MEMORANDUM OPINION

LAURA CARTER HIGLEY, Justice.

Following a bench trial, the trial court terminated the parental rights of appellant, Hector Israel Lopez, to his two minor children, A.L.O.-boy and A.L.O.-girl, and named the Department of Family and Protective Services ("the Department") as the children's sole managing conservator. Presenting four issues, Lopez (1) contends that the trial court abused its discretion by determining his appeal is "frivolous"; (2) challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the termination order, particularly the predicated finding that Lopez knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endangered the physical well-being of the children; (3) asserts that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support a determination that termination was in the children's best interest; and (4) challenges the trial court's determination that the Department should be appointed as the children's sole managing conservator.

We affirm in part and reverse and render in part.

Background

On December 4, 2004, Lopez took his two-and-one-half-year old son, A.L.O.-boy, to the emergency room. An examination revealed that A.L.O.-boy had a strangulation mark on his neck. A.L.O.-boy also had petechial hemorrhaging under his eye and bleeding in his ear canal. Doctors believed that the petechial hemorrhaging was caused by asphyxiation and indicated that A.L.O.-boy had been strangled. The doctors noted that A.L.O.-boy had an "old" chemical burn on his leg running from his thigh to past his knee. The doctors further noted that A.L.O.-boy's anal area appeared irritated. A.L.O.-boy also appeared dirty, as if he had not been bathed.

The Department was contacted regarding the injuries. Lopez, who is Spanish speaking, spoke with the Department's caseworker, Anna Scott, through an interpreter. Lopez told Scott that he was present when the injury occurred. Lopez claimed that the injury was accidental. Lopez explained that his wife, Aracely Ordonez, and A.L.O.-boy were sleeping on a sofa bed when Ordonez's hair became wrapped around A.L.O.-boy's neck causing the strangulation injury. Lopez told Scott that "accidents happen" and that he believed Ordonez had not purposefully hurt A.L.O.-boy.

The Department took emergency custody of A.L.O.-boy and of his five-month-old baby sister, A.L.O.-girl, and filed suit for the children's protection. The trial court granted temporary managing conservatorship of the children to the Department and ordered Lopez and Ordonez to complete the requirements of the Department's service plans.

Ordonez and Lopez were both charged with the criminal offense of injury to a child. Ordonez pleaded guilty to the offense, was convicted, and sentenced to six months in jail. The criminal charges against Lopez were dismissed.

Before serving the full six months in jail, Ordonez was deported to Guatemala. Lopez is also subject to deportation, but has appealed the determination. Four other adult relatives, who resided in the home with Lopez and Ordonez at the time of the incident, were also deported to Guatemala. No criminal charges relating to A.L.O.-boy's injuries were filed against the four relatives.

The Department developed service plans for Lopez and Ordonez. Lopez's service plan required him to complete parenting classes and an anger management course, to complete a psychological evaluation, to maintain stable housing and employment for six consecutive months, and to cooperate with law enforcement regarding the investigation of A.L.O.-boy's injuries. Lopez completed the parenting classes and the psychological evaluation but failed to complete the anger management class or to verify employment and housing for the required time period.

While the case was pending, the Department agreed to place the children with Lopez's parents, who live in Guatemala. A national Guatemalan agency conducted a home study on the grandparents. The agency concluded that the grandparents would be a suitable placement for the children. Nonetheless, the Department refused to allow the children to be placed with the grandparents because the Department learned that the four adult relatives, who were living in the home with A.L.O.-boy and his parents at the time of the injury, were at the time of the study living with the grandparents. The Department also explained that A.L.O.-girl, who suffers from a slight developmental delay, might not have access in Guatemala to the therapies she needed.

The Department ultimately sought to terminate Lopez's and Ordonez's parental rights to A.L.O.-boy and to A.L.O.-girl. Among the grounds for which the Department sought termination of Lopez's parental rights was its allegation that Lopez had "knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the children." The Department also requested that it be appointed the children's sole managing conservator pursuant to Family Code section 153.131.

The case was tried to the bench on February 7, 2008. Only two witnesses testified at trial: the Department's caseworker, Anna Scott, and the children's foster mother, Jacqueline LaBelle. Lopez did not testify at trial.

When asked on cross-examination what evidence the Department had to show that Lopez knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in surroundings that endangered their physical or emotional well-being, Scott responded,

[Lopez] knew that [A.L.O.-boy] was injured because prior to him going to this visit the child had been sick, and he had been taking him to the doctor. And he wasn't following through with everything so he — it was obvious that he knew something, that the baby had been injured, but I can't say that he knew that the mother injured him.

Scott was also asked to identify Lopez's conduct that demonstrated he knowingly allowed A.L.O.-boy to remain in conditions that endangered the child. Scott answered,

For one, he allowed the child to be-had a chemical burn on his leg at one point, and we can't find any medical records that it was ever treated. For two, the child had obvious signs of strangulation and-so I mean, I don't know. I don't understand what you are trying to ask me.

Scott also testified that she had no evidence that Lopez participated in or allowed the injuries to A.L.O.-boy to occur.

LaBelle, the children's foster mother, testified that the children are doing well. LaBelle explained that A.L.O.-boy has no special needs but A.L.O.-girl is approximately three months behind developmentally and attends physical, speech, and occupational therapy. LaBelle testified that A.L.O.-girl had recently made progress, but "needs a lot of work to keep her [progressing]."

LaBelle also testified that Lopez had attended all but one of his visitations with the children. LaBelle stated that she observed Lopez interacting with the children and perceived him to be a loving father.

At the end of the trial, the trial court concluded that Lopez's and Ordonez's parental rights to the children should be terminated. With regard to Lopez's parental rights, the judgment provides that the trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that Lopez had "knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the children, pursuant to § 161.001(1)(D) of the Texas Family Code." The decree further recites that the trial court found that termination was in the children's best interest.

The trial court also appointed the Department as the children's sole managing conservator. In support of this ruling, the decree reflects that the trial court found the appointment of a parent as managing conservator would not be in the children's best interest because such appointment would significantly impair the children's physical health or emotional development, and that appointment of the the Department as sole managing conservator would be in the children's best interest.

Lopez appeals the trial court's termination of his parental rights to the children and the appointment of the Department as the sole managing conservator. Ordonez has not appealed.

Lopez timely filed a statement of appellate points and an affidavit of indigence. Following a hearing, the trial court found Lopez to be indigent and determined Lopez's appeal to be "frivolous." Despite the frivolousness determination, the appellate record contains all the evidence admitted at the termination trial, and the parties have fully briefed the issues on the merits.

Legal Sufficiency of the Evidence To Support Termination

In his second issue, Lopez challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's predicate termination finding — that Lopez knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endangered their physical or emotional well-being, pursuant to Family Code subsection 161.001(1)(D).

A. Burden of Proof, Standard of Review, and Governing Principles

Because termination of parental rights imposes permanent, irrevocable consequences, due process requires that termination decisions be supported by clear and convincing evidence. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001; see also In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002). "`Clear and convincing evidence'" means the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established." TEX. FAM. CODE. ANN. § 101.007 (Vernon 2002); J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 264.

To be legally sufficient under the clear and convincing standard, the evidence must be such that a fact-finder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the grounds for termination were proven. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005). In conducting our review, we must view all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding and judgment by assuming that the fact-finder resolved any disputed facts in favor of its finding, if a reasonable fact-finder could have done so. Id. In so doing, we must disregard all evidence that a reasonable fact-finder could have disbelieved. Id. Nonetheless, we must consider undisputed evidence even if it is contrary to the finding. Id. In other words, we must consider evidence favorable to termination if a reasonable fact-finder could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact-finder could not. Id. As a result, we consider all of the evidence, not just that which favors the verdict. Id.

We must be mindful, however, that we cannot intrude on the province of the fact-finder by weighing witness credibility or issues that depend on the appearance and demeanor of the witnesses. Id. at 573, 574. Therefore, we must defer to the fact-finder's credibility determinations, if they are reasonable. Id. at 573.

Because the natural rights that exist between parents and their children are of constitutional dimension, we are required to strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and to construe involuntary termination statutes strictly in favor of the parent. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20-21 (Tex. 1985). Family Code section 161.001 provides the method by which a court may involuntarily terminate the parent-child relationship. See TEX. FAM. CODE. ANN. § 161.001. This section permits a court to terminate the parent-child relationship only if the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that (1) one or more of the acts enumerated in section 161.001(1) was committed and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. Id. Both elements must be established; termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987).

Subsection 161.001(1)(D) permits termination when clear and convincing evidence shows that the parent "knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the child." TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D) (Vernon Supp. 2008). Generally, "endanger" means to expose to loss or injury or to jeopardize. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533. Evidence of endangerment requires more than a showing of a threat of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal family environment, but need not show that the conduct was directed at the child or that the child actually suffered injury. Id.

Subsection D concerns the child's living environment, rather than the parent's conduct, though parental conduct may be relevant to the child's environment. See In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 632 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied). The parent need not have certain knowledge that an actual injury is occurring, but must at least be aware of the potential for danger to the child in such an environment and must have disregarded that risk. In re C.L.C., 119 S.W.3d 382, 392 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2003, no pet.); In re R.G., 61 S.W.3d 661, 667-68 (Tex.App.-Waco 2001, no pet.). Endangerment can be exhibited by both actions and failures to act. In re U.P., 105 S.W.3d 222, 233 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). Subsection D permits termination of parental rights based on a single act or omission by the parent. In re L.C., 145 S.W.3d 790, 797 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2004, no pet.).

The Department contends that Lopez's presence when Ordonez inflicted the strangulation injury and his later false statement that the injury was an accident is circumstantial evidence from which a fact finder could, by reasonable inference, form a firm conviction or belief that Lopez knowingly allowed A.L.O.-boy to be in an endangering environment. Although a single act or omission may support a subsection D finding, no evidence was presented of Lopez's actions, or failure to act, at the time of, or before, the injury occurred. The evidence showed only that he was present at the time of the injury and then took A.L.O.-boy to the emergency room for treatment of the injury. No evidence revealed any of the circumstances surrounding the injury, and the undisputed evidence showed that criminal charges against Lopez relating to the injury were dismissed.

In addition, the Department presented no evidence indicating that Lopez was aware Ordonez posed a risk to A.L.O.-boy before the injury occurred. Cf. In re A.B., 125 S.W.3d 769, 775 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2003, pet. denied) (upholding subsection D endangerment finding when evidence showed parent was aware that children's environment put them at risk for sexual assault). Moreover, Lopez's false post-injury statement regarding Ordonez's conduct does not, standing alone, support a subsection D termination finding without additional contextual evidence indicating that Lopez knowingly allowed A.L.O.-boy to remain in an environment where he was at risk for injury.

The Department points to evidence that A.L.O.-boy has an"old" chemical burn on his leg extending from his thigh to his knee and had an "irritated" anus at the time of the strangulation injury. The Department suggests that this is evidence from which past abuse could be inferred. We disagree. No evidence was presented to show the circumstances under which the chemical burn occurred. More precisely, nothing in the record suggests that the chemical burn resulted from abuse or neglect, or whether A.L.O.-boy was under Lopez's or Ordonez's care when the burn occurred. Evidence of a single chemical burn, without additional evidence, is not clear and convincing evidence that Lopez permitted A.L.O.-boy to remain in a dangerous environment. Cf. J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573-74 (concluding that medical evidence of child's 21 bone fractures likely caused by abusive treatment while in the care of appellant's spouse was legally sufficient evidence to show appellant allowed child to remain in dangerous environment). Similarly, no evidence, medical or otherwise, was admitted to describe the nature or possible causes of A.L.O.-boy's anal irritation.

The Department also cites the caseworker's testimony that the Department could find no medical records to indicate that the chemical burn had been treated. The Department contends that failure to provide medical care has been found sufficient in other cases to support termination. While the Department's statement of the law may be correct, testimony that the Department was not able to locate medical records showing that the burn had been treated is too meager, by itself, to support an inference that Lopez did not ensure that his son's burn was properly treated.

Lastly, the Department relies on the reason given by its caseworker at trial to support termination:

[Lopez] knew that [A.L.O.-boy] was injured because prior to him going to this visit the child had been sick, and he had been taking him to the doctor. And he wasn't following through with everything so he — it was obvious that he knew something, that the baby had been injured, but I can't say that he knew that the mother injured him.

Despite the Department's reliance, the cited testimony is not legally sufficient to support a subsection D termination finding. It is unclear from the record to what "visit" the caseworker is referring. It is equally unclear what the caseworker meant when she testified that Lopez was not "following through with everything." No other testimony or evidence was given to clarify the caseworker's cited testimony. We conclude that the evidence at trial was not such that a fact-finder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that Lopez knowingly placed or knowingly allowed A.L.O.-boy and A.L.O.-girl to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger their physical or emotional well-being. We hold that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the trial court's subsection D finding. We sustain Lopez's second issue on the basis that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the predicate termination finding.

Appointment of the Department as Sole Managing Conservator

In his fourth issue, Lopez challenges the trial court's appointment of the Department as the children's sole managing conservator.

We give wide latitude to a trial court's decision on custody, control, possession, and visitation matters. Earvin v. Dep't of Family Protective Servs., 229 S.W.3d 345, 350 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). We review a conservatorship determination by the trial court for abuse of discretion, and may reverse the determination only if the decision is arbitrary and unreasonable. In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007); Earvin, 229 S.W.3d at 350. When applying an abuse of discretion standard, challenges to the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence are not independent grounds of error but are factors used in assessing whether the trial court abused its discretion. In re B.P., Jr., No. 02-07-251-CV, 2008 WL 2639264, at *1 (Tex.App.-Dallas July 3, 2008, no pet. h.) (mem. op.); Gardner v. Gardner, 229 S.W.3d 747, 751 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2007, no pet.).

Family Code section 153.131(a) provides for the appointment of the parent as sole managing conservator or the parents as joint managing conservators, unless the court finds the appointment would not be in the best interest of the child because it would significantly impair the child's physical health or emotional development. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.131(a) (Vernon 2002). For the court to award managing conservatorship to a non-parent under section 153.131, the non-parent must prove by a preponderance of credible evidence that appointing the parent as a managing conservator would result in serious physical or emotional harm to the child. Whitworth v. Whitworth, 222 S.W.3d 616, 623 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Evidence must be presented to support the logical inference that some specific, identifiable behavior or conduct of the parent will probably cause that harm. Id. This link between the parent's conduct and harm to the child may not be based on evidence that merely raises a surmise or speculation of possible harm. Id.

An adult's future conduct may be somewhat determined by recent past conduct. Id. In and of itself, however, evidence of past misconduct may not be sufficient to show present unfitness. Id. Further, it is wholly inadequate simply to present evidence that a non-parent would be a better choice as custodian of the child. Id. (citing Lewelling v. Lewelling, 796 S.W.2d 164, 167 (Tex. 1990)). The non-parent must offer evidence of specific acts or omissions of the parent that demonstrate an award of custody to the parent would result in physical or emotional harm to the child. Id. Specific acts or omissions of a parent implicating a significant impairment to a child's emotional development may be inferred from direct evidence. Id.

Although clear and convincing evidence was not presented to support a determination that Lopez knowingly placed or allowed the children to remain in conditions that would endanger their physical or emotional well-being, evidence was presented indicating that appointment of Lopez as managing conservator would significantly impair the children's physical or emotional development. Specifically, the following supports the trial court's determination that appointment of Lopez as managing conservator would significantly impair the children's physical health or emotional development:

• Lopez told hospital personnel and the Department that A.L.O.-boy's strangulation injury was accidental. Lopez denied that Ordonez had intentionally injured the child and provided an implausible explanation for the injury.

• Ordonez subsequently pleaded guilty to intentionally injuring A.L.O.-boy by strangling him.

• A.L.O.-boy has an old chemical burn on his leg from his thigh to his knee. At the time of the strangulation injury, doctors noted that he had an irritated anus and had not been bathed.

• Lopez was unable to maintain stable employment and housing as required by the Department's service plan.

• Lopez failed to comply with the service plan by completing anger management classes.

• A.L.O.-girl has a developmental delay requiring speech, occupational, and physical therapy.

The record also contains the following evidence that weighs against the trial court's conservatorship determination:

• Lopez took A.L.O.-boy to the hospital following the injury.

• Lopez went to all but one of his visitations with his children after the Department gained custody.

• The foster mother testified that Lopez interacted with the children during the visits and appeared to be a loving father.

While evidence was presented that Lopez cares for his children, other evidence indicates Lopez's unwillingness to place his children's welfare first. When faced with telling authorities about the cause of A.L.O.-boy's injuries, the evidence indicates that Lopez chose to protect his wife. By failing to be forthcoming about his wife's assault of A.L.O.-boy, Lopez risked placing his children in a potentially harmful environment. Indeed, while evidence of A.L.O.-boy's chemical burn injury is not clear and convincing evidence to support termination, it is probative of Lopez's inability to protect his children from serious injury.

Given this evidence, coupled with evidence of Lopez's inability to maintain stable housing and employment, it was within the trial court's discretion to find that appointing Lopez as the children's managing conservator would significantly impair their physical and emotional development. Thus, we hold, under the appropriate standards of review that the trial court properly exercised its discretion by appointing the Department as the children's sole managing conservator. See Earvin, 229 S.W.3d at 351 (holding that trial court did not abuse discretion by appointing the Department as child's sole managing conservator when evidence showed father's unwillingness to provide environment that was in child's best interest).

We overrule Lopez's fourth issue.

Conclusion

We affirm the portion of the decree assigning the Department as the sole managing conservator of A.L.O.-boy and A.L.O.-girl. We reverse the portions of the decree related to the termination of Lopez's parental rights and render judgment denying the Department's petition for termination of Earvin's parental rights.