PER CURIAM.

Bill Schuette, Attorney General, John J. Bursch, Solicitor General, Richard A. Bandstra, Chief Legal Counsel, and Scott L. Damich, Assistant Attorney General, for Department of Treasury, State Treasurer, and State of Michigan. Bodman PLC, Detroit (by Joseph J. Shannon), and Akerman Senterfitt (by Peter O. Larsen, Michael J. Bowen, and David E. Otero), for Menard, Inc.; Sears, Roebuck and Co., Art Van Furniture–Conner, Inc., and Art Van Furniture, Inc.
Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and FITZGERALD and O'CONNELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

In these consolidated appeals, the issue presented is whether plaintiffs, as retailers,are entitled to a refund pursuant to the bad debt provision, MCL 205.54i, of Michigan's General Sales Tax Act (GSTA), MCL 205.51 et seq. , when the losses were incurred by a third-party financing company. We conclude that plaintiffs are not entitled to the refunds under the bad debt provision, and, in each action, summary disposition in favor of defendants is proper.

I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In these cases, plaintiffs, as retailers, entered into agreements with financing companies to issue private label credit cards (PLCC). When a customer made a purchase with a PLCC, the retailer remitted the sales tax to the treasury department. In accordance with the terms of the agreements between the retailer and the financing companies, the retailer received reimbursement for the purchase and the applicable sales tax. When the customers failed to pay the amounts owed on their PLCC, the financing company wrote off the bad debts. However, plaintiffs, as the retailers, also sought a refund from the treasury department of the sales tax attributable to the bad debt amount. Defendants asserted that plaintiffs were not entitled to a refund of the sales tax because they did not fulfill the requirements of MCL 205.54i(1)(a). Plaintiffs argued that their actions, coupled with the actions of the lender, qualified for the bad debt deduction of MCL 205.54i(1)(a) pursuant to the decision in DaimlerChrysler Servs. North America, LLC v. Dep't of Treasury, 271 Mich.App. 625, 723 N.W.2d 569 (2006), superseded by statute as recognized in GMAC LLC v. Dep't of Treasury, 286 Mich.App. 365, 374, 781 N.W.2d 310 (2009). Pursuant to the plain language of MCL 205.54i, as amended by 2007 PA 105, and the rules governing taxation, we hold that plaintiffs are not entitled to the refund.

II. RULES REGARDING STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION

A trial court's ruling regarding a motion for summary disposition presents a question of law subject to review de novo. Titan Ins. Co. v. Hyten, 491 Mich. 547, 553, 817 N.W.2d 562 (2012). The interpretation and application of a statute presents a question of law that the appellate court reviews de novo. Whitman v. City of Burton, 493 Mich. 303, 311, 831 N.W.2d 223 (2013). The judiciary's objective when interpreting a statute is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Id. Once the intent of the Legislature is discovered, it must prevail regardless of any rule of statutory constructionto the contrary. In re Certified Question, 433 Mich. 710, 722, 449 N.W.2d 660 (1989). First, the court examines the most reliable evidence of the Legislature's intent, the language of the statute itself. Whitman, 493 Mich. at 311, 831 N.W.2d 223. “When construing statutory language, [the court] must read the statute as a whole and in its grammatical context, giving each and every word its plain and ordinary meaning unless otherwise defined.” In re Receivership of 11910 South Francis Rd., 492 Mich. 208, 222, 821 N.W.2d 503 (2012). Effect must be given to every word, phrase, and clause in a statute, and the court must avoid a construction that would render part of the statute surplusage or nugatory. Johnson v. Recca, 492 Mich. 169, 177, 821 N.W.2d 520 (2012). “If the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, the statute must be enforced as written and no further judicial construction is permitted.” Whitman, 493 Mich. at 311, 831 N.W.2d 223. “Generally, when language is included in one section of a statute but omitted from another section, it is presumed that the drafters acted intentionally and purposely in their inclusion or exclusion.” People v. Peltola, 489 Mich. 174, 185, 803 N.W.2d 140 (2011). The courts may not read into the statute a requirement that the Legislature has seen fit to omit. In re Hurd–Marvin Drain, 331 Mich. 504, 509, 50 N.W.2d 143 (1951); Mich. Basic Prop. Ins. Ass'n v. Office of Fin. & Ins. Regulation, 288 Mich.App. 552, 560, 808 N.W.2d 456 (2010). “When the Legislature fails to address a concern in the statute with a specific provision, the courts cannot insert a provision simply because it would have been wise of the Legislature to do so to effect the statute's purpose.” Mich. Basic Prop. Ins. Ass'n, 288 Mich.App. at 560, 808 N.W.2d 456 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Statutes that address the same subject matter or share a common purpose are in pari materia and must be read collectively as one law, even when there is no reference to one another. Maple Grove Twp. v. Misteguay Creek Intercounty Drain Bd., 298 Mich.App. 200, 212, 828 N.W.2d 459 (2012). “The word ‘or’ generally refers to a choice or alternative between two or more things.” Auto–Owners Ins. Co. v. Stenberg Bros., Inc., 227 Mich.App. 45, 50, 575 N.W.2d 79 (1997).

III. RULES REGARDING TAXATION, DEDUCTION, AND EXEMPTION

State legislatures have great discretionary latitude in formulating taxes. The legislature must determine all question of State necessity, discretion or policy in ordering a tax and in apportioning it. And the judicial tribunals of the State have no concern with the policy of State taxation determined by the legislature. [In re Request for Advisory Opinion Regarding Constitutionality of 2011 PA 38, 490 Mich. 295, 308, 806 N.W.2d 683 (2011) (quotation marks and citations omitted).]
When interpreting a tax statute, the power to tax must be expressly stated, not inferred. Mich. Bell Tel. Co. v. Dep't of Treasury, 445 Mich. 470, 477, 518 N.W.2d 808 (1994); Ameritech Publishing, Inc. v. Dep't of Treasury, 281 Mich.App. 132, 136, 761 N.W.2d 470 (2008). “Tax laws will not be extended in scope by implication or forced construction.” Ameritech Publishing, Inc., 281 Mich.App. at 136, 761 N.W.2d 470. “[A]mbiguities in the language of a tax statute are to be resolved in favor of the taxpayer.” Mich. Bell Tel. Co., 445 Mich. at 477, 518 N.W.2d 808. The appellate court “ may not vary the clear and unequivocal meaning of the words used in the statute and determine tax matters solely on the grounds of unwisdom or of public policy.” Ready–Power Co. v. City of Dearborn, 336 Mich. 519, 525, 58 N.W.2d 904 (1953).

A “tax deduction” is a “subtraction from gross income in arriving at taxable income.” In re Request for Advisory Opinion, 490 Mich. at 333 n. 40, 806 N.W.2d 683 (quotation marks and citation omitted). A “tax exemption” is characterized as “[i]mmunity from the obligation of paying taxes in whole or in part.” Id. Although the two principles differ, the net effect is the same because both reduce gross income when computing taxable income. Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). Taxation is the rule, and exemptions are the exception. Ladies Literary Club v. City of Grand Rapids, 409 Mich. 748, 754, 298 N.W.2d 422 (1980). Consequently, statutory exemptions are strictly construed against the taxpayer. ANR Pipeline Co. v. Dep't of Treasury, 266 Mich.App. 190, 201, 699 N.W.2d 707 (2005). Similarly, a deduction presents a matter of legislative grace, and a clear provision must be identified to allow for a particular deduction. Id. A deduction must be clearly expressed because the “propriety of a deduction does not turn upon general equitable considerations, such as a demonstration of effective economic and practical equivalence.” Perry Drug Stores, Inc. v. Dep't of Treasury, 229 Mich.App. 453, 461, 582 N.W.2d 533 (1998) (citation and quotation marks omitted). The burden of proving a deduction is on the party seeking the deduction. See Southfield Western, Inc. v. City of Southfield, 146 Mich.App. 585, 590, 382 N.W.2d 187 (1985).

In practice, the rules of construction governing exemptions may be applied to the rules addressing deductions. See Detroit Edison Co. v. Dep't of Revenue, 320 Mich. 506, 514–515, 31 N.W.2d 809 (1948). In GMAC LLC, 286 Mich.App. at 374–375, 781 N.W.2d 310, this Court set forth the following rules regarding tax exemptions:

Moreover, “[a]n exemption will not be inferred from language of a statute if the words admit of any other reasonable construction.” Tax exemptions are disfavored, and the burden of proving an entitlement to an exemption is on the party claiming the right to the exemption. Tax exemptions are in derogation of the principle that all shall bear a proportionate share of the tax burden, and therefore, a tax exemption shall be strictly construed. [Citations omitted.]

With regard to the clarity of the language required to claim an exemption and the burden of proof, our Supreme Court has held:

“An intention on the part of the legislature to grant an exemption from the taxing power of the State will never be implied from language which will admit of any other reasonable construction. Such an intention must be expressed in clear and unmistakable terms, or must appear by necessary implication from the language used, for it is a well-settled principle that, when a specific privilege or exemption is claimed under a statute, charter or act of incorporation, it is to be construed strictly against the property owner and in favor the public. This principle applies with peculiar force to a claim of exemption from taxation. Exemptions are never presumed, the burden is on a claimant to establish clearly his right to exemption, and an alleged grant of exemption will be strictly construed and cannot be made out by inference or implication but must be beyond reasonable doubt. In other words, since taxation is the rule, and exemption the exception, the intention to make an exemption ought to be expressed in clear and unambiguous terms; it cannot be taken to have been intended when the language of the statute on which it depends is doubtful or uncertain; and the burden of establishing it is upon him who claims it. Moreover, if an exemption is found to exist, it must not be enlarged by construction, since the reasonable presumption is that the State has granted in express terms all it intended to grant at all, and that unless the privilege is limited to the very terms of the statute, the favor would be extended beyond what was meant.” [City of Detroit v. Detroit Commercial College, 322 Mich. 142, 148–149, 33 N.W.2d 737 (1948), quoting 2 Cooley, Taxation (4th ed.), § 672, p. 1403.]

IV. MCL 205.54i AND APPLICATION TO THE FACTS

Before its 2007 amendment, the plain language of the bad debt statute, MCL 205.54i, provided, in relevant part:

(1) As used in this section, “bad debt” means any portion of a debt that is related to a sale at retail taxable under this act for which gross proceeds are not otherwise deductible or excludable and that is eligible to be claimed, or could be eligible to be claimed if the taxpayer kept accounts on an accrual basis, as a deduction pursuant to section 166 of the internal revenue code, 26 USC 166. A bad debt shall not include any finance charge, interest, or sales tax on the purchase price, uncollectible amounts on property that remains in the possession of the taxpayer until the full purchase price is paid, expenses incurred in attempting to collect any account receivable or any portion of the debt recovered, any accounts receivable that have been sold to and remain in the possession of a third party for collection, and repossessed property.

(2) In computing the amount of tax levied under this act for any month, a taxpayer may deduct the amount of bad debts from his or her gross proceeds used for the computation of the tax. The amount of gross proceeds deducted must be charged off as uncollectible on the books and records of the taxpayer at the time the debt becomes worthless and deducted on the return for the period during which the bad debt is written off as uncollectible in the claimant's books and records and must be eligible to be deducted for federal income tax purposes. For purposes of this section, a claimant who is not required to file a federal income tax return may deduct a bad debt on a return filed for the period in which the bad debt becomes worthless and is written off as uncollectible in the claimant's books and records and would be eligible for a bad debt deduction for federal income tax purposes if the claimant was required to file a federal income tax return. If a consumer or other person pays all or part of a bad debt with respect to which a taxpayer claimed a deduction under this section, the taxpayer is liable for the amount of taxes deducted in connection with that portion of the debt for which payment is received and shall remit these taxes in his or her next payment to the department. Any payments made on a bad debt shall be applied proportionally first to the taxable price of the property and the tax on the property and second to any interest, service, or other charge.

(3) Any claim for a bad debt deduction under this section shall be supported by that evidence required by the department. The department shall review any change in the rate of taxation applicable to any taxable sales by a taxpayer claiming a deduction pursuant to this section and shall ensure that the deduction on any bad debt does not result in the taxpayer claiming the deduction recovering any more or less than the taxes imposed on the sale that constitutes the bad debt.
MCL 205.54i, as amended by 2007 PA 105, placed limitations on who qualified as a “taxpayer” for purposes of the bad debt provision. “The amendment to MCL 205.54i was approved and filed on October 1, 2007, given immediate effect, and expressly provided for retroactive application.” GMAC LLC, 286 Mich.App. at 369, 781 N.W.2d 310.

MCL 205.54i, as amended by 2007 PA 105, states:

(1) As used in this section:

(a) “Bad debt” means any portion of a debt that is related to a sale at retail taxable under this act for which gross proceeds are not otherwise deductible or excludable and that is eligible to be claimed, or could be eligible to be claimed if the taxpayer kept accounts on an accrual basis, as a deduction pursuant to section 166 of the internal revenue code, 26 USC 166. A bad debt shall not include any finance charge, interest, or sales tax on the purchase price, uncollectible amounts on property that remains in the possession of the taxpayer until the full purchase price is paid, expenses incurred in attempting to collect any account receivable or any portion of the debt recovered, any accounts receivable that have been sold to and remain in the possession of a third party for collection, and repossessed property.

(b) Except as provided in subdivision (c), “lender” includes any of the following:

( i ) Any person who holds or has held an account receivable which that person purchased directly from a taxpayer who reported the tax.

( ii ) Any person who holds or has held an account receivable pursuant to that person's contract directly with the taxpayer who reported the tax.

( iii ) The issuer of the private label credit card.

(c) “Lender” does not include the issuer of a credit card or instrument that can be used to make purchases from a person other than the vendor whose name or logo appears on the card or instrument or that vendor's affiliates.

(d) “Private label credit card” means any charge card, credit card, or other instrument serving a similar purpose that carries, refers to, or is branded with the name or logo of a vendor and that can only be used for purchases from the vendor.

(e) “Taxpayer” means a person that has remitted sales tax directly to the department on the specific sales at retail transaction for which the bad debt is recognized for federal income tax purposes or, after September 30, 2009, a lender holding the account receivable for which the bad debt is recognized, or would be recognized if the claimant were a corporation, for federal income tax purposes.

(2) In computing the amount of tax levied under this act for any month, a taxpayer may deduct the amount of bad debts from his or her gross proceeds used for the computation of the tax. The amount of gross proceeds deducted must be charged off as uncollectible on the books and records of the taxpayer at the time the debt becomes worthless and deducted on the return for the period during which the bad debt is written off as uncollectible in the claimant's books and records and must be eligible to be deducted for federal income tax purposes. For purposes of this section, a claimant who is not required to file a federal income tax return may deduct a bad debt on a return filed for the period in which the bad debt becomes worthless and is written off as uncollectible in the claimant's books and records and would be eligible for a bad debt deduction for federal income tax purposes if the claimant was required to file a federal income tax return. If a consumer or other person pays all or part of a bad debt with respect to which a taxpayer claimed a deduction under this section, the taxpayer is liable for the amount of taxes deducted in connection with that portion of the debt for which payment is received and shall remit these taxes in his or her next payment to the department. Any payments made on a bad debt shall be applied proportionally first to the taxable price of the property and the tax on the property and second to any interest, service, or other charge.

(3) After September 30, 2009, if a taxpayer who reported the tax and a lender execute and maintain a written election designating which party may claim the deduction, a claimant is entitled to a deduction or refund of the tax related to a sale at retail that was previously reported and paid if all of the following conditions are met:

(a) No deduction or refund was previously claimed or allowed on any portion of the account receivable.

(b) The account receivable has been found worthless and written off by the taxpayer that made the sale or the lender on or after September 30, 2009.

(4) Any claim for a bad debt deduction under this section shall be supported by that evidence required by the department. The department shall review any change in the rate of taxation applicable to any taxable sales by a taxpayer claiming a deduction pursuant to this section and shall ensure that the deduction on any bad debt does not result in the taxpayer claiming the deduction recovering any more or less than the taxes imposed on the sale that constitutes the bad debt.
Plaintiffs direct this panel to the decisions of DaimlerChrysler and GMAC LLC, and request that we interpret those decisions to conclude that plaintiff retailers, coupled with the financing companies constituted “taxpayers” for purposes of obtaining the bad debt refund in accordance with MCL 205.54i(1)(a). The appropriate inquiry is not to construe this factual scenario within the confines of those appellate decisions. Rather, our role is to discern the legislative intent from the plain language of the amended statute, Whitman, 493 Mich. at 311, 831 N.W.2d 223, enforce the statute as written if the language is clear and unambiguous, id., or to construe the statute as necessary to give effect to every word in the statute and avoid a construction that would render part of the statute surplusage or nugatory, Johnson, 492 Mich. at 177, 821 N.W.2d 520. Because a tax exemption or deduction is sought by plaintiffs, they have the burden of proof, Detroit, 322 Mich. at 148, 33 N.W.2d 737, the statute is strictly construed against them as the taxpayer, GMAC LLC, 286 Mich.App. at 375, 781 N.W.2d 310 and the exemption must be expressed in clear and unambiguous terms, Detroit, 322 Mich. at 149, 33 N.W.2d 737. In light of the rules governing statutory construction, tax exemption and deduction, and the burden of proof, we conclude that plaintiffs are not entitled to a refund under the bad debt provision.

Pursuant to MCL 205.52(1) of the GSTA, business persons engaged in making sales at retail must pay an annual tax for the privilege of engaging in business in this state. World Book, Inc. v. Dep't of Treasury, 459 Mich. 403, 407, 590 N.W.2d 293 (1999). The sales tax is imposed directly on the seller, but the seller may transfer it directly to the consumer at the point of sale. Id. at 408, 590 N.W.2d 293. The bad debt provision of the GSTA allows “bad debts to be deducted from the gross proceeds used to calculate tax liability.” Id. at 406, 590 N.W.2d 293. Specifically, the bad debt provision “allows taxpayers to recover overpayment when expected sales proceeds are not received.” DaimlerChrysler, 271 Mich.App. at 626, 723 N.W.2d 569.

A review of the plain language of MCL 205.54i, as amended by 2007 PA 105, and applied retroactively, reveals that the Legislature recognized that sales transactions did not merely involve a consumer and a retailer. Rather, the Legislature acknowledged that sales transactions may include a lender when the consumer utilizes a credit card to complete the sale, and the lender may hold the account receivable signifying a bad debt when the consumer fails to pay for the purchase in accordance with the terms of the private label credit card. MCL 205.54i(1)(b) and (e). Consequently, the availability of the deduction has been limited, and a taxpayer and lender may execute an election regarding the entity that may claim the deduction subject to completion of the necessary conditions. MCL 205.54i(3) (“[A] taxpayer who reported the tax and a lender [may] execute and maintain a written election designating which party may claim the deduction[.]”). Furthermore, after September 30, 2009, the term “taxpayer” may include the person that directly remitted the tax to the treasury department or the lender holding the account receivable for which the bad debt is recognized. “The word ‘or’ generally refers to a choice or alternative between two or more things.” Auto–Owners Ins. Co., 227 Mich.App. at 50, 575 N.W.2d 79. The use of the alternative term “or” reflects the legislative intent that the “taxpayer” as the remitter of the tax and the “lender” are two different entities for purposes of allowing a taxpayer to obtain the refund. Id. Plaintiffs did not meet their burden of proving a clearly stated exemption or deduction.

Irrespective of the Legislature's recognition that the sales transaction may involve third party lenders, both the amended and the prior versions of MCL 205.54i(2) confined the deduction. Specifically, MCL 205.54i(2), and MCL 205.54i(2), as amended by 2007 PA 105, both contain the same language, in relevant part: “If a consumer or other person pays all or part of a debt with respect to which a taxpayer claimed a deduction under this section, the taxpayer is liable for the amount of taxes deducted in connection with that portion of the debt for which payment is received and shall remit these taxes in his or her next payment to the department.” (emphasis added). In the factual scenario where the taxpayer is the retailer who remits the tax to the treasury department, the retailers are paid by the financing company. Thus, the plain language of the bad debt provision acknowledges that when the debt is paid, the taxpayer remains liable for remittance of the tax to the extent of the amount paid. In the present case, consumers obtained the funds to pay for the goods through credit card lenders, and plaintiff retailers were paid in full in accordance with the reimbursement agreements for the goods, including the tax. Although MCL 205.54i does not define “person,” the GSTA, MCL 205.51(1)(a) defines “person” to include “municipal or private corporation whether organized for profit or not, company....” Therefore, the payment of the bad debt by a third party lender, an organized corporation, does not entitle retailers to a bad debt refund. Accordingly, plaintiffs are not entitled to the requested refunds.

Reversed and remanded for entry of an order granting summary disposition in favor of defendants in Docket Nos. 310399 and 312168, and affirmed in Docket Nos. 311053, 311261, and 311294. We do not retain jurisdiction.

FORT HOOD, P.J., and FITZGERALD and O'CONNELL, JJ., concurred.