OPINION

NOEL L. HILLMAN, District Judge

This case concerns defendants' use of plaintiff's copyrighted photographs, and it raises issues of first impression with regard to foreign copyrighted works posted on the Internet, as well as methods of service under the Hague Convention. Defendants have moved to dismiss plaintiff's claims under the United States Copyright Act for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, defendant Erwan Leygues has moved to dismiss plaintiff's claims against him for lack of personal jurisdiction, and both individual defendants have moved to dismiss plaintiff's claims for improper service. For the reasons expressed below, all of defendants' motions will be denied.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff, Håkan Moberg, is a professional photographer living in Sweden. In 1993, he created a series of photographs of a woman, titled "Urban Gregorian I-IX." Plaintiff is the owner and exclusive copyright holder of these photographs. The photographs were first published in 2004 on a German website, blaugallery.com, which is an online art shop that offers copies of the works for sale as canvas prints stretched over a wooden framework. Each of the Urban Gregorian photographs attributed the works to plaintiff.

At some point prior to December 2007, five of plaintiff's photographs were posted on the websites dynamicfactory.us, flashtemplate.us and myflashxml.com. These websites sell website design templates, which customers purchase to avoid the costs associated with hiring a professional web developer to design their websites from the ground up. Once a customer purchases the template, the customer uploads its own graphics, pictures, and text. The websites dynamicfactory.us and myflashxml.com are registered to 33T LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, with a registered office in Delaware. Defendant Cedric Leygues is also a registrant for dynamicfactory.us and myflashxml.com, and the sole operator and manager of 33T, responsible for the day-to-day operation of these websites. Erwan Leygues is the registrant for flashtemplate.us and responsible for the day-to-day operation of that website. Cedric Leygues and Erwan Leygues are citizens of, and reside in, France.

From at least December 2007 through March 2008, these websites displayed the Urban Gregorian images. In March 2008, plaintiff's attorney contacted Cedric Leygues and 33T regarding their unauthorized use of plaintiff's photographs, and demanded that they cease their use. When plaintiff filed his complaint in September 2008, some of his images had been removed, but others still remained. Plaintiff claims that defendants have violated the United States Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 501 et seq., and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 ("DMCA"), 17 U.S.C. § 1201 et seq.

Defendants have moved for the dismissal of these claims on several bases: (1) all defendants argue that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear plaintiff's Copyright Act claims; (2) both Leygues defendants contend that plaintiff has failed to properly serve them, and therefore the claims against them must be dismissed; and (3) defendant Erwan Leygues contends that all the claims against him must be dismissed because this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over him. Plaintiff has opposed defendants' motion.

DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction

B. Analysis

1. Whether this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to consider plaintiff's Copyright Act claims

In order for this Court to have subject matter jurisdiction over a plaintiff's Copyright Act claim for an alleged infringement of a "United States work," the work must be registered according to the provisions in the Copyright Act. 17 U.S.C. § 411(a) ("[N]o civil action for infringement of the copyright in any United States work shall be instituted until preregistration or registration of the copyright claim has been made in accordance with this title."). Defendants contend that plaintiff's Urban Gregorian photographs are "United States works," which plaintiff has failed to register. Because plaintiff's works are not registered, this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear plaintiff's Copyright Act claims against them.

What appears to be a simple premise actually joins an issue of first impression not addressed by any court. Defendants contend that plaintiff's photographs, which were created undisputably outside the United States, are United States works because when they were posted on a German website, they were "published" simultaneously in Germany and in the United States. 17 U.S.C. § 101 ("[A] work is a 'United States work' only if — (1) in the case of a published work, the work is first published — . . . (B) simultaneously in the United States and another treaty party or parties, whose law grants a term of copyright protection that is the same as or longer than the term provided in the United States."). Defendants argue that it is "well settled that Internet publications are published everywhere simultaneously, regardless of the location of the server hosting the website." (Def. Br. at 7.) Therefore, because the posting of a photograph on a website simultaneously "publishes" the photograph "everywhere," including the United States, it is a "United States work," and as such, it must be registered prior to filing suit for infringement.

Plaintiff does not dispute that he has never registered his photographs in the United States. He contends, however, that defendants' premise is flawed because the posting of a photograph on a foreign country's website does not publish it simultaneously in the United States so as to transform the work into a "United States work." Because it is not a "United States work" as contemplated by our law, plaintiff argues that he is not required to follow the registration requirement of § 411(a) in order for this Court to have subject matter jurisdiction over his Copyright Act claims. The Court agrees with plaintiff, because, as explained below, the acceptance of defendants' position would overextend and pervert the United States copyright laws, and would be contrary to the Berne Convention.

As a primary matter, despite defendants' statement that it is "well settled" that "Internet publications are published everywhere simultaneously," the issue is far from settled. The two cases that defendants cite to support that proposition only make the observation that the Internet is located in no particular geographical location and it is available to anyone worldwide. (Def. Br. at 7, citing Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844, 849, 117 S.Ct. 2329, 138 L.Ed.2d 874 (1997) (describing the Internet generally in the context of a challenge to the constitutionality of state statutes enacted to protect minors from "indecent" and "patently offensive" communications on the Internet) and Nitke v. Gonzales, 413 F.Supp.2d 262, 264 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (discussing the breadth of the Internet generally in the context of a constitutional challenge to the Communications Decency Act of 1996, which its obscenity provisions make it a crime to knowingly transmit obscenity by means of the Internet to a minor)). Indeed, defendants' citation to these cases, and not to any case that directly supports their proposition, evidences the lack of any court's consideration of the issue, let alone a consensus on it. Thus, in a case of first impression, this Court must consider the correlation between the posting of foreign copyrighted works on a foreign website and the copyright holder's ability to file suit for infringement in the United States pursuant to the United States Copyright Act.

Even though no court has addressed the issue, plaintiff has presented one legal scholar who has recognized the situation presented here. In his law journal article, Toward a Functional Definition of Publication in Copyright Law, 92 Minn. L. Rev. 1724, 1749 (2008), Thomas Cotter considered, inter alia, the interrelation between the Copyright Act, the Berne Convention, and the Internet, and what constitutes "publication." First, Professor Cotter explains that "in 1988, the United States acceded to the 1971 Paris Act of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, an international copyright treaty that, among other things, reflects an unfavorable view of copyright formalities." Cotter, supra, at 1730-31. The effect of the United States' accession to the Convention "is to exempt works the country of origin of which is not the United States from the registration requirement." Id. at 1743. Thus, at first blush, it appears that because plaintiff's photographs did not originate in the United States, they are not subject to the registration requirement, and such a formality is not a prerequisite to suit.

Professor Cotter explains, however, that the determination of the country of origin is not so simple, as that determination hinges on whether the work is "published," and, if so, where the work is published. For published works, under the Berne Convention, "[t]he country of origin shall be considered to be: (a) in the case of works first published in a country of the Union, that country; in the case of works published simultaneously in several countries of the Union which grant different terms of protection, the country whose legislation grants the shortest term of protection. . . ." Berne Convention, art. 5(4). The United States Copyright Act mimics this language: "[A] work is a 'United States work' only if — (1) in the case of a published work, the work is first published — . . . (B) simultaneously in the United States and another treaty party or parties, whose law grants a term of copyright protection that is the same as or longer than the term provided in the United States." 17 U.S.C. § 101. For unpublished works, the Berne Convention provides, "in the case of unpublished works . . . the country of the Union of which the author is a national." Berne Convention, art. 5(4)(c). The United States Copyright Act provides, "[A] work is a 'United States work' only if — . . . in the case of an unpublished work, all the authors of the work are nationals, domiciliaries, or habitual residents of the United States." 17 U.S.C. § 101.

Thus, the determination of whether plaintiff's photographs are United States works depends on the resolution of two issues: (1) whether the posting of plaintiff's photographs on the Internet is considered "publishing," and, if so, (2) whether "publishing" on the Internet causes the photographs to be published only in the country where the Internet site is located, or in every country around the world simultaneously.

Under the United States Copyright Act, "publication" means "the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication." 17 U.S.C. § 101. The Berne Convention provides, "The expression 'published works' means works published with the consent of their authors, whatever may be the means of manufacture of the copies, provided that the availability of such copies has been such as to satisfy the reasonable requirements of the public, having regard to the nature of the work. The performance of a dramatic, dramatico-musical, cinematographic or musical work, the public recitation of a literary work, the communication by wire or the broadcasting of literary or artistic works, the exhibition of a work of art and the construction of a work of architecture shall not constitute publication." Berne Convention, art. 3.

Professor Cotter explains that the question of whether an Internet posting constitutes publication under U.S. law and the Berne Convention remains unresolved. Cotter, supra, at 1749. Equating Internet postings with publication presents numerous issues, which are outlined by Professor Cotter. Id. at 1787-88 (summing up that "[o]n balance, despite some common-sense appeal to the notion that works transmitted over the Internet are necessarily published, and despite a plausible textual basis for reaching this result, it is hardly obvious that this result would be desirable"). The Court does not need to delve into yet another unsettled issue, however, because even assuming that the German website "published" plaintiff's photographs, the Court holds that as a matter of U.S. statutory law the photographs were not published simultaneously in the United States.

As mentioned above, defendants argue that because plaintiff's photographs were posted on a website, and because those photographs were visible instantaneously all over the world, they were published in not only Germany, but also the United States. This simultaneous publishing, defendants contend, subjected plaintiff to the formalities of the United States Copyright Act registration requirements, and those formalities must have been met prior to his ability to file suit against defendants for their infringement of his copyrighted works. As also mentioned above, however, this argument is untenable.

First, the proposition that publishing a work on a website automatically, instantaneously, and simultaneously causes that work to be published everywhere in the world, so that the copyright holder is subjected to the formalities of the copyright laws of every country which has such laws is contrary to the purpose of the Berne Convention. "The overarching purpose of the Berne Convention is to provide protection to authors whose works will be published in many countries." Christopher Sprigman, Reform(aliz)ing Copyright, 57 Stan. L. Rev. 485, 544 (2004). "Berne's proscription of mandatory formalities is a rational response to the difficulty of complying (and maintaining compliance) with differently administered formalities that may have been, absent the Convention, imposed in dozens of national systems, some with registries, some without, and none of which shares information." Id. (explaining that "[e]vidence for this view can be found in the origins of the Berne Convention"). Thus, if the publishing of plaintiff's photographs on the German website simultaneously caused them to be published in the United States, and such publication transformed the work into a United States work, plaintiff would be subjected to the very formalities that the Berne Convention eschews. To hold otherwise would require an artist to survey all the copyright laws throughout the world, determine what requirements exist as pre-conditions to suits in those countries should one of its citizens infringe on the artist's rights, and comply with those formalities, all prior to posting any copyrighted image on the Internet. The Berne Convention was formed, in part, to prevent exactly this result.

Second, also based on the purpose of the Convention to constitute "a Union for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works," Berne Convention art. 1, the transformation of plaintiff's photographs into United States works simply by posting them on the Internet would allow American citizens to infringe on foreign copyrighted works without fear of legal retribution, since the majority of foreign works are never registered in America. While not all Americans would exploit such an advantage, the misappropriation of intellectual property remains a significant problem and there is no principled reason why domestic users should be able to act with such impunity.

Third, the United States copyright laws, in accord with the Berne Convention, provide for protection of foreign works in the United States without requiring the artists to undertake any formalities in the United States. See 17 U.S.C. § 408(a) (2000) ("[R]egistration is not a condition of copyright protection."); Kuklachev v. Gelfman, 600 F.Supp.2d 437, 473 (E.D.N.Y. 2009) (citing Muchnick v. Thomson Corp., 509 F.3d 116, 133 (2d Cir. 2007)) ("Under the clear language of the statute, which refers only to 'any United States work,' foreign works originating in countries party to the Berne Convention need not comply with § 411."); Cotter, supra, at 1743-44, (explaining that "U.S. copyright subsists in unpublished works . . . from the moment of creation, wherever those works happen to be created. Upon publication, . . . U.S. copyright continues to subsist in the work . . . if, "on the date of first publication, one or more of the authors is a national or domiciliary of the United States, or is a national, domiciliary, or sovereign authority of a treaty party, or is a stateless person, wherever that person may be domiciled""). The adoption of defendants' point of view would be contrary to that law.

Here, plaintiff is a citizen of Sweden, who enlisted a German art gallery to sell his copyrighted photographs. That German art gallery advertised the sale of plaintiff's photographs on the Internet by posting an image of each of the photographs for sale. According to plaintiff's complaint, a United States company and two French citizens who purportedly operate U.S. websites digitally copied those images, and without authorization used those images on their websites. To require plaintiff to register his photographs in the United States prior to initiating suit against a United States company and the registrants of U.S.-based websites for their violation of United States law, which protects plaintiff's copyrights, would flout United States law and the international union the U.S. has joined voluntarily. Therefore, the Court finds that plaintiff's photographs are not "United States works," and, accordingly, his copyright infringement claims may stand without registration of the photographs.

2. Whether plaintiff properly effected service on the individual French defendants

The individual defendants, Cedric Leygues and Erwan Leygues, contend that plaintiff has failed to properly serve them, and therefore, all claims against them should be dismissed pursuant to Federal Civil Procedure Rule 12(b)(5). Plaintiff argues that he has effected proper service, but if it is determined that service has not been sufficient, he requests that the Court quash his first attempts at service and permit him to re-serve the defendants.

The Federal Rules, in conjunction with the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents, outline methods of serving individuals in a foreign country. Rule 4(f) provides that a foreign individual may be served at a place not within any judicial district of the United States:

(1) by any internationally agreed means of service that is reasonably calculated to give notice, such as those authorized by the Hague Convention []; (2) if there is no internationally agreed means, or if an international agreement allows but does not specify other means, by a method that is reasonably calculated to give notice: (A) as prescribed by the foreign country's law for service in that country in an action in its courts of general jurisdiction; (B) as the foreign authority directs in response to a letter rogatory or letter of request; or (C) unless prohibited by the foreign country's law, by: (i) delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the individual personally; or (ii) using any form of mail that the clerk addresses and sends to the individual and that requires a signed receipt; or (3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement, as the court orders.

Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(f).

Plaintiff undertook service of the French defendants via certified mail. Plaintiff obtained the address of defendants from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ("ICANN"), which lists defendants' website registrations. Two registered letters sent to Erwan Leygues were both returned to plaintiff's counsel as "unclaimed." One registered letter sent to Cedric Leygues was never returned, and the second registered letter sent to him was returned to plaintiff's counsel as "unclaimed." Plaintiff's counsel has filed three Affidavits of Non-Receipt of Notice as to both defendants. (Docket Nos. 9, 11, 16.)

There is support in case law that a French citizen may be properly served by mail. Research Systems Corp. v. IPSOS Publicite, 276 F.3d 914, 926 (7th Cir. 2002) (finding that service by simple certified mail is a method permitted by Article 10(a) of the Hague Convention, so long as the foreign country does not object, and France has not objected); Ramirez De Arellano v. Colloides Naturels Intern., 236 F.R.D. 83, 87 (D.Puerto Rico 2006) (finding that the "French Republic has acquiesced to service of judicial documents pursuant to Article 10 of the Convention which allows a plaintiff to serve process in one of three alternate methods, to wit []: 1) by sending a judicial document, by postal channels, directly to persons abroad . . ."). Further, the service rules of Delaware, which are applied in federal court, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(e)(1), contemplate the situation where a defendant has refused to claim a properly addressed and timely served certified letter. 10 Del. C. § 3104(h)(2) ("The return receipt or other official proof of delivery shall constitute presumptive evidence that the notice mailed was received by the defendant or the defendant's agent; and the notation of refusal shall constitute presumptive evidence that the refusal was by the defendant or the defendant's agent."); Franklin v. Millsboro Nursing Rehabilitation Center, Inc., 1997 WL 363950, *6 (Del.Super. 1997) (stating that once a plaintiff becomes aware that his initial notice has not been received he may elect to prove nonreceipt by filing a § 3104(g) affidavit, but subjects himself to the alternate procedure set forth in § 3104(d) which requires the sending of a notice to the defendant not later than seven days after filing the proof of non-receipt with the Court); Meyer and Meyer, Inc. v. Durme, 2000 WL 33653417, *1 (Del.Com.Pl. 2000) (explaining that 10 Del. C. § 9524 allows service to be effected by certified mail and that a judgment be entered pursuant to subsection 9524(b)(2) for unclaimed or refused mail).

Defendants filed their motion to dismiss prior to plaintiff's filing of the Affidavits of Non-Receipt. Since then, defendants have not disputed that they live at the address plaintiff sent the registered letters to, nor do they dispute that plaintiff has followed Delaware law concerning unclaimed service. Defendants further do not dispute that France or the Hague Convention allows for service by certified mail, and they do not indicate what method of service plaintiff must otherwise utilize. Most tellingly, defendants do not claim that they have never refused certified letters from plaintiff. As contemplated by the Delaware service rules, a defendant cannot simply ignore a registered letter to avoid service of a complaint against him.

Here, however, where mail is sent abroad to foreign defendants through multiple postal channels, issues of due process and comity under the Hague Convention are implicated. Indeed, plaintiff's counsel represents that one registered letter has become untraceable. Even in those cases where process has not been properly served on a defendant, "district courts possess broad discretion to either dismiss the plaintiff's complaint for failure to effect service or to simply quash service of process." Umbenhauer v. Woog, 969 F.2d 25, 30 (3d Cir. 1992). Dismissal of a complaint is inappropriate, however, when there exists a reasonable prospect that service may yet be obtained, and "in such instances, the district court should, at most, quash service, leaving the plaintiffs free to effect proper service." Id. Therefore, under the unique circumstances presented here, the Court will quash plaintiff's prior attempts at service, and direct that he accomplish service pursuant to the other avenues available to him. 3. Whether this Court can exercise personal jurisdiction over defendant Erwan Leygues

Defendant Erwan Leygues has also moved to dismiss plaintiff's claims against him for lack of personal jurisdiction. Jurisdiction under a state's long arm statute is measured by the defendant's specific contacts with the state. A court can exercise jurisdiction over an out-ofstate defendant only if it purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985). To prove that a defendant has purposefully availed itself of that state, a plaintiff may rely upon a defendant's specific contacts with the forum state, and specific jurisdiction is invoked when a claim is related to or arises of out the defendant's contacts with the forum. Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 416, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984). In assessing the sufficiency of minimum contacts for personal jurisdiction, the court must focus on the "relationship among the defendant, the forum and the litigation." Keeton v. Hustler, 465 U.S. 770, 104 S.Ct. 1473, 79 L.Ed.2d 790 (1984).

If a defendant does not have specific contacts with the state, a court may exercise general jurisdiction if the defendant has maintained "continuous and systematic contacts" with the forum state. Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 416, 104 S.Ct. 1868. To establish general jurisdiction the plaintiff must show significantly more than mere minimum contacts with the forum state. Provident Nat'l Bank v. California Fed. Sav. Loan Ass'n, 819 F.2d 434, 437 (3d Cir. 1987).

Once minimum contacts have been established, a court may inquire whether "the assertion of personal jurisdiction would comport with 'fair play and substantial justice.'" Burger King Corporation, 471 U.S. at 476, 105 S.Ct. 2174 (citations omitted). For personal jurisdiction to comport with "fair play and substantial justice," it must be reasonable to require the defendant to defend the suit in the forum state. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 292, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980).

If personal jurisdiction is contested, the plaintiff bears the burden to produce actual evidence, through sworn affidavits or other competent evidence, and not through bare pleadings alone, of the defendant's contacts with the forum. Id. (citing Time Share Vacation Club v. Atlantic Resorts, Ltd., 735 F.2d 61, 66 and n. 9 (3d Cir. 1984)). When the court does not hold an evidentiary hearing on a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, however, "the plaintiff need only establish a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction," Miller Yacht Sales, Inc. v. Smith, 384 F.3d 93, 97 (3d Cir. 2004), and the court must accept the plaintiff's evidence as true and resolve all disputed facts and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor. Id.

Here, Delaware's long arm statute provides,

As to a cause of action brought by any person arising from any of the acts enumerated in this section, a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over any nonresident, or a personal representative, who in person or through an agent:

(1) Transacts any business or performs any character of work or service in the State;

(2) Contracts to supply services or things in this State;

(3) Causes tortious injury in the State by an act or omission in this State;

(4) Causes tortious injury in the State or outside of the State by an act or omission outside the State if the person regularly does or solicits business, engages in any other persistent course of conduct in the State or derives substantial revenue from services, or things used or consumed in the State;

(5) Has an interest in, uses or possesses real property in the State; or

(6) Contracts to insure or act as surety for, or on, any person, property, risk, contract, obligation or agreement located, executed or to be performed within the State at the time the contract is made, unless the parties otherwise provide in writing.

Erwan Leygues argues that plaintiff's complaint merely parrots the language in § 3104(c)(1) and that plaintiff's complaint is devoid of any allegations that demonstrate that he actually transacts business in Delaware. Accordingly, Erwan Leygues argues that plaintiff has failed to establish specific jurisdiction over him. Additionally, Erwan Leygues argues that he has no connection with Delaware whatsoever, and therefore general jurisdiction is lacking as well. Moreover, Erwan Leygues argues that the exercise of personal jurisdiction over him would not comport with fair play and substantial justice.

Erwan Leygues' arguments are unavailing at this time. In the Third Circuit, even though "the mere operation of a commercially interactive web site should not subject the operator to jurisdiction anywhere in the world," "[i]f a defendant web site operator intentionally targets the site to the forum state, and/or knowingly conducts business with forum state residents via the site, then the 'purposeful availment' requirement is satisfied." Toys "R" Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A, 318 F.3d 446, 452, 454 (3d Cir. 2003). In his complaint and opposition brief, plaintiff provides evidence that Erwan Leygues is the registrant for the website flashtemplate.us, and that the website is available to Delaware residents. (Compl. ¶ 5 Ex. 7; Pl. Br. at Ex. 2.) Plaintiff has not provided evidence, however, that by maintaining a website that is available in Delaware, Erwan Leygues has specifically targeted and conducted business with Delaware citizens.

The same issue arose in Toys "R" Us. There, the court found that Toys "R" Us failed to satisfy the purposeful availment requirement because the defendant's "web sites, while commercial and interactive, do not appear to have been designed or intended to reach customers in New Jersey"; the defendant's "web sites are entirely in Spanish; prices for its merchandise are in pesetas or Euros, and merchandise can be shipped only to addresses within Spain. Most important, none of the portions of [the defendant's] web sites are designed to accommodate addresses within the United States." Toys "R" Us, 318 F.3d at 454. The court recognized, however, that "any information regarding [defendant's] intent vis-a-vis its Internet business and regarding other related contacts is known by [defendant], and can be learned by Toys only through discovery." Id. at 455. Accordingly, the court found that the district court erred when it denied Toys "R" Us the benefit of jurisdictional discovery.

In this case, Erwan Leygues's website is in English and customers can purchase the website templates in U.S. dollars. Indeed, the address for the website contains a ".us" domain name, which "is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States, established in 1985[, and] [r]egistrants of .us domains must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States." See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us; see also http://www.nic.us/faqs/index.html#what_is_dotus. Thus, in contrast to Toys "R" Us, it is evident that Erwan Leygues, through his website, is targeting United States customers. It is not clear, however, whether Erwan Leygues has targeted Delaware specifically because only Erwan Leygues holds that information. Accordingly, pursuant to the guidance of Toys "R" Us, the Court will deny defendant's motion without prejudice and direct the parties to undertake jurisdictional discovery limited to determining Erwan Leygues's website's contacts with Delaware. Following the completion of that discovery, the Court will then determine whether personal jurisdiction exists over Erwan Leygues.

CONCLUSION

ORDER

For the reasons expressed in the Court's Opinion filed today,

IT IS HEREBY on this 6th day of October, 2009

ORDERED that defendants' motion to dismiss [7] is DENIED; and it is further

ORDERED that, consistent with the Opinion and within 45 days, plaintiff shall re-serve the individual defendants, and plaintiff and defendant Erwan Leygues shall undertake jurisdictional discovery.