statute of limitations, whether the Respondents would waive the statute of limitations for purposes of this action, and determining which charges, convictions, and corresponding prison time would be barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause. See Order, ECF No. 45. On May 9, 2022 the parties filed a joint memorandum in response to the Court's Order. See Joint Mot. The Commonwealth submitted official translations of pertinent documents. See First Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., ECF No. 39; Second Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., ECF No. 41; Third Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., ECF No. 47; Fourth Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., ECF No. 50.

The Court has reviewed the submissions of the parties, and determines that neither further development of the record, nor an evidentiary hearing is necessary pursuant to Rules 7 and 8 of the Rules Governing section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts. The matter is ripe for decision.

III. ANALYSIS

A. The Petition is Timely

Pursuant to section 2244, "[a] 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court." 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). This limitations period runs "from the latest of ... the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review." Id.

Here, Sánchez Valle was decided June 9, 2016 . Núñez Pérez filed a Rule 192.1 Motion under Puerto Rico Rules of Criminal Procedure on June 20, 2017 -- eleven days past the one-year anniversary. Thus, presuming Sánchez Valle sets the date at which the statute of limitations begins to run, the petition is untimely absent equitable reasons to excuse untimely filing.

Núñez Pérez admits that absent equitable tolling, the petition is time-barred. See Joint Mot. 3 ("[T]he Petitioner (for sake of professional honesty) must concede that the petition was untimely."). He "requests for the application of equitable tolling, and for the dismissal of the affirmative defense of the one-year statute of limitation under the 28 U.S.C [§] 2244(d)(1)(C)" or in "the alternative, ... for this Court to schedule an argumentative hearing to further discuss this matter." Id. 4.

"[E]quitable tolling is strong medicine, not profligately to be dispensed." Delaney v. Matesanz, 264 F.3d 7, 15 (1st Cir. 2001). Typically, "[t]o establish a basis for equitable tolling, a habeas petitioner must demonstrate that he or she has diligently pursued her rights, but some extraordinary circumstance, or obstacle, prevented timely filing." Blue v. Medeiros, 913 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 2019) (citing Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649, 130 S.Ct. 2549, 177 L.Ed.2d 130 (2010) ). Under this approach, "[t]he diligence prong covers those affairs within the petitioner's control, while the extraordinary-circumstances prong covers matters outside his control." Id. The burden is on "the petitioner to establish ‘a causal relationship between the extraordinary circumstances on which the claim for equitable tolling rests and the lateness of his filing.’ " Id. To be sure, the First Circuit admonishes that the "AEDPA's statute of limitations will not be equitably tolled merely because the underlying grounds for habeas relief are extraordinary; rather, the ‘extraordinary circumstance’ must be one that actually caused the untimely filing." Holmes v. Spencer, 685 F.3d 51, 62 (1st Cir. 2012) (citing Holland, 560 U.S. at 648, 130 S.Ct. 2549 ).

Even so, the First Circuit, in the context of this test, teaches that the Court must always "apply equitable tolling on a case-by-case basis, avoiding mechanical rules and favoring flexibility." Holmes, 685 F.3d at 62 (quotations omitted). Indeed, the Supreme Court in Holland recognized that equity is not a one-size-fits-all proposition even in the context of the two-prong test:

We have said that courts of equity "must be governed by rules and precedents no less than the courts of law." Lonchar v. Thomas, 517 U.S. 314, 323, 116 S.Ct. 1293, 134 L.Ed.2d 440 (1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). But we have also made clear that often the "exercise of a court's equity powers ... must be made on a case-by-case basis." Baggett v. Bullitt, 377 U.S. 360, 375, 84 S.Ct. 1316, 12 L.Ed.2d 377 (1964). In emphasizing the need for "flexibility," for avoiding "mechanical rules," Holmberg v. Armbrecht, 327 U.S. 392, 396, 66 S.Ct. 582, 90 L.Ed. 743 (1946), we have followed a tradition in which courts of equity have sought to "relieve hardships which, from time to time, arise from a hard and fast adherence" to more absolute legal rules, which, if strictly applied, threaten the "evils of archaic rigidity," Hazel–Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford–Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 248, 64 S.Ct. 997, 88 L.Ed. 1250 (1944). The "flexibility" inherent in "equitable procedure" enables courts "to meet new situations [that] demand equitable intervention, and to accord all the relief necessary to correct ... particular injustices." Ibid. (permitting postdeadline filing of bill of review). Taken together, these cases recognize that courts of equity can and do draw upon decisions made in other similar cases for guidance. Such courts exercise judgment in light of prior precedent, but with awareness of the fact that specific circumstances,

often hard to predict in advance, could warrant special treatment in an appropriate case.

Holland, 560 U.S. at 649-650, 130 S.Ct. 2549 (emphasis added). Applying Holland here, the Court determines that equity demands the tolling of the statute of limitations.

Núñez Pérez asserts in his petition under the pains and penalties of perjury that "when [he] found out about the ... Sánchez Valle case [he] filed a motion under Rule 192.1." Pet. 12. According to the record, Núñez Pérez was represented by the Legal Aid Society when he filed his Rule 192.1 Petition eleven days after the federal deadline expired. On this evidence and the procedural history, Núñez Pérez has satisfied the diligence prong.

The second prong, extraordinary circumstances, is also satisfied -- albeit barely -- by the unique circumstances in this case that warrants flexibility. While counsel's garden variety errors are not extraordinary circumstances by themselves, see Trapp v. Spencer, 479 F.3d 53, 60 (1st Cir. 2007) ("This circuit, along with many others, has held that ‘mistake by counsel in reading [AEDPA] or computing the time limit is, at most, a routine error’ and does not constitute extraordinary circumstances warranting equitable tolling." (quotations omitted)), counsel's oversight here was more significant than a routine error and appears to be the result of a complex set of legal and factual circumstances.

As an initial matter, it is apparent that Núñez Pérez's counsel may have been entirely unaware of the AEDPA deadline running while preparing a Puerto Rico Court Rule 192.1 motion that had no deadline at all. See P.R. Laws tit. 34A, § II, R. 192.1 ("The motion ... may be filed at any time.") To be sure, this element is not sufficient by itself. Additionally, though, the relevant issue in this case -- retroactivity of a unique Double Jeopardy argument -- is extraordinarily complex, and in the context of the interplay between AEDPA's non-jurisdictional statute of limitations and a prisoner's exhaustion of state remedies, is rendered more difficult to understand, even for skilled practitioners.

In the absence of a more detailed record, this is an "appropriate case" presenting "specific circumstances, often hard to predict in advance, ... warrant[ing] special treatment," Holland, 560 U.S. at 650, 130 S.Ct. 2549 : the rigid application of AEDPA's statute of limitations here would be inequitable. Indeed, if equitable tolling is to have any meaning at all, it must be applied in this case. Here, a prisoner through counsel filed a timely post-conviction motion under Puerto Rico law to the appropriate Puerto Rico court that was a mere eleven days late under the AEDPA. Under ordinary circumstances, the petition was dead on arrival when Núñez Pérez, after the end of that process, and at that point pro se, swiftly filed his habeas petition in this Court. Taking a "case-by-case" approach, equity in this case is a concept of the sum being more than its parts. Viewing the case as a whole, rather than individual elements myopically, the procedural posture combined with novel issues of law were obstacles to filing that, in light of the stakes at issue here -- an additional forty-six years and six months imprisonment, in practical terms a life sentence -- is so disproportionate that equity would seem to mandate tolling -- that's the way it looks to me. See Cruz-Berrios v. Borrero, CV 14-1232 (ADC), 2020 WL 5820955, at *6 (D.P.R. Sept. 30, 2020) (Delgado-Colón, J.) (denying Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) relief on successful section 2254 habeas action, describing procedural confusion as an extraordinary circumstance of petition filed purportedly 1,113 days late, and stating: "In this Court's view, 1,113 days are nothing compared to the long years of imprisonment served by the now-64 years old petitioner under a [life] sentence successfully challenged under 2254. Moreover, without a doubt there are extraordinary circumstances that stood in the way of a timely habeas petition.").

B. The Supreme Court's Decision in Sánchez Valle that the United States and Puerto Rico are a Single Sovereign for Purposes of Double Jeopardy is a New Substantive Rule that Applies Retroactively.

1. The Habeas Corpus Standard

Federal habeas corpus relief with respect to a Puerto Rico judgment is exceptional. "Under the ‘peculiarly deferential standards’ of the [AEDPA], error by a [Puerto Rico] court, without more, is not enough to warrant federal habeas relief.’ " Gomes v. Silva, 958 F.3d 12, 19 (1st Cir. 2020) (quoting Bebo v. Medeiros, 906 F.3d 129, 134 (1st Cir. 2018) ). "As relevant here, a [Puerto Rico] court decision may only be overturned on habeas review if it is ‘contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.’ " Bebo, 906 F.3d at 134 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) ).

The First Circuit describes what is required to meet this rigorous standard as follows:

It is well established that "[a] state court decision is ‘contrary to’ clearly established federal law ‘if the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth by the Supreme Court or confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the Supreme Court] and nevertheless arrives at a result different from [its] precedent.’ " Linton v. Saba, 812 F.3d 112, 122 (1st Cir. 2016) (quoting Hensley v. Roden, 755 F.3d 724, 731 (1st Cir. 2014) ). On the other hand, "a state court adjudication constitutes an unreasonable application [of clearly established federal law] if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court's then-current decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the ... case." Id. (quoting Hensley, 755 F.3d at 731 ).

Hollis v. Magnusson, 32 F.4th 1, 7–8 (1st Cir. 2022). Here, the petition seeks relief under contrary-to and unreasonableness provisions.

2. The United States and Puerto Rico are a Single Sovereign for Purposes of Double Jeopardy

One of the most familiar precepts of Constitutional law is the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution which, among other things, "prohibits more than one prosecution for the ‘same offence’ " by the same sovereign. Sánchez Valle, 579 U.S. at 62, 136 S.Ct. 1863 ; see Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 660–61, 97 S.Ct. 2034, 52 L.Ed.2d 651 (1977). Justice Gorsuch recently described the deep-seated roots of this principle enshrined in our Constitution:

Fear and abhorrence of governmental power to try people twice for the same conduct is one of the oldest ideas found in western civilization. Throughout history, people have worried about the vast disparity of power between governments and individuals, the capacity of the state to bring charges repeatedly until it wins the result it wants, and what little would be left of human liberty if that power remained unchecked. To address the problem, the law in ancient Athens held that a man could not be tried twice for the same offense. The Roman Republic and Empire incorporated a form of double jeopardy protection in their laws.

The Old Testament and later church teachings endorsed the bar against double jeopardy too. And from the earliest days of the common law, courts recognized that to punish a man twice over for one offence would be deeply unjust.

Gamble v. United States, ––– U.S. ––––, 139 S. Ct. 1960, 1996, 204 L.Ed.2d 322 (2019) (Gorsuch, J., dissenting) (citations and quotations omitted).

As between the United States and the States of the Union, there is an exception to the protection of the Double Jeopardy Clause permitting both the federal government and the States to prosecute a person separately for the same offense: the dual sovereignty doctrine. Under the dual sovereignty doctrine, "a single act gives rise to distinct offenses -- and thus may subject a person to successive prosecutions -- if it violates the laws of separate sovereigns." Sánchez Valle, 579 U.S. at 62, 136 S.Ct. 1863. The dual sovereignty doctrine between the federal government and the States, criticized in Gamble by the late-Justice Ginsburg as a "metaphysical subtlety" and Justice Gorsuch as a "colossal exception to this ancient rule against double jeopardy," is at least for now settled law, permitting prosecutions for identical offenses under both federal and State law because they are separate sovereigns. See Gamble, 139 S. Ct. at 1964 ("Under this "dual-sovereignty" doctrine, a State may prosecute a defendant under state law even if the Federal Government has prosecuted him for the same conduct under a federal statute."). Said another way, "two prosecutions ... are not for the same offense if brought by different sovereigns -- even when those actions target the identical criminal conduct through equivalent criminal laws." Sánchez Valle, 579 U.S. at 66-67, 136 S.Ct. 1863.

While Puerto Rico shares many similarities with the States of the Union, it maintains "a distinctive, indeed exceptional, status as a self-governing Commonwealth," id. at 73, 136 S.Ct. 1863, and "boasts a relationship to the United States that has no parallel in our history," id. at 77, 136 S.Ct. 1863 (quotations omitted). Prior to the Supreme Court's 2016 decision in Sánchez Valle, "it was established in this circuit that the United States and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico were separate sovereigns." United States v. Almonte-Nunez, 963 F.3d 58, 69 (2020) (citing United States v. López Andino, 831 F.2d 1164, 1168 (1st Cir. 1987) ). Since Sánchez Valle, however, "the Supreme Court has now held that ‘for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause, ... the Commonwealth and the United States are not separate sovereigns.’ " Almonte-Nunez, 963 F.3d at 68 (quoting Sánchez Valle, 579 U.S. at 78, 136 S.Ct. 1863 ). The holding goes straight to the heart of the derivative nature of Puerto Rico's prosecutorial power:

Because the ultimate source of Puerto Rico's prosecutorial power is the Federal Government -- because when we trace that authority all the way back, we arrive at the doorstep of the U.S. Capitol -- the Commonwealth and the United States are not separate sovereigns. That means the two governments cannot "twice put" respondents Sánchez Valle and Gómez Vázquez "in jeopardy" for the "same offence." U.S. Const., Amdt. 5.

Sánchez Valle, 579 U.S. at 78, 136 S.Ct. 1863. As the First Circuit recently observed in the context of law-of-the-case doctrine, " Sánchez Valle represents a dramatic intervening change in controlling legal authority." Almonte-Nunez, 963 F.3d at 69 (quotations omitted).

3. The Supreme Court's Decision in Sánchez Valle is a New Rule.

Did the Supreme Court announce a new rule in Sánchez Valle? No doubt, and the parties do not dispute this point, but rather its retroactivity. See generally Resp'ts’ Suppl. Mem. "It is admittedly often difficult to determine when a case announces a new rule," and the Supreme Court has been careful "not [to] attempt to define the spectrum of what may or may not constitute a new rule for retroactivity purposes." Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 301, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989). Nevertheless, as here, "a case announces a new rule when it breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation on the States or the Federal Government ... To put it differently, a case announces a new rule if the result was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant's conviction became final." Id. (emphasis omitted).

4. The Supreme Court's Decision in Sánchez Valle is Retroactive.

This Court rules that Sánchez Valle applies retroactively. Until last May, the Supreme Court held that unless a new rule falls within two exceptions it does not apply retroactively. "First, a new rule should be applied retroactively if it places certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal law-making authority to proscribe. Second, a new rule should be applied retroactively if it requires the observance of those procedures that ... are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty." Teague, 489 U.S. at 307, 109 S.Ct. 1060 (citations and quotations omitted). The second exception applied, at least theoretically, to "watershed rules of criminal procedure." Id. at 311, 109 S.Ct. 1060.

As the Supreme Court has recently decided, however, the second, so-called watershed exception, had never been applied by the Supreme Court in the three decades since Teague and is therefore extinguished by desuetude. See Edwards v. Vannoy, ––– U.S. ––––, 141 S. Ct. 1547, 1556-60, 209 L.Ed.2d 651 (2021). Now, only new substantive rules are retroactive on collateral review:

New substantive rules alter "the range of conduct or the class of persons that the law punishes." [ Schriro v.] Summerlin, 542 U.S. [348,] 353 [124 S.Ct. 2519, 159 L.Ed.2d 442 (2004)]. Those new substantive

rules apply to cases pending in trial courts and on direct review, and they also apply retroactively on federal collateral review. New procedural rules alter "only the manner of determining the defendant's culpability." Ibid. (emphasis deleted). Those new procedural rules apply to cases pending in trial courts and on direct review. But new procedural rules do not apply retroactively on federal collateral review.

Id. at 1562.

Sánchez–Valle is a substantive rule that requires full retroactive effect because it goes to the heart of the power of a single sovereign -- the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- to bring a successive prosecution of Núñez Pérez for identical crimes.

The Commonwealth argues that in Sánchez Valle the Supreme Court "merely took the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico out of the dual sovereignty exception, putting it back under the application of the ‘double jeopardy’ prohibition." Resp'ts’ Suppl. Mem. 4 (emphasis omitted). This argument minimizes the profound constitutional forces at work here. Admittedly, in their dissent, Justice Brennan and Justice Marshall raised the concern that post- Teague, "[h]abeas claims under the Double Jeopardy Clause will also be barred under the plurality's approach if the rules they seek to establish would ‘brea[k] new ground or impos[e] a new obligation on the States or the Federal Government,’ ante, at 301, because they bear no relation to the petitioner's guilt or innocence." Teague, 489 U.S. at 336–37, 109 S.Ct. 1060 (Brennan, J., dissenting). As the Supreme Court later held, however, "a new rule placing a certain class of individuals beyond the State's power to punish by death is analogous to a new rule placing certain conduct beyond the State's power to punish at all. " Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 330, 109 S.Ct. 2934, 106 L.Ed.2d 256 (1989) (emphasis added), abrogated by Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S.Ct. 2242, 153 L.Ed.2d 335 (2002). The Supreme Court in Penry also referred to new rules as those concerning "substantive categorical guarantees accorded by the Constitution, regardless of the procedures followed." Id. at 329, 109 S.Ct. 2934.

Other courts have held that the protections afforded by the Double Jeopardy Clause are one such guarantee. See McIntyre v. Trickey, 938 F.2d 899, 904 (8th Cir. 1991) ("The protection afforded by the [D]ouble [J]eopardy clause operates at an elemental level ... Because it bars an unconstitutional prosecution, a rule concerning double jeopardy is analogous to the rule discussed in Penry, which would have barred the imposition of an unconstitutional punishment ... We therefore conclude that a rule concerning double jeopardy ... falls under the first Teague exception and must be accorded full retroactive effect."), judgment vacated on other grounds sub nom. Caspari v. McIntyre, 503 U.S. 978, 112 S.Ct. 1658, 118 L.Ed.2d 381 (1992) ; see also Johnson v. Howard, 963 F.2d 342, 345 (11th Cir. 1992) ("[B]ecause its very purpose is to prevent the occurrence of unconstitutional prosecutions, it follows that the prohibition on double jeopardy is a categorical guarantee[ ] accorded by the Constitution.") (quotations omitted) (citing North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 718, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969) (describing the Double Jeopardy Clause as a "basic constitutional guarantee")).

More recently, in Welch v. United States, Justice Thomas expressed generally that under retroactivity analysis, "if the Court ruled that the Double Jeopardy Clause bars all federal reprosecutions, I doubt that rule would be retroactive. That rule dictates when a defendant may be tried and convicted of certain conduct -- not the substance of the crime for which the defendant is tried, or the punishment imposed." 578 U.S. 120, 144, 136 S.Ct. 1257, 194 L.Ed.2d 387 (2016) (Thomas, J., dissenting). Nevertheless, the Court agrees with the Eighth and Eleventh Circuits’ conclusions that rules with respect to the Double Jeopardy Clause are substantive.

Indeed, a case prior to Sánchez Valle in which the Supreme Court rejected the dual sovereignty doctrine is Waller v. Florida, 397 U.S. 387, 390-95, 90 S.Ct. 1184, 25 L.Ed.2d 435 (1970). In that case, the Supreme Court held that a state and municipality were not separate sovereigns for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause:

These provisions of the Florida Constitution demonstrate that the judicial power to try petitioner on the first charges in municipal court springs from the same organic law that created the state court of general jurisdiction in which petitioner was tried and convicted for a felony. Accordingly, the apt analogy to the relationship between municipal and state governments is to be found in the relationship between the government of a Territory and the Government of the United States.

Id. at 393, 90 S.Ct. 1184. Although pre- Teague, the Supreme Court later "accorded full retroactive effect" to Waller, holding that "[t]he guarantee against double jeopardy is ... a constitutional right of the criminal defendant ... [with the] practical result ... to prevent a trial from taking place at all, rather than to prescribe procedural rules that govern the conduct of a trial." Robinson v. Neil, 409 U.S. 505, 509, 511, 93 S.Ct. 876, 35 L.Ed.2d 29 (1973).

This is where the rubber hits the road here. Sánchez–Valle fundamentally defined the sovereign relationship between the United States and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, identifying the Constitutional limits on each sovereign's authority to bring identical subsequent criminal prosecutions -- indeed, "a substantive categorical guarantee accorded by the Constitution" Penry, 492 U.S. at 329, 109 S.Ct. 2934, analogous to the "power to punish at all," id. at 304, 109 S.Ct. 2934. The Sánchez–Valle decision informs this Court that the federal government's and the Commonwealth's authority to prosecute identical actions under identical criminal laws is a "substantive" rule. See McIntyre, 938 F.2d at 904. The Commonwealth argues that "applying Sánchez–Valle retroactively would potentially overturn decades of convictions obtained in reliance on the application of the dual sovereignty exception to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico." Resp'ts’ Suppl. Mem. 6. Even accepting the premise of this argument -- which is not fully developed in the record -- the Commonwealth's argument fails on a more fundamental level. It is true, of course, that "applying constitutional rules not in existence at the time a conviction became final seriously undermines the principle of finality which is essential to the operation of our criminal justice system." Edwards, 141 S. Ct. at 1554 (quotations omitted). As the Supreme Court recently held, however, finality interests generally implicate at least two concerns.

"First, a federal order to ... release a state prisoner overrides the State's sovereign power to enforce societal norms through criminal law. That is so because habeas relief frequently cost[s] society the right to punish admitted offenders." Shinn v. Ramirez, ––– U.S. ––––, 142 S. Ct. 1718, 1731, 212 L.Ed.2d 713 (2022) (emphasis added; citations and quotations omitted). The concern is that federal interference with the State as a separate sovereign may "inflict a profound injury to the powerful and legitimate interest in punishing the guilty, an interest shared by the State and the victims of crime alike." Id. That interest is wholly absent here: Núñez Pérez has been punished for the crimes of conviction by a single sovereign , and therefore there is no separate, tread-upon sovereign power or interest in play.

Second, and apparently more to the Commonwealth's point, "federal intervention imposes significant costs on state criminal justice systems. It disturbs the State's significant interest in repose for concluded litigation, and undermines the States’ investment in their criminal trials." Id. (citations and quotations omitted). This important interest, however, is not outweighed by the interest in an individual's constitutional right to be prosecuted only once for a crime. The federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, again, are one-and-the same, at least for purposes of Double Jeopardy. Here, the federal government and the Commonwealth as single sovereign have achieved a federal conviction that is left undisturbed by the outcome in this case.

When stripped of the dual sovereignty argument, the Commonwealth's contention boils down to a desire to preserve unconstitutional convictions as a result of its dissatisfaction with a first conviction or acquittal in federal court. Justice Gorsuch's dissent in Gamble dispenses with the Commonwealth's reliance argument, albeit in arguing against continued recognition of the dual sovereign doctrine as between the federal government and the States:

That leaves reliance. But the only people who have relied on the separate sovereigns exception are prosecutors who have sought to double-prosecute and double-punish. And this Court has long rejected the idea that "law enforcement reliance interests outweig[h] the interest in protecting individual constitutional rights so as to warrant fidelity to an unjustifiable rule." Instead, "[i]f it is clear that a practice is unlawful, individuals’ interest in its discontinuance clearly outweighs any law enforcement ‘entitlement’ to its persistence." That is the case here.

The Court today disregards these lessons. It worries that overturning the separate sovereigns rule could undermine the reliance interests of prosecutors in transnational cases who might be prohibited from trying individuals already acquitted by a foreign court. Yet even on its own terms, this argument is unpersuasive. The government has not even attempted to quantify the scope of the alleged "problem," and perhaps for good reason. Domestic prosecutors regularly coordinate with their foreign counterparts when pursuing transnational criminals, so they can often choose the most favorable forum for their mutual efforts. And because Blockburger requires an identity of elements before the double jeopardy bar can take hold, domestic prosecutors, armed with their own abundant criminal codes, will often be able to find new offenses to charge if they are unsatisfied with outcomes elsewhere.

* * *

Enforcing the Constitution always bears its costs. But when the people adopted the Constitution and its Bill of Rights, they thought the liberties promised there worth the costs. It is not for this Court to reassess this judgment to make the prosecutor's job easier. Nor is there any doubt that the benefits the framers saw in prohibiting double prosecutions remain real, and maybe more vital than ever, today. When governments may unleash all their might in multiple prosecutions against an individual, exhausting themselves only when those who hold the reins of power are content with the result, it is "the poor and the weak," and the unpopular and controversial, who suffer first -- and there is nothing to stop them from being the last. The separate sovereigns exception was wrong when it was invented, and it remains wrong today.

Gamble, 139 S. Ct. at 2008-09 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting) (citations omitted). The correction of the blatant violation of the fundamental constitutional right against double jeopardy, in light of the relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico as one single sovereign, is a substantive new rule that is retroactive on collateral review.

C. The Puerto Rico Courts’ Retroactivity Analysis of Sánchez–Valle was Contrary to or an Unreasonable Application of Clearly Established Federal Law.

"The junction where federal habeas power intersects with state criminal processes is enswathed in a mutuality of respect between sovereigns. It is that principle of comity which underlies the federal courts’ unwillingness to adjudicate too hastily matters of fundamental federal significance arising out of state prosecutions." Nadworny v. Fair, 872 F.2d 1093, 1096 (1st Cir. 1989). "The federal habeas review provided for in [ section] 2254 exists ‘to rescue those in custody from the [the state courts’] failure to apply federal rights, correctly or at all .’ " Evariste v. Massachusetts, No. CV 20-10151-DPW, 605 F.Supp.3d 219, 226 (D. Mass. May 23, 2022) (Woodlock, J.) (emphasis added) (quoting Nadworny, 872 F.2d at 1096 ). With the utmost respect to the Puerto Rico courts, they did not apply clearly established federal law concerning retroactivity.

In the context of the Rule 192.1 decision, the Court of First Instance, and later the Puerto Rico Court of Appeals, ruled that they were bound by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico's determination that Sánchez Valle only applied retroactively to those cases in which the judgment was not final and unappealable. See P.R. Ct. First Instance Res. 4-5; P.R. Cir. Ct. Res. 7. Those courts relied upon the Puerto Rico Supreme Court's holding in Puerto Rico v. Torres Irizarry. See Second Mot. Submitting Certified Trans., Ex. 1, Offic. Trans. P.R. Supreme Ct., Puerto Rico v. Torres Irizarry, CC-2014-1030 ("Offic. Trans. Puerto Rico v. Torres Irizarry"), ECF No. 41-1.

In Puerto Rico v. Torres Irizarry, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico held that Sánchez–Valle "must have a retroactive effect" with respect to the case before it. Id. 12-13. In that case there had been a judgment of conviction, but appellate rights had not been finally exhausted. Id. 3, 5. Thus, the Puerto Rico Supreme Court's retroactivity analysis, citing Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 107 S.Ct. 708, 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987), concerned cases that were not final, see Offic. Trans. Puerto Rico v. Torres Irizarry 3, 12.

The Puerto Rico Supreme Court did not determine retroactivity as to final convictions because that issue was not before the Court. Rather, in that narrow retroactivity context, "and because there [was] no final sentence rendered in the case at bar," it was held proper "to apply retroactively the rule laid down in Sánchez Valle." Id. 13 (emphasis added). As argued by Núñez Pérez, and after reviewing the Official Translation, Torres Irizarry is inapposite to the situation here, as that case understandably avoided a broad holding that was not required.

The lower courts in Puerto Rico, absent further guidance from the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, failed to address federal retroactivity law by relying on Torres Irizarry as to the case at bar. The Puerto Rico Supreme Court declined certiorari. By failing to apply federal law to Núñez Pérez case, those courts have acted contrary to federal law, specifically the Supreme Court's retroactivity analysis.

To sum up, as between the United States and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Sánchez–Valle conclusively held they are one-and-the-same for purposes of Double Jeopardy. It is anathema to our system of justice that an unconstitutional prosecution, conviction, and restraint on liberty be permitted to stand on specious notions of finality and reliance. The Puerto Rico courts failed to apply the Supreme Court's federal retroactivity analysis, and therefore that "decision was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law," 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Sánchez–Valle is retroactive. Where there is no dispute that the federal conviction for carjacking with resultant death and the Puerto Rico convictions for carjacking and manslaughter are identical -- and they are -- a writ of habeas corpus is appropriate and shall enter as set forth below. The remaining convictions are not identical and therefore do not invoke Double Jeopardy concerns.

IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER

For the aforementioned reasons, the motion to dismiss, ECF No. 17, is hereby DENIED and a writ of habeas corpus shall enter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), striking in part the conviction and sentence only as to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico carjacking and manslaughter judgments, but in all other respect the convictions and sentences shall stand. The execution of the writ of habeas corpus shall be STAYED until the expiration of the appeal period for this order and, if an appeal is filed, the resolution of any appeal, absent further order of this Court, the First Circuit Court of Appeals, or the Supreme Court.

SO ORDERED.

/s/ William G. Young

WILLIAM G. YOUNG JUDGE of the UNITED STATES