ZAHRA, P.J.

Plaintiff appeals as of right from the trial court's order granting defendants' motions for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and dismissing plaintiff's defamation claims. We affirm.

FACTS

This case is based on alleged defamatory communications defendants made in 1995, during plaintiff's service as superintendent of the Bentley School District in Genesee County. Defendants are residents of Genesee County and parents of students enrolled in schools within the Bentley School District.

After the sale of a building that housed the Bentley School District's administrative offices, the Bentley School Board considered the options of renting, using already-owned facilities, or constructing a new building to serve as the new offices. On June 12, 1995, the school board voted to construct a new administrative office building, the cost not to exceed $200,000. During the ensuing months, defendants and other parents openly opposed the school board's decision. Both defendants became involved in a campaign to recall two board members and were outspoken regarding plaintiff's perceived role in the board's decision-making process.

Soon after the school board's decision, defendant Darlene Jennings traveled to St. Clair County to review public documents pertaining to plaintiff's tenure as superintendent of the Algonac School District from 1989 to March 1992. Defendant Jennings admits her purpose in reviewing the documents was to determine the reason plaintiff left his position in Algonac. Defendant Jennings gave copies of the several documents she obtained to defendant Terry Davidson to review. In early September 1995, defendant Davidson filed a complaint with the Burton Police Department, claiming plaintiff violated competitive bidding laws and the Open Meetings Act, MCL 15.261 et seq.; MSA 4.1800(11) et seq., by meeting privately with school board members regarding the construction decision and by issuing a $30,000 check to a contractor before the school board's official vote to construct the new administrative offices. Defendant Davidson suspected plaintiff and school board members received kickbacks from contractors and subcontractors.

According to plaintiff, during the months following the school board's vote to construct the new administrative building, defendants published several false, disparaging communications inside and outside school board meetings in an effort to cause his employment to be terminated. First, plaintiff claims defendants distributed a letter from the Algonac School Board dated April 1, 1992, and attached several additional typewritten pages that referenced allegations lodged by the Algonac School District against plaintiff. Plaintiff claims the allegations referenced on the additional pages are false. Second, plaintiff claims defendant Jennings told a reporter at a school board meeting on July 17, 1995, that plaintiff's employment was terminated by Algonac Community Schools for misappropriation of funds. Third, plaintiff claims that while the Bentley School Board was in executive session on October 10, 1995, defendant Davidson told individuals attending the meeting that plaintiff had lied to the Bentley School Board. Fourth, plaintiff claims defendant Davidson told several people plaintiff was not to be trusted, was incompetent, was guilty of mismanagement, violated the law, and was fired from his job in Algonac. Fifth, plaintiff claims defendant Davidson told at least one person that the day before plaintiff was evicted plaintiff had crawled out the second-story window of a dwelling he rented in Algonac and left the gas on.

On December 4, 1995, plaintiff filed the present defamation action based on those alleged communications. Defendants filed motions for summary disposition on the grounds that the statements were absolutely privileged or, at least, subject to a qualified privilege given plaintiff's status as a public figure. The trial court ultimately granted summary disposition for defendants, ruling that some of the alleged communications were made during the Bentley School Board's legislative session and were absolutely privileged. The trial court also concluded that plaintiff failed to show by clear and convincing evidence that the alleged communications were made with actual malice. On appeal, plaintiff contends the trial court erred in determining that any of the defamatory communications were absolutely privileged and erred in ruling that there is no factual issue regarding whether defendants published the communications with knowledge of their falsity or in reckless disregard of the truth.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court's grant or denial of a motion for summary disposition de novo. Spiek v Dep't of Transportation, 456 Mich. 331, 337; 572 N.W.2d 201 (1998). Although defendants brought their motions for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), the parties and the trial court relied on documentary evidence beyond the pleadings. Therefore, we will treat the motions as having been granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) and examine the pleadings and the documents. Travis v Dreis Krump Mfg Co, 453 Mich. 149, 183-184 (Boyle, J.); 551 N.W.2d 132 (1996); Glittenberg v Doughboy Recreational Industries, Inc, 436 Mich. 673, 681 (Griffin, J.); 462 N.W.2d 348 (1990). A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests whether there is factual support for a claim. Spiek, supra; Radtke v Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 374; 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993). A court must consider the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, or any other documentary evidence submitted in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party in deciding whether a genuine issue of material fact exists. Ritchie-Gamester v Berkley, 461 Mich. 73, 76; 597 N.W.2d 517 (1999); Rollert v Dep't of Civil Service, 228 Mich. App. 534, 536; 579 N.W.2d 118 (1998). All reasonable inferences are resolved in the nonmoving party's favor. Hampton v Waste Mgt of Michigan, Inc, 236 Mich. App. 598, 602; 601 N.W.2d 172 (1999).

ANALYSIS

A communication is defamatory if, under all the circumstances, it tends to so harm the reputation of an individual that it lowers the individual's reputation in the community or deters others from associating or dealing with the individual. Kevorkian v American Medical Ass'n, 237 Mich. App. 1, 5; 602 N.W.2d 233 (1999); Ireland v Edwards, 230 Mich. App. 607, 619; 584 N.W.2d 632 (1998). Generally, a plaintiff may establish a claim of defamation by showing:

(1) a false and defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff, (2) an unprivileged publication to a third party, (3) fault amounting at least to negligence on the part of the publisher, and (4) either actionablity of the statement irrespective of special harm (defamation per se) or the existence of special harm caused by the publication (defamation per quod). [ Kevorkian, supra at 8-9; Ireland, supra at 614.]

When addressing a defamation claim, a reviewing court is required to make an independent examination of the record to ensure against forbidden intrusions into the field of free expression. Kevorkian, supra at 5, citing Ireland, supra at 613.

A. ABSOLUTE PRIVILEGE

In the present case, it is first necessary to determine whether the alleged defamatory communications made during school board meetings were absolutely privileged. Communications deemed absolutely privileged are not actionable, even when spoken with malice. Froling v Carpenter, 203 Mich. App. 368, 371; 512 N.W.2d 6 (1994); Couch v Schultz, 193 Mich. App. 292, 294; 483 N.W.2d 684 (1992). The doctrine of absolute privilege is narrow and applies only to communications regarding matters of public concern. Froling, supra. The absolute privilege has generally been applied to communications made during legislative and judicial proceedings and to communications by military and naval officers. Id.; Couch, supra. The doctrine was extended to communications made by a public official in furtherance of an official duty during proceedings of subordinate legislative and quasi-legislative bodies. Froling, supra at 371-372, citing Gidday v Wakefield, 90 Mich. App. 752, 755-756; 282 N.W.2d 466 (1979), citing Wachsmuth v Merchants' Nat'l Bank, 96 Mich. 426; 56 N.W. 9 (1893), Stewart v Troutt, 73 Mich. App. 378; 251 N.W.2d 594 (1977), and Brunn v Weiss, 32 Mich. App. 428; 188 N.W.2d 904 (1971).

There are no Michigan cases considering whether a private citizen's statements during the proceedings of a quasi-legislative body that do not concern an ongoing public matter are absolutely privileged and we refuse to extend the narrow doctrine to apply to any such communications in this case. From the limited information in the lower court record, it appears that several of the alleged defamatory communications were made during official meetings of the Bentley School Board. A duly convened meeting of a school board may constitute a proceeding of a quasi-legislative body that allows for application of the absolute privilege doctrine. Stablein v Schuster, 183 Mich. App. 477, 482; 455 N.W.2d 315 (1990); Gidday, supra at 755-756; see MCL 15.261 et seq.; MSA 4.1800(11) et seq. However, we hold that the particular circumstances under which the alleged communications were made in the present case do not support application of the absolute privilege.

The present case is distinguishable from cases where the absolute privilege has been applied given that the alleged defamatory statements here were made by private citizens as opposed to public officials in the course of their official duties. However, it is not merely defendants' status as private citizens that compels us to hold the absolute privilege inapplicable. See Joseph v Collis, 272 Ill. App.3d 200, 210-211; 649 N.E.2d 964 (1995) (applying the absolute privilege to statements made by the private citizen defendant during a legislative finance committee meeting of the city council alleging the public official plaintiff disclosed confidential financial information in violation of his duty as city alderman). Most compelling here is that none of the communications were made in resolution of a matter of public concern. Froling, supra at 371; see Joseph, supra.

We reject the notion that defendants' communications were absolutely privileged because they concerned the school board's decision to construct new administrative facilities. There is no doubt the Bentley School Board's decision to construct the new administrative facilities was a matter of public concern. However, none of the alleged communications were made during that decision-making process or directed to plaintiff or any board member during official proceedings. Cf. Gidday, supra at 756-757 (alleged defamatory statement made by the defendant township clerk to the township treasurer was determined absolutely privileged where the statement was made at a meeting of the township board of trustees during the process of resolving an issue concerning the security of a board member's documents); Chonich v Ford, 115 Mich. App. 461, 465-466; 321 N.W.2d 693 (1982) (communication by official on the Wayne County Community College Board of Trustees regarding a doctor's alleged improper use of funds was absolutely privileged where the statement was made during the administration of the school's financial matters); Domestic Linen Supply Laundry Co v Stone, 111 Mich. App. 827, 836; 314 N.W.2d 773 (1981) (statements of mayor and city purchasing director regarding the plaintiff at a city council meeting were made when they were called on during a legislative session to comment on the plaintiff's performance); see Stewart, supra at 384 (mayor's statement at a city council meeting regarding the plaintiff's failure to pay certain property taxes was made in the course of carrying out an official duty); see also Parks v Johnson, 84 Mich. App. 162, 167-168; 269 N.W.2d 514 (1978) (refusing to extend the doctrine of absolute privilege where the defendant school principal was not acting in a legislative or judicial capacity when she wrote an alleged libelous letter regarding the plaintiff). While defendants' communications were motivated by plaintiff's perceived involvement in the school board's decision to construct the administrative facility, they were not made during the resolution of the matter. Instead, each of the communications was made to individuals present at meetings after the school board's vote to construct the new administrative facility.

We refuse to extend the doctrine of absolute privilege to protect speech unrelated to an ongoing public matter simply because it was made in the confines of a legislative or quasi-legislative meeting. The absolute privilege has been applied to allow public officials to speak freely in the course of their official duties without fear of legal repercussions. See Froling, supra at 371; Gidday, supra; Chonich, supra; Domestic Linen, supra at 837. The same rationale does not apply to this case where defendants are alleged to have made statements to citizens in attendance at school board meetings regarding plaintiff's prior job experiences and perceived involvement in the school board's decision-making process. The communications at issue were made at defendants' own discretion and initiative, not in connection with a subpoena to appear at the meeting or in response to specific questions by public officials. See Vultaggio v Yasko, 215 Wis.2d 326, 337, 340-341; 572 N.W.2d 450 (1998). Just as a public official's attendance at a duly convened legislative or quasi-legislative proceeding does not afford him an invitation to undertake a slanderous campaign against whomever he pleases, concerning whatever he pleases, see Chonich, supra at 466, quoting Gidday, supra at 756, private citizens are not absolutely privileged to engage in unfettered speech simply because the statements are made during a legislative or quasi-legislative proceeding.

Our refusal to extend the narrow doctrine of absolute privilege will not have any chilling affect on citizens' free expression. Our holding does not alter citizens' rights to speak out against public policies or against the officials who implement or execute the policies. We simply hold that speech during legislative or quasi-legislative proceedings is not absolutely privileged merely because the communications are made at a public meeting or loosely involve a public matter already resolved.

Our holding with respect to the application of an absolute privilege does not end our inquiry. It is still necessary to determine whether defendants' communications were subject to a qualified privilege.

B. Qualified Privilege

Here, it is undisputed that plaintiff, as superintendent of the Bentley School District, was a public figure when each of the alleged defamatory communications was made. See, e.g., New York Times Co v Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279-283; 84 S.Ct. 710; 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964); see also Lakeshore Community Hosp, Inc v Perry, 212 Mich. App. 396, 403; 538 N.W.2d 24 (1995) (a public figure attains such status by voluntarily assuming a role of special prominence in societal affairs). A public figure claiming defamation must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the publication was a defamatory falsehood and that it was made with actual malice through knowledge of its falsity or through reckless disregard for the truth. MCL 600.2911(6); MSA 27A.2911(6); Kevorkian, supra at 9; Ireland, supra at 615. This Court stated in Ireland, supra:

"Actual malice is defined as knowledge that the published statement was false or as reckless disregard as to whether the statement was false or not. Reckless disregard for the truth is not established merely by showing that the statements were made with preconceived objectives or insufficient investigation. Furthermore, ill will, spite or even hatred, standing alone, do not amount to actual malice. "Reckless disregard" is not measured by whether a reasonably prudent man would have published or would have investigated before publishing, but by whether the publisher in fact entertained serious doubts concerning the truth of the statements published. [ Ireland, supra at 622, quoting Grebner v Runyon, 132 Mich. App. 327, 332-333; 347 N.W.2d 741 (1984) (citations omitted).]

General allegations that privileged statements were false and malicious are insufficient to create a genuine issue of fact regarding whether a person published a statement with actual malice. Reed v Michigan Metro Girl Scout Council, 201 Mich. App. 10, 13-14; 506 N.W.2d 231 (1993). Whether evidence is sufficient to support a finding of actual malice is a question of law. Ireland, supra at 622. "In considering a motion for summary disposition, a court must consider whether the evidence is sufficient to allow a rational finder of fact to find actual malice by clear and convincing evidence." Id., citing Anderson v Liberty Lobby, Inc, 477 U.S. 242, 254; 106 S.Ct. 2505; 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Because a jury verdict in a defamation case involving a public figure may rest only on clear and convincing evidence of actual malice, to survive a motion for summary disposition in such a case, the nonmovant must show actual malice by clear and convincing evidence rather than by a mere preponderance. See Anderson; see also New York Times Co, supra at 279-280. Clear and convincing evidence is defined as evidence that:

"`produce[s] in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established, evidence so clear, direct and weighty and convincing as to enable [the factfinder] to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts in issue' . . . Evidence may be uncontroverted, and yet not be `clear and convincing' . . . Conversely, evidence may be `clear and convincing' despite the fact that it has been contradicted." [ In re Martin, 450 Mich. 204, 227; 538 N.W.2d 399 (1995), quoting In re Jobes, 108 N.J. 394, 407-408; 529 A.2d 434 (1987); see People v Williams, 228 Mich. App. 546, 557-558; 580 N.W.2d 438 (1998).]

We conclude that plaintiff has failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that defendants made any of the alleged communications with actual malice and, thus, has failed to establish a defamation claim. First, plaintiff's claim regarding defendants' distribution of the April 1, 1992, letter from the Algonac School Board and several additional pages detailing the circumstances of plaintiff's departure fails as a matter of law. Plaintiff does not challenge the veracity of the letter, but claims the pages defendants attached thereto were not prepared by the Algonac School Board and contained false information suggesting plaintiff was terminated from his position on the basis of several serious allegations. The complained-of pages outline in specific detail eight allegations purported to have been lodged by the Algonac School Board against plaintiff, which range from gross insubordination to failure to develop community support for the policies and actions of the school board. Defendants do not dispute that they distributed the complained-of pages to several people in the Bentley School District. During his deposition, defendant Davidson testified that he received the complained-of pages from Algonac resident Jan Korn. Defendant Davidson admitted those pages were "an extremely slanted restatement" of information contained in the Algonac School Board's evaluation of plaintiff and acknowledged that the complained-of pages lacked credibility because they were not signed and were poorly typed. Reckless disregard for the truth necessary to prove actual malice is not established by showing merely that a defendant acted with preconceived objectives or acted upon insufficient investigation. Ireland, supra at 622. In determining whether a defendant acted with actual malice, the question is not whether a prudent person would have published or would have investigated before publishing, but instead is whether the publisher entertained serious doubts regarding the truth of the statements published. Id. While defendant Davidson admitted the complained-of pages lacked credibility as official documents because of their unofficial appearance, that testimony is not clear and convincing evidence that defendants had serious doubts regarding the truth of the information. The allegations referenced in the complained-of pages are essentially a restatement of the general reasons for plaintiff's departure listed in the April 1, 1992, letter. Plaintiff does not challenge the substance of that letter. Given the reasons stated in the letter, it is not clear and convincing that defendants, upon reading the complained-of pages, would seriously doubt the truth of the additional information. MCL 600.2911(6); MSA 27A.2911(6).

Second, there was not clear and convincing evidence defendant Jennings acted with actual malice when she allegedly communicated that plaintiff was terminated from his position in Algonac for misappropriation of funds. Plaintiff generally alleged in his complaint that defendant Jennings publicly stated that he was fired because he misappropriated funds; however, the only evidence regarding such a statement is defendant Jennings' deposition testimony regarding her communication with one TV news reporter during a school board meeting. According to defendant Jennings, the reporter, while browsing a stack of documents belonging to defendant Jennings, asked "did [plaintiff] get fired because he misappropriated funds?" In response, defendant Jennings admits she shook her head affirmatively, but explained: "I was actually shaking my head yes for her to be quiet because I wanted to listen to the Board meeting, I would agree to anything." There is no evidence challenging defendant Jennings' assertion that she made the gesture, not as a comment on plaintiff's conduct, but as a means of dismissing the reporter so that she could listen to the meeting. Defendant Jennings' conduct of refusing to talk to reporters after the meeting supports her claim that she did not intend to comment on plaintiff's actions. Consequently, there is not evidence of actual malice "`so clear, direct and weighty and convincing'" to meet the clear and convincing evidence standard. In re Martin, supra at 227 (citation omitted); MCL 600.2911 (6); MSA 27A.2911(6).

Third, plaintiff claims defendant Davidson falsely stated that plaintiff lied during a board meeting before the board's vote to construct the new administrative facilities when plaintiff stated the construction of new facilities was a "dead issue." Defendant Davidson cites plaintiff's issuance of the $30,000 check to a construction contractor before telling the Bentley School Board that the possibility of new construction was a "dead issue" as support for his statement. During the police investigation into plaintiff's conduct, plaintiff admitted issuing the check, but explained he did so to lock in lumber prices. According to plaintiff, the money was held in escrow until services were rendered by the contractor. While we do not make any determination regarding the truth of defendant Davidson's statement that plaintiff lied to the school board, we conclude there is not clear and convincing evidence defendant Davidson made the statement with knowledge of its falsity or in reckless disregard for the truth. Plaintiff admits that a check was issued and proof that defendant Davidson made the complained-of statement upon insufficient investigation does not establish actual malice. MCL 600.2911(6); MSA 27A.2911(6); Ireland, supra.

Fourth, plaintiff's claim that defendant Davidson acted with actual malice when he stated plaintiff violated the law and was fired from his last job is not proved by clear and convincing evidence. Defendant Davidson's statement that plaintiff violated the law was presumably made in reference to the criminal complaint filed by defendant Davidson. While several statements given to the police suggest a lawful explanation for plaintiff's issuance of the $30,000 check to the construction contractor, there is not clear and convincing evidence defendant Davidson made the subject statement with knowledge of its falsity or in reckless disregard of the truth. There is also insufficient evidence defendant Davidson acted with actual malice when he stated plaintiff was "fired" from his position as superintendent of the Algonac School District. While the April 1, 1992, letter from the Algonac School Board states plaintiff left his position in Algonac pursuant to a separation agreement, the letter outlines several circumstances leading to the Algonac School Board's need to dismiss plaintiff from the position of superintendent. Specifically, the letter describes the separation agreement with plaintiff as "necessary to get our schools headed in the right direction." It then states there were many reasons for the board's decision regarding plaintiff and lists as the "most important": plaintiff's failure on more than one occasion to adhere to known purchasing policies of the Algonac Board of Education, plaintiff's failure to effectively deal with students' changed bussing times, plaintiff's failure to provide the board with timely financial information regarding its programs, plaintiff's failure to use good judgment in purchasing that resulted in the school district's financial trouble, and plaintiff's failure to establish and maintain effective communication with employees. The letter further explains that such circumstances "resulted in an erosion of trust" that prevented effective management of the school district. Given the circumstances described in the letter, it would not be wholly unreasonable for a person reading the letter to conclude plaintiff did not leave his position in Algonac on his own terms and, moreover, that he was effectively dismissed from the position. See Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1997), defining "fire" in part, as: "25. to dismiss from a job." Consequently, there is not clear and convincing evidence defendant Davidson acted with actual malice when he allegedly stated plaintiff was "fired" from his prior job. MCL 600.2911(6); MSA 27A.2911(6).

Fifth, there also is not clear and convincing evidence that defendant Davidson acted with actual malice when he told Bentley School Board member Marion Torok that the day before plaintiff was evicted plaintiff crawled out a second-story window of a dwelling he rented in Algonac and left the gas on. That statement must be considered in context to determine whether it can reasonably be understood as stating actual facts about plaintiff. Ireland, supra at 618. We conclude the statement amounts to rhetorical hyperbole. Kevorkian, supra at 7-8; Ireland, supra at 618-619. A reasonable person hearing the statement would not believe it was actually true. In fact, Torok stated during her deposition that she found the story "kind of funny" and considered it "silly."

Finally, plaintiff generally argues that evidence suggesting defendants "simply had it in for plaintiff" establishes defendants acted with the necessary degree of actual malice. The evidence regarding the alleged defamatory communications, at most, creates an inference of malice. Given plaintiff's status as a public figure, a mere inference is insufficient to prove defamation. Plaintiff is required to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the alleged defamatory communications were made with actual malice. MCL 600.2911(6); MSA 27A.2911(6); Ireland, supra at 622. "[I]ll will, spite or even hatred, standing alone, do not amount to actual malice." Id., quoting Grebner, supra at 333. For the reasons discussed herein, plaintiff has failed to meet the clear and convincing evidence standard.

CONCLUSION

None of the alleged defamatory communications were absolutely privileged. However, because it is undisputed plaintiff was a public figure, the alleged defamatory statements are subject to a qualified privilege. Plaintiff has failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that any of the alleged defamatory statements were made with knowledge of their falsity or in reckless disregard for the truth. Therefore, there is no genuine issue of material fact regarding any of plaintiff's defamation claims and the trial court properly granted summary disposition for defendants.

Affirmed.