Summary
providing the text of then Code § 54-524.109:1
Summary of this case from Allison v. CommonwealthOpinion
44438 Record No. 821253.
March 11, 1983
Present: Carrico, C.J., Cochran, Poff, Compton, Thompson, Stephenson, and Russell, JJ.
Justice Thompson participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to the effective date of his retirement on March 2, 1983.
Instruction No. 5 to Jury concerning possession of controlled paraphernalia under Code Sec. 54-524.109:1 did not mandate Jury conclusion on ultimate issue when read with Instruction 6; other issues.
(1) Criminal Procedure — Drugs — Controlled Paraphernalia — Possession or Distribution of Controlled Paraphernalia, Etc. (Code Sec. 54-524.109:1) — Statutory Construction — Gravamen of Offense — Stated.
(2) Criminal Procedure — Drugs — Controlled Paraphernalia — Possession or Distribution of Controlled Paraphernalia, Etc. (Code Sec. 54-524.109:1) — Evidence — Close Proximity to Controlled Drugs Factor to be Considered in Possession for Illegal Purpose.
(3) Criminal Procedure — Drugs — Controlled Paraphernalia — Instructions — Evidence — Burden of Proof — Instruction on Possession, when Read with Instruction 6, Does Not State Defendant Possessed Paraphernalia for Illegal Purpose and Burden of Proof Properly Placed on Commonwealth.
(4) Criminal Procedure — Drugs — Controlled Paraphernalia — Possession or Distribution of Controlled Paraphernalia, Etc. (Code Sec. 54-524.109:1) — Evidence — Instructions — Not Error in Instruction No. 5 to Tell Jury Should Consider "Close Proximity" of Paraphernalia to Drugs as Indication of Intention of Illegal Use, Statute Speaking in Mandatory Terms.
When defendant was arrested with a female companion, the arresting officer found a bag in the bed of a pickup truck operated by defendant. In the bag was a purse containing heroin, a hypodermic syringe and needle. The defendant admitted ownership of the heroin but made no statement concerning the syringe and needle. The defendant was tried by a Jury and convicted of possession of heroin and of drug paraphernalia, the latter conviction being under Code Sec. 54-524.109:1 which makes possession a misdemeanor if the circumstances reasonably indicate an intent to use the paraphernalia to administer a controlled drug illegally, etc. The defendant appeals the paraphernalia conviction arguing that Instruction No. 5 instructed the Jury that he possessed the needle and syringe while this was the ultimate fact in issue. The instruction is stated in the opinion.
1. The gravamen of the offense specified in Code Sec. 54-524.109:1 is the possession of controlled drug paraphernalia for the purpose of illegally administering controlled drugs.
2. Code Sec. 54-524.109:1 provides that the close proximity of drug paraphernalia to controlled drugs is a circumstance to be considered in determining whether possession in a particular case is for the illegal purpose specified in the statute.
3. While Instruction No. 5 was inartfully drawn, it did not tell the Jurors that the defendant possessed the drug paraphernalia in question for an illegal purpose and, when read with Instruction No. 6 which makes clear that the Commonwealth had the burden of proof upon these issues, any confusion of the Jurors would have been dissipated and any error produced by the inartful drafting harmless.
4. It was not error to tell the Jury in Instruction No. 5 that it should consider the "close proximity" feature of the evidence, Code Sec. 54-524.109:1 speaking in mandatory terms and the evidence indicating that the drug paraphernalia and the controlled drugs were in the same purse.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of Prince William County. Hon. H. Selwyn Smith, judge presiding.
Affirmed.
George S. Webb, III (George S. Webb, III, Ltd., on brief), for appellant.
Vicki A. Leonard, Assistant Attorney General (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Charged in an indictment with possession of heroin and in a warrant with possession of drug paraphernalia, the defendant, Richard Allen Murray, was tried by a jury and convicted of both offenses. In accordance with the jury's verdicts, the defendant was sentenced to serve three years in the penitentiary on the heroin charge and twelve months in jail on the paraphernalia charge.
The record shows that the defendant and a companion, Julia Phillips, were arrested on August 24, 1981, in Prince William County. The arresting officer found a multicolored bag in the bed of the pickup truck operated by the defendant. Inside the bag, the officer located a green purse, and in the purse he discovered a quantity of heroin and a hypodermic syringe and needle. The defendant admitted ownership of the heroin but made no statement concerning the syringe and needle.
This appeal concerns only the paraphernalia conviction and presents the single question whether the trial court erred in granting Instruction No. 5, which reads in pertinent part:
You shall consider as evidence that the defendant possessed the hypodermic syringe and needle under circumstances which reasonably indicated an intention to use the same for purposes of illegally administering any controlled drug the close proximity of the hypodermic syringe and needle to any controlled drug.
The defendant contends that Instruction No. 5 impermissibly assumed the ultimate fact in issue, viz., that he possessed the syringe and needle. The language of the instruction, the defendant maintains, "dictated a mandatory conclusion as to the issue of who possessed the drug paraphernalia" and ignored the proposition that his companion, Julia Phillips, "could have possessed the . . . paraphernalia."
We disagree with the defendant. We do not believe that the instruction is subject to the criticism he levels against it.
[1-2] The defendant's drug paraphernalia conviction was obtained under Code Sec. 54-524.109:1. The gravamen of the offense created by this statute is the possession of controlled paraphernalia under circumstances which reasonably indicate an intention to use the paraphernalia for the purpose of illegally administering controlled drugs. The Code section provides that the close proximity of drug paraphernalia to controlled drugs is a circumstance to be considered in determining whether possession in a particular case is for the illegal purpose specified in the statute.
Sec. 54-524.109:1. Possession or distribution of controlled paraphernalia; meaning of controlled paraphernalia; evidence; section inapplicable to certain persons. Except as authorized in this chapter, it shall be a misdemeanor for any person or persons to possess or distribute controlled paraphernalia which shall mean a hypodermic syringe, needle or other instrument or implement or combination thereof adapted for the administration of controlled dangerous substances by hypodermic injections under circumstances which reasonably indicate an intention to use such controlled paraphernalia for purposes of illegally administering any controlled drug, or gelatin capsules, glassine envelopes or any other container suitable for the packaging of individual quantities of controlled drugs in sufficient quantity to and under circumstances which reasonably indicate an intention to use any such item for the illegal manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of any such controlled drug. Evidence of such circumstances shall include but not be limited to close proximity of any such controlled paraphernalia to any adulterants or equipment commonly used in the illegal manufacture and distribution of controlled drugs such as but not limited to any of the following: scales, sieves, strainers, measuring spoons, staples and staplers, or procaine hydrochloride, mannitol, lactose, quinine, or any controlled drug or any machine, equipment, instrument, implement, device or combination thereof which is adapted for the production of controlled drugs under circumstances which reasonably indicate an intention to use such item or combination thereof to produce, sell, or dispense any controlled drug in violation of the provisions of this chapter.
The provisions of this section shall not apply to persons who have acquired possession and control of controlled paraphernalia in accordance with the provisions of this article nor to any person who owns or is engaged in the breeding or raising of livestock, poultry or other animals to which hypodermic injections are customarily given in the interest of health, safety, or good husbandry; nor to hospitals, physicians, pharmacists, dentists, podiatrists, veterinarians, funeral directors and embalmers, persons to whom a permit has been issued, manufacturers, wholesalers or their authorized agents or employees when in the usual course of their business, provided that the controlled paraphernalia lawfully obtained continues to be used for the legitimate purposes for which they were obtained.
Instruction No. 5 merely explicated this circumstance for the jury. The instruction neither told the jurors that the defendant possessed the drug paraphernalia in question nor informed them that his alleged possession was for the illegal purpose proscribed by the statute.
It is true that Instruction No. 5 is inartfully drawn and requires a close reading to divine its real meaning. In Instruction No. 6, however, the trial court told the jury in unequivocal terms that the burden was upon the Commonwealth to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, first, that the defendant did possess the hypodermic syringe and needle and, second, that he possessed the paraphernalia for the illegal purpose of administering controlled drugs. Any confusion created by the inartful wording of Instruction No. 5 would have been dissipated by the clear language of Instruction No. 6, thus rendering harmless any error resulting from the drafting of the disputed instruction. Wallen v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. 773, 785, 114 S.E. 786, 790 (1922); Sims v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. 736, 754, 115 S.E. 382, 388 (1922).
In pertinent part, Instruction No. 6 reads as follows:
The defendant is charged with the crime of possession of controlled paraphernalia, a hypodermic syringe and needle. The Commonwealth must prove beyond a reasonable doubt each of the following elements of that offense.
1. That the defendant did possess a hypodermic syringe and needle; and
2. That he did so under circumstances which reasonably indicated an intention to use the hypodermic syringe and needle for purposes of illegally administering any controlled drug.
If you find from the evidence that the Commonwealth has proven beyond a reasonable doubt each of the above elements of the offense as charged, then you shall find him guilty. . . . . . . .
If you find that tIle Commonwealth has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt either of the above elements of the offense, then you shall find the defendant not guilty.
It is also true that, by the use of the words "shall consider," Instruction No. 5 seemingly imposed a mandatory duty upon the jury to give consideration to the "close proximity" feature listed in the statute. But the statute itself speaks in mandatory terms, stating that evidence of circumstances tending to show an intention to use controlled paraphernalia illegally " shall include [the] close proximity of any such controlled paraphernalia to . . . any controlled drug . . . . (emphasis added). Hence, it was not error to tell the jury that it should consider the "close proximity" feature of the evidence, especially since it was undisputed that the drug paraphernalia and the controlled drugs were in the same purse.
For the reasons assigned, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.
Affirmed.