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recognizing that lesbians are members of a "particular social group" based on sexual orientation
Summary of this case from Doe v. Attorney Gen.Opinion
No. 05-4128.
3-21-2007
Olivia NABULWALA, Petitioner, v. Alberto R. GONZALES, Attorney General of the United States of America, Respondent.
Eric Dorkin, argued, Chicago, IL (Scott F. Burns and Hart Passman, on the brief), for petitioner. R. Alexander Goring, argued, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC (Patricia A. Smith, on the brief), for respondent.
Olivia Nabulwala challenges the final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying her claim for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. Having jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), this court grants the petition and remands.
I.
Nabulwala, a Ugandan citizen, first realized she was a lesbian while attending high school in Uganda. In 1994, during her senior year, she admitted this fact to her parents. Her father became very mad. A family meeting was called. An aunt physically abused her; her family urged her to marry but eventually decided to send her to a co-ed school, hoping she would stop being a lesbian.
In June 1999, while attending a university, Nabulwala became a member of "Wandegeya," a lesbian organization advocating gay rights. In November, during a Wandegeya meeting of about 15 people, an angry mob of about 20 people attacked the group, throwing stones and hitting them with sticks. Nabulwala was hospitalized overnight with scratches on her arms and bruises on her head and body. The Wandegeya organization eventually disbanded.
According to Nabulwala, the Ugandan Human Rights Commission also arrived and told Wandegeya to dissolve and stop engaging in homosexual activity. Also, according to Nabulwala, the assaults occurred in the presence of the officers of the UHRC. The Immigration Judge had "problems with the credibility of that statement," and "great doubts that the Ugandan human rights commission had anything to do with this incident."
In March 2001, Nabulwala's family found out that she was still a lesbian; her parents were very upset. After another family meeting, two relatives forced her to have sex with a stranger. She was then expelled from her clan. Disowned by her family, she moved into the YMCA.
Nabulwala testified that her father assaulted her at this time. The IJ had "concerns about" the allegation because she stated in her visa application that her father was the source of her financial support (she later inconsistently testified that her mother gave her the money to come to the United States).
In June 2001, Nabulwala entered the United States on an exchange visitor visa. When she overstayed her visa, the Immigration and Naturalization Service commenced removal proceedings. Nabulwala conceded removability, but countered by asserting asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture.
The Immigration Judge found Nabulwala "to be generally credible," emphasizing that her testimony was generally consistent with a long affidavit attached to her application. The IJ did "not doubt that the respondent did suffer in Uganda because of her sexual orientation." Although the IJ concluded that this is a "difficult case," and that he "is sympathetic to the respondent's situation," he denied Nabuwala's application and designated Uganda as the country for removal. The BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ's decision, adding some of its own reasoning. Thus, this court reviews both decisions. See Eta-Ndu v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 977, 982 (8th Cir.2005), quoting Krasnopivtsev v. Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 832, 837 (8th Cir.2004).
II.
Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, the Attorney General may grant asylum to any alien who is a "refugee." 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A "refugee" is any person unable or unwilling to return to her country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).
The IJ explicitly (and the BIA implicitly) recognized that homosexuals may be a member of a "particular social group" under the statute. See Karouni v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 1163, 1171 (9th Cir.2005) (the BIA and Attorney General adopt the position that homosexuals are a protected class under the statute); Amanfi v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 719, 730 (3d Cir.2003); In re Toboso-Alfonso, 20 I. & N. Dec. 819 (B.I.A.1990) (recognizing homosexuals as a protected class). Cf. Kimumwe v. Gonzales, 431 F.3d 319, 322 (8th Cir.2005); Molathwa v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 551, 554 (8th Cir.2004) ("We will assume, for purposes of [petitioner's] appeal, homosexuals are a particular social group eligible for relief").
The IJ found that Nabulwala did not establish past persecution that met the level reflected in the Toboso case: "The Court does not doubt that the respondent did suffer in Uganda because of her sexual orientation. However, the Court does not believe that the state of law under the Toboso-Alfonso precedent reaches this claim." Toboso upheld relief for a homosexual who was detained by government officials for days and subjected to serious verbal and physical mistreatment. See Toboso, 20 I. & N. Dec. at 823.
In this case, the IJ reasoned that the incidents at school and at the Wandegeya meeting were isolated and did not arise to that level of persecution. See Ngure v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 975, 989-90 (8th Cir. 2004), quoting Regalado-Garcia v. INS, 305 F.3d 784, 787 (8th Cir.2002) (persecution is the "the infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one's person or freedom, on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion"). As for the family-arranged rape, the IJ viewed it as "private family mistreatment." The IJ concluded that Nabulwala's past persecution was "not in any way governmentsponsored or authorized abuse." See Menjivar v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 918, 921 (8th Cir.2005); Setiadi v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 710, 713 (8th Cir.2006) (personal disputes are "not usually grounds for a finding of past persecution").
The IJ made findings only about "government involvement," that is, government sponsorship or government authorization. The IJ thus erred in concluding that to qualify for asylum, Nabulwala had to demonstrate persecution at the hands of government officials. Persecution may be "a harm to be inflicted either by the government of a country or by persons or an organization that the government was unable or unwilling to control." See Suprun v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 1078, 1080 (8th Cir.2006)(emphasis added); see also Valioukevitch v. INS, 251 F.3d 747, 749 (8th Cir.2001) ("the harm [petitioner] endured must have been inflicted either by the government of Belarus or by persons or an organization that the government was unwilling or unable to control"); Menjivar, 416 F.3d at 921; Miranda v. INS, 139 F.3d 624, 627 (8th Cir.1998).
The IJ made no finding as to whether the government was unable or unwilling to control persons who had harmed, or would harm, Nabulwala. Therefore, as to the government's inability or unwillingness, there were no findings of fact determined by the immigration judge. "Facts determined by the immigration judge" are the basis for review by the BIA. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i). Because further factfinding was needed in this case, the BIA should have remanded to the IJ. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(iv).
Instead, the BIA, after adopting and affirming the IJ's decision, states: "Concerning the issue of past persecution, the Immigration Judge correctly found that the respondent failed to demonstrate . . . that the government was unwilling to protect her." The BIA's statement is false. The IJ made no such finding.
To the extent that the BIA is finding facts about the government's unwillingness, such factfinding is not authorized. Since September 25, 2002, the BIA does not have authority to engage in factfinding, except to take administrative notice of commonly known facts. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) ("the Board will not engage in factfinding in the course of deciding appeals"); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.3(f); Ramirez-eyro v. Gonzalez, 477 F.3d 637, 641 (8th Cir.2007)
The government contends that 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) is not applicable because the regulation provides that a "party asserting that the Board cannot properly resolve an appeal without further factfinding must file a motion to remand." First, the government overlooks the next sentence of 8 C.F.R. § 1003. 1(d)(3)(iv) that grants the BIA power to remand if further factfinding is needed. See Ramirez-Peyro, 477 F.3d at 641 Second, when the IJ fails to find facts because the IJ applied an incorrect legal test, a party's request for the correct legal test preserves the request for appropriate factfinding. Third, the BIA may not find facts, as it attempted to do in this case.
III.
The IJ made no findings about the government's inability or unwillingness to protect Nabulwala. The BIA's attempt to fill the gaps by finding facts is impermissible. This court grants the petition for review and remands to the BIA for further proceedings.