BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

This case was taken en banc to clarify the law in our circuit regarding state law preemption by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. §(s) 1001-1461 (1985). In this appeal, we must decide whether state law claims asserted against an independent insurance agent and his agency for fraudulent inducement to purchase and negligence in processing an application for an ERISA — governed insurance plan sufficiently relate to an employee benefit plan within the meaning of section 514(a) of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. §(s) 1144(a), so as to be preempted. Because we find that the state law claims in this case do not sufficiently relate to the employee benefit plan to be preempted by ERISA, we reverse the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the insurance agent and his agency.

I. FACTS

Plaintiff-appellant, Margery Morstein, is the president, director, and sole shareholder of Graphic Promotions, Inc. ("Graphic"). At all times relevant to this appeal, Morstein was one of two employees of Graphic. In 1991, Morstein met with Scott Hankins, an insurance broker and employee of the Shaw Agency, for the purpose of obtaining a replacement policy of major medical insurance for herself and Graphic's other employee. The policy was to be administered by National Insurance Services, Inc. ("National") and underwritten by Pan-American Life Insurance Company ("Pan-American"). Morstein alleges that during her meeting with Hankins, she advised him that any policy of major medical insurance that would replace her current policy would be unacceptable if it excluded from coverage medical treatment related to any preexisting medical condition. Morstein asserts that Hankins assured her that the policy that he proposed would provide the same coverage for preexisting conditions as her current policy. The policy offered by Hankins was issued to Graphic, and Graphic paid the initial premium.

Over one year after the policy was issued, Morstein underwent total hip replacement surgery. When she submitted a claim for payment for this procedure, National refused payment because it asserted that Morstein's surgery treated a preexisting condition, which she failed to disclose during the application process. National then rescinded the policy and refunded to Graphic the premium payments that were made on behalf of Morstein. Morstein claims that Hankins and the Shaw Agency fraudulently induced her to purchase a policy of major medical insurance and that she therefore allowed a separate full-coverage insurance policy to lapse. She further alleges that Hankins and the Shaw Agency were negligent in processing her application for insurance and that she has state law claims against them for negligence and fraud.

Morstein filed an action in state court, alleging negligence, malfeasance, misrepresentations, and breach of contract. Defendants removed the action to federal court on the basis that Morstein's claims were governed by ERISA. The district court denied Morstein's motion to remand and found that defendants were entitled to summary judgment as to the state law claims against them. The district court concluded that Morstein's claims "clearly relate to the employee benefit plan established by Graphic Promotions; therefore, those claims are preempted by ERISA." R2-29-3. Morstein appealed the district court's grant of summary judgment, and the original appellate panel in this case reluctantly affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment and held that it was bound by our decision in Farlow v. Union Cent. Life Ins. Co., 874 F.2d 791 (11th Cir. 1989). Morstein v. National Ins. Servs., Inc., 74 F.3d 1135, 1138-39 (11th Cir.), vacated and reh'g en banc granted, 81 F.3d 1031 (11th Cir. 1996).

The original panel found the facts in this case to be duplicative of the facts in Farlow. Id. at 1137. The panel, therefore, was bound to adhere to the holding of Farlow that ERISA preempted a designated beneficiary's state law misrepresentation and negligence claims against an insurance company and its agent. Following our decision in Farlow, several district courts in our circuit, faced with similar state law claims, have attempted to distinguish their cases from Farlow. See Wiesenberg v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 887 F. Supp. 1529, 1532-33 (S.D.Fla. 1995) (reasoning that the decision in Farlow was ambiguous with regard to whether or not its holding applied to independent insurance agent as well as the insurance company, and turning to law in other circuits to support its holding that Wiesenberg's state law fraud claims against the insurance agency and its agent were not preempted by ERISA); Barnet v. Wainman, 830 F. Supp. 610, 611-12 (S.D.Fla. 1993) (finding no preemption of plaintiff's claims against insurance agent for fraudulent misrepresentation because, unlike Farlow, the scope of coverage of plaintiff's claim would not be the focus of the litigation); Martin v. Pate, 749 F. Supp. 242, 246-47 (S.D.Ala. 1990) (finding "the applicability of Farlow to the facts of this case" to be "questionable" and holding that plaintiff's state law claim of fraudulent misrepresentation of coverage of policy was not preempted), aff'd sub nom. Martin v. Continental Investors, 934 F.2d 1265 (11th Cir. 1991) (table).

Our decisions in the ERISA preemption area have been neither consistent nor clear. Since Farlow was decided, the Supreme Court and several other circuit courts have issued opinions that clarify the purpose and intent of the ERISA state law preemption doctrine. Furthermore, the conflict among the district courts in our circuit demands that we revisit this issue and attempt to provide some clear guidance in the morass of ERISA preemption law. We find it helpful, therefore, to trace the development of the preemption doctrine before applying the words of the statute to the case at bar.

II. ANALYSIS

Morstein alleges that the district court erred in applying the preemption doctrine under ERISA to bar her state law claims and thus erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Hankins and the Shaw Agency. We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Forbus v. Sears Roebuck Co., 30 F.3d 1402, 1404 (11th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ____, 115 S.Ct. 906, 130 L.Ed.2d 788 (1995).

A. ERISA Legislative History

The Supreme Court has described the overall intent of ERISA as follows: "ERISA is a comprehensive statute designed to promote the interests of employees and their beneficiaries in employee benefit plans." Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 U.S. 85, 90, 103 S.Ct. 2890, 2896, 77 L.Ed.2d 490 (1983); see also Lordmann Enters., Inc. v. Equicor, Inc., 32 F.3d 1529, 1533 (11th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ____, 116 S.Ct. 335, 133 L.Ed.2d 234 (1995). Section 514(a) of ERISA provides that its provisions "shall supersede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan described in section 1003(a) of this title and are not exempt under section 1003(b) of this title." 29 U.S.C. §(s) 1144(a) (1985). Unfortunately, the statute does not define the term "relate to," and it has fallen to the courts to deduce Congress's intent and apply this interpretation to the facts of each case that arises. A search through the volumes of legislative history of ERISA provides very little information regarding federal preemption of state law.

The Supreme Court in Shaw relied heavily on the statements of Representative Dent and Senators Williams and Javits in support of its conclusion that the intent of Congress was to preempt broadly. Shaw,

463 U.S. at 99-100, 103 S.Ct. at 2901. Both Representative Dent and Senator Williams emphasized the intent of Congress to broadly preempt state and local regulation of employee benefit plans. Representative Dent called the preemption doctrine "the crowning achievement of this legislation," and promised that it would "eliminat[e] the threat of conflicting and inconsistent State and local regulation." 120 Cong.Rec. 29,197 (1974). Senator Williams stated that preemption was "intended to apply in its broadest sense to all actions of State or local governments, or any instrumentality thereof, which have the force or effect of law." Id. at 29,933. Only Senator Javits remarked that the final language of the preemption clause was a product of compromise between the House and Senate versions of the bill and that further evaluation of preemption policy was necessary.

B. Supreme Court Case Law

Because the legislative history is sparse, it has fallen to the courts to interpret the phrase "relate to" and give it meaning in the context of the facts that arise in each particular case. The Supreme Court noted as early as 1981 that defining boundaries of the preemption doctrine would not be an easy task. Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 451 U.S. 504, 525, 101 S.Ct. 1895, 1907, 68 L.Ed.2d 402 (1981). In Alessi, retired employees challenged a provision in their employer-provided pension plan, which provided that an employee's retirement benefits are offset by any worker's compensation awards for which the employee is eligible, as violating a New Jersey statute that prohibited these offsets. Id. at 507-08, 101 S.Ct. at 1898. The Court remarked that it "need not determine the outer bounds of ERISA's pre-emptive language to find this New Jersey provision an impermissible intrusion on the federal regulatory scheme." Id. at 525, 101 S.Ct. at 1907. The Court noted that, "[o]ther courts have reached varying conclusions as to the meaning of ERISA's pre-emptive language in other contexts. . . . We express no views on the merits of any of those decisions." Id. at 525 n. 21, 101 S.Ct. at 1907 n. 21 (citations omitted). Nevertheless, the Court indicated that it leaned towards a broad interpretation: "ERISA makes clear that even indirect state action bearing on private pensions may encroach upon the area of exclusive federal concern. . . . ERISA's authors clearly meant to preclude the States from avoiding through form the substance of the pre-emption provision." Id.

The Court next addressed the preemption issue in Shaw v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 463 U.S. 85, 103 S.Ct. 2890, 77 L.Ed.2d 490 (1983). The issue before the Court in Shaw was whether two New York human rights and disability statutes that prohibited discrimination on the basis of pregnancy were preempted by ERISA. Id. at 88, 103 S.Ct. at 2895. The Supreme Court in a prior unrelated case had determined that discrimination based on pregnancy was not actionable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Id.; General Elec. Co. v. Gilbert, 429 U.S. 125, 97 S.Ct. 401, 50 L.Ed.2d 343 (1976). The Court held that even though ERISA does not contain any provisions proscribing discrimination in the provision of employee benefits, the New York laws were "relat[ed] to" employee benefit plans and, therefore, fell under section 514(a). Shaw at 96, 103 S.Ct. at 2899. Citing Black's Law Dictionary in support thereof, the Court made the following attempt to define "relates to":

A law "relates to" an employee benefit plan, in the normal sense of the phrase, if it has a connection with or reference to such a plan. Employing this definition, the Human Rights Law, which prohibits employers from structuring their employee benefit plans in a manner that discriminates on the basis of pregnancy, and the Disability Benefits Law, which requires employers to pay employees specific benefits, clearly "relate to" benefit plans. We must give effect to this plain language unless there is good reason to believe Congress intended the language to have some more restrictive meaning.

In fact, however, Congress used the words "relate to" in 514(a) in their broad sense. To interpret Section(s) 514(a) to preempt only state laws specifically designed to affect employee benefit plans would be to ignore the remainder of Section(s) 514. It would have been unnecessary to exempt generally applicable state criminal statutes from preemption in Section(s) 514(b), for example, if Section(s) 514(a) applied only to state laws dealing specifically with ERISA plans.

Id. at 96-98, 103 S.Ct. at 2900 (footnote citations omitted). Once again, however, the Supreme Court declined to remark on how broad the preemption language of ERISA sweeps, except to note that there is some boundary:

Some state actions may affect employee benefit plans in too tenuous, remote, or peripheral a manner to warrant a finding that the law "relates to" the plan. . . . The present litigation plainly does not present a borderline question, and we express no views about where it would be appropriate to draw the line.

Id. at 100 n. 21, 103 S.Ct. at 2901 n. 21.

The Supreme Court first addressed the issue of whether ERISA preempts state common law tort and contract claims in Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 107 S.Ct. 1549, 95 L.Ed.2d 39 (1987). Dedeaux was injured in an employment-related accident and filed a disability claim with Pilot Life Insurance Company ("Pilot Life"), the provider of Dedeaux's employer's long term disability employee benefit plan. Id. at 43, 107 S.Ct. at 1551. When Dedeaux's benefits were terminated by Pilot Life, he instituted a diversity suit against the company alleging tortious breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duties, and fraud in the inducement. Id. Pilot Life argued that Dedeaux's state law claims were preempted by ERISA. After discussing the legislative history of ERISA and emphasizing its broad preemptive intent, the Supreme Court held that Dedeaux's state law claims were preempted and that the insurance savings clause did not apply to the claims. The Court did not hesitate in its conclusion that Dedeaux's common law causes of action, "each based on alleged improper processing of a claim for benefits under an employee benefit plan, undoubtedly meet the criteria for pre-emption under Section(s) 514(a)." Id. at 48, 107 S.Ct. at 1553.

In Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon, 498 U.S. 133, 111 S.Ct. 478, 112 L.Ed.2d 474 (1990), an employee brought a state law action against his employer alleging that the employer had wrongfully terminated him in order to avoid contributing to, or paying benefits under, the employee's pension plan. The Court found that the employee's claim was preempted under ERISA. Id. at 142, 111 S.Ct. at 484. In discussing whether the claim "relates to" an employee benefit plan covered by ERISA, the Court stated that:

[I]n order to prevail, a plaintiff must plead, and the court must find, that an ERISA plan exists and the employer has a pension-defeating motive in terminating the employment. Because the court's inquiry must be directed to the plan, this judicially created cause of action "relate[s] to" an ERISA plan.

Id. at 140, 111 S.Ct. at 483.

In 1995, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in New York Conference of Blue Cross Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 1671, 131 L.Ed.2d 695 (1995) (hereinafter "New York Blues "). The issue in New York Blues was whether ERISA "pre-empts the state provisions for surcharges on bills of patients whose commercial insurance coverage is purchased by employee health-care plans governed by ERISA, and for surcharges on [health maintenance organizations (HMOs)] insofar as their membership fees are paid by an ERISA plan." Id. at ___, 115 S.Ct. at 1673-74. The district court in the case had determined that the New York surcharge law was preempted by ERISA because the surcharges would affect commercial insurers and HMOs, and, therefore, indirectly affect ERISA plans by increasing plan costs. Id. at ___, 115 S.Ct. at 1675. The Second Circuit affirmed the decision of the district court and cited Shaw v. Delta Air Lines and Ingersoll-Rand v. McClendon in support of its finding of broad preemption. See Travelers Ins. Co. v. Cuomo, 14 F.3d 708, 717-19 (2d Cir. 1993), rev'd, ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 1671, 131 L.Ed.2d 695 (1995).

The Supreme Court rejected the conclusions of the Second Circuit and essentially turned the tide on the expansion of the preemption doctrine:

The governing text of ERISA is clearly expansive. . . . If "relate to" were taken to extend to the furthest stretch of its indeterminacy, then for all practical purposes pre-emption would never run its course, for "[r]eally, universally, relations stop nowhere," H. James, Roderick Hudson xli (New York ed., World's Classics 1980). But that, of course, would be to read Congress's words of limitation as a mere sham, and to read the presumption against pre-emption out of the law whenever Congress speaks to the matter with generality. That said, we have to recognize that our prior attempt to construe the phrase "relate to" does not give us much help drawing the line here.

Id. at ___, 115 S.Ct. 1677. The Court next cited the often-quoted language in Shaw that defined a law "relat[ing] to" an employee benefit plan as one that "`has a connection with or reference to such a plan.'" Id. at ___, 115 S.Ct. 1677 (quoting Shaw, 463 U.S. at 96-97, 103 S.Ct. at 2900). After acknowledging that the statute in question made no reference to an employee benefit plan, the Court hinged its analysis on interpreting the phrase "connection with" from Shaw. The Court then stated:

But this still leaves us to question whether the surcharge laws have a "connection with" the ERISA plans, and here an uncritical literalism is no more help than in trying to construe "relate to." For the same reasons that infinite relations cannot be the measure of pre-emption, neither can infinite connections. We simply must go beyond the unhelpful text and the frustrating difficulty of defining its key term, and look instead to the objectives of the ERISA statute as a guide to the scope of the state law that Congress understood would survive.

Id. at ___, 115 S.Ct. at 1677. The Court went on to reason that a reading of the preemption provision that is so broad as to displace "all state laws affecting costs and charges on the theory that they indirectly relate to ERISA plans . . . would effectively read the limiting language in Section(s) 514(a) out of the statute. . . ." Id. at ___, 115 S.Ct. at 1679. This conclusion, the Court stated, would contradict the "basic principles of statutory interpretation" and would go against the Court's prior determination that a state law is not preempted when the law has too tenuous a connection with the ERISA plan. Id. at ___, 115 S.Ct. at 1679-80. The Court concluded:

While Congress's extension of pre-emption to all "state laws relating to benefit plans" was meant to sweep more broadly than "state laws dealing with the subject matters covered by ERISA[,] reporting, disclosure, fiduciary responsibility, and the like," Shaw, 463 U.S., at 98, and n. 19, 103 S.Ct. at 2900, and n. 19, nothing in the language of the Act or the context of its passage indicates that Congress chose to displace general health care regulation, which historically has been a matter of local concern. . . .

Id. at ___, 115 S.Ct. at 1679-80 (citations omitted).

C. Application to Morstein's Claims

While the narrow holding in New York Blues, i.e., state laws that govern general health care regulation and affect ERISA plans only by means of indirect economic effects are not preempted, is not particularly relevant to the instant case, the broad guidance that the Court gave in analyzing a state law is helpful. Using the analysis outlined by the Supreme Court in New York Blues, we look to see whether the state law claims brought by Morstein have a "connection with" the ERISA plan. To determine that, we examine whether the claims brought fit within the scope of state law that Congress understood would survive ERISA.

The Fifth Circuit has found that Congress did not intend for ERISA preemption to extend to state law tort claims brought against an insurance agent. Perkins v. Time Ins. Co., 898 F.2d 470, 473 (5th Cir. 1990). Such preemption, reasoned the Fifth Circuit, would "immunize agents from personal liability for their solicitation of potential participants in an ERISA plan prior to its formation." Id. We now adopt the rationale of the Fifth Circuit as stated in Perkins and hold that when a state law claim brought against a non-ERISA entity does not affect relations among principal ERISA entities as such, then it is not preempted by ERISA. To the extent that any of our prior opinions differ from this holding, they should be deemed overruled.

Morstein is a plan beneficiary who is bringing a suit against the insurance agency and agent who allegedly fraudulently induced her to change benefit plans. The insurance agent and agency are not ERISA entities. ERISA entities are the employer, the plan, the plan fiduciaries, and the beneficiaries under the plan. See Travitz v. Northeast Dept. ILGWU Health Welfare Fund, 13 F.3d 704, 709 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 114 S.Ct. 2165, 128 L.Ed.2d 888 (1994); Sommers Drug Stores v. Corrigan Enters., Inc., 793 F.2d 1456, 1467 (5th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1034, 107 S.Ct. 884, 93 L.Ed.2d 837 (1987). Hankins and the Shaw Agency had no control over the payment of benefits or a determination of Morstein's rights under the plan.

In Variety Children's Hosp., Inc. v. Century Medical Health Plan, Inc., 57 F.3d 1040 (11th Cir. 1995), we held that state law fraud claims can be intertwined with benefit plans "where state law claims of fraud and misrepresentation are based upon the failure of a covered plan to pay benefits, the state law claims have a nexus with the ERISA plan and its benefits system." Id. at 1042. In Variety, the action was brought by a hospital, via an assignment of the claims of the parents of the beneficiary, against the plan itself and alleged that the plan had engaged in fraud and misrepresentation by allegedly denying coverage of an experimental bone marrow transplant performed at the hospital. Id. These claims involved ERISA entities, the beneficiary (before assignment), and the plan, and the state law claims were based on an interpretation of the plan's terms. When a state law claim involves the reliance on an insurer's promise that a particular treatment is fully covered under a policy, however, a claim of promissory estoppel is not "related to" the benefits plan. See Variety at 1043 n. 5.

Although the remedy sought may affect the plan in that Morstein's damages (should she successfully prevail on her claims) against Hankins and/or the Shaw Agency may be measured based on what she would have received under her old plan, such indirect relation between a beneficiary and the plan is not enough for preemption. Forbus, 30 F.3d at 1406-67 (noting that "the mere fact that the plaintiffs' damages may be affected by a calculation of pension benefits is not sufficient to warrant preemption"); see also Smith v. Texas Children's Hosp., 84 F.3d 152, 155 (5th Cir. 1996). The Supreme Court in New York Blues made it clear that economic impact alone is not necessarily enough to preempt a state law. New York Blues, ___ U.S. at ___, 115 S.Ct. at 1683. Therefore, the possibility that insurance premiums will be higher or that insurance will be more difficult to obtain because independent agents will have less incentive to sell insurance to employers whose employee benefit plans will be governed by ERISA, does not provide a reason to preempt state laws that place liability on agents for fraud. These same agents currently face the threat of state tort claims if they make fraudulent misrepresentations to individuals and entities not governed by ERISA. To hold these agents accountable in the same way when making representations about an ERISA plan merely levels the playing field.

Allowing preemption of a fraud claim against an individual insurance agent will not serve Congress's purpose for ERISA. As discussed above, Congress enacted ERISA to protect the interests of employees and other beneficiaries of employee benefit plans. See Shaw, 463 U.S. at 90, 103 S.Ct. at 2896. To immunize insurance agents from personal liability for fraudulent misrepresentation regarding ERISA plans would not promote this objective. If ERISA preempts a beneficiary's potential cause of action for misrepresentation, employees, beneficiaries, and employers choosing among various plans will no longer be able to rely on the representations of the insurance agent regarding the terms of the plan. These employees, whom Congress sought to protect, will find themselves unable to make informed choices regarding available benefit plans where state law places the duty on agents to deal honestly with applicants.

III. CONCLUSION

Morstein challenges the district court's conclusion that her state law claims against an independent insurance agent and his agency for fraudulent inducement to purchase and negligence in processing her application for an ERISA — governed insurance plan are preempted by section 514(a) of ERISA. We conclude that these claims do not fall within ERISA's broad preemptive scope, as they do not have a sufficient connection with the plan to "relate to" the plan. Accordingly, the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Hankins and the Shaw Agency is REVERSED.