Summary
refusing to apply judicial estoppel where it “would produce overly harsh and inequitable results, for then everyone (except the allegedly culpable tort defendant) would lose, including the debtor's innocent creditors”
Summary of this case from Ussery v. Allstate Fire & Cas. Ins. Co.Opinion
A00A0825.
DECIDED: JULY 12, 2000
Judicial estoppel. Richmond Superior Court. Before Judge Brown.
William R. McCracken, for appellant.
Dye, Tucker, Everitt, Wheale Long, Jon E. Ingram, Jr., for appellee.
The issue is whether judicial estoppel bars a state law personal injury claim not listed as an asset in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceeding (begun after the accident but before the institution of the personal injury suit), when the plaintiff/debtor dismisses the incomplete bankruptcy petition (whose reduced payout plan has already been confirmed) and then refiles a corrected bankruptcy petition that includes the claim. We hold that judicial estoppel does not bar the claim.
Sherry Jowers sued Gertrude Arthur in superior court for personal injuries arising out of an auto collision. Citing judicial estoppel, Arthur moved for summary judgment against Jowers on the ground that Jowers had failed to list this claim as an asset in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition that Jowers had filed months after the accident and after she had consulted an attorney about the accident. With approval of the federal bankruptcy court, Jowers immediately dismissed her bankruptcy petition without prejudice (even though her plan had already been confirmed with a less-than-100-percent payout), and then filed a new Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition listing the claim as an asset. Nevertheless, the superior court granted summary judgment to Arthur, which Jowers appeals.
Asserting a claim for loss of consortium, her husband joined in the suit, but later dismissed his claim without prejudice.
Since 1994 we have followed the federal doctrine of judicial estoppel, which precludes a party from asserting in a judicial proceeding a position inconsistent with a position successfully asserted by it in a prior proceeding. Applying this to both Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy petitions, we have held that in light of the stringent disclosure requirements of bankruptcy law, the failure to disclose an asset (such as a personal injury cause of action) in the bankruptcy schedules amounts to a denial that such asset exists and bars subsequent efforts to pursue the tort claim in a Georgia court.
Southmark Corp. v. Trotter, Smith Jacobs, 212 Ga. App. 454, 455 ( 442 S.E.2d 265) (1994); see Smalls v. Walker, ___ Ga. App. ___ (Case No. A99A2020, decided March 24, 2000).
Smalls, supra, slip op. at (2) (Chapter 13); Reagan v. Lynch, 241 Ga. App. 642, 643-644 ( 524 S.E.2d 510) (1999) (Chapter 7); Byrd v. JRC Towne Lake, Ltd., 225 Ga. App. 506, 507 ( 484 S.E.2d 309) (1997) (Chapter 13).
We have emphasized, however, that if the debtor initially fails to list the claim as a potential asset but later successfully amends the bankruptcy filing or reopens the bankruptcy proceeding to include the claim, judicial estoppel will not bar recovery on the claim. Our first case applying this concept, Johnson v. Trust Co. Bank, did not accept the rationale that allowing such an amendment or reopening to cure the omission permits dishonest plaintiff/debtors to conceal the asset from the bankruptcy court until "`caught'" by the defendant in the subsequent personal injury action. A majority of this Court was not persuaded that a tardy bankruptcy amendment, spurred by the filing of a summary judgment motion in the state tort action, represents a plaintiff/debtor's manipulating the court system by shifting positions when his interests change, which judicial estoppel is designed to prevent.
Smalls, supra, slip op. at (2); see Clark v. Perino, 235 Ga. App. 444, 446 (1) ( 509 S.E.2d 707) (1998).
223 Ga. App. 650 ( 478 S.E.2d 629) (1996) (whole court).
Id. at 652.
Id. at 653.
Rather, focusing on a different analysis, the majority held that the plaintiff/debtor, who with the permission of the bankruptcy court reopens his bankruptcy case and amends the asset schedule to include the tort claim, gains no unfair advantage in the bankruptcy court. The majority reasoned that the amendment adds the claim to the bankruptcy estate and thus inures to the benefit of the debtor's creditors. Moreover, the legal consequence of the bankruptcy court's decision to reopen the case and to accept the amendment to the plaintiff/debtor's asset schedule is that the plaintiff/debtor's position in the tort suit no longer is inconsistent with a position he successfully and unequivocally asserted in a prior proceeding.
Id. at 651-652. Notably, this ground for requiring the reversal of summary judgment in Johnson was separate from and independent of the majority's reasoning that the disputed evidence of the plaintiff/debtor's intent to manipulate the court system also required reversal of summary judgment. Id. at 651. Since under Johnson either ground alone is sufficient for not applying judicial estoppel, we do not address the factual question of Jowers's intent. See, e.g., Smalls, supra, slip op. at (2); Wolfork v. Tackett, 241 Ga. App. 633, 634 ( 526 S.E.2d 436) (1999) (whole court); compare Clark, supra, 235 Ga. App. at 446 (1).
Id.
Id. at 652.
We have since reiterated that amending the bankruptcy petition to include the claim, even after the bankruptcy case was closed, precludes judicial estoppel from barring the claim. Thus, when we have applied judicial estoppel to bar a claim, there has been no evidence that the plaintiff ever attempted to amend his bankruptcy pleadings to include the tort claim.
See Smalls, supra, slip op. at (2); Wolfork, supra, 241 Ga. App. at 634; Reagan, supra, 241 Ga. App. at 644-645; Clark, supra, 235 Ga. App. at 446 (1); see generally Jones v. United States, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18356 (II) (N.D.Ga. 1997) (tort action stayed 60 days to permit plaintiff to apply to the bankruptcy court to reopen bankruptcy and add tort claim as asset, despite detrimental effect on defendant's judicial estoppel argument); In re Daniel, 205 B.R. 346, 348 (Bankr.N.D.Ga. 1997) (bankruptcy court allowed debtor to reopen Chapter 7 bankruptcy to add personal injury tort claim as asset of estate, noting that the Bankruptcy Rules accord the debtors the right to amend bankruptcy schedules "as a matter of course" and to liberally reopen a case). But see Scoggins v. Arrow Trucking Co., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5233 (S.D.Ga. 2000) (amendment to add a pre-petition tort claim spurred by summary judgment motion did not preclude operation of judicial estoppel).
See Byrd v. JRC Towne Lake, Itd., 225 Ga. App. 506, 507-508 ( 484 S.E.2d 309) (1997); Southmark, supra, 212 Ga. App. at 456-457.
Moreover, while the underlying purpose of judicial estoppel is to prevent manipulation of the judicial process, it is the bankruptcy court that primarily is being manipulated in this instance. The creditors lose the potential to recover where such a claim is not listed. Therefore, if the bankruptcy court permits an amendment allowing an omitted tort claim, it stands to reason that the Georgia court in which the tort claim is asserted should honor the bankruptcy court's actions. To hold otherwise would produce overly harsh and inequitable results, for then everyone (except the allegedly culpable tort defendant) would lose, including the debtor's innocent creditors. It is up to the bankruptcy court to consider any sanctions for a plaintiff's alleged attempts at manipulation under these circumstances.
See In re Griner, 240 B.R. 432, 439 (3) (Bankr.S.D.Al. 1999).
The question then becomes whether Jowers's "without prejudice" dismissal of her bankruptcy proceeding (whose plan for a reduced payout had been confirmed) and subsequent refiling of a new petition that included the personal injury claim accomplishes the same result, for judicial estoppel purposes, that amending the asset schedule of the ongoing proceeding would have achieved. We hold that it does, for we have held that judicial estoppel does not apply if a plaintiff reopens a closed case (where discharge has already occurred) and amends the asset schedule. We have reasoned that such does not constitute taking a position inconsistent with one successfully and unequivocally asserted in a prior proceeding. Dismissing an ongoing proceeding before discharge and refiling an amended petition is even less like a successful and unequivocal assertion of an inconsistent position. Dismissal effectively vacates a confirmed plan, returns the debtor and her creditors to the status quo ante, and revests the estate's property in the debtor, with the debtor again liable for his debts and with the creditors free to pursue all legal remedies against the debtor. It can hardly be said that the debtor's failure to list the tort claim successfully inured to her benefit in the dismissed case.
Clark, 235 Ga. App. at 445-446 (1).
Id. at 446 (1).
Moore v. Bank of Fitzgerald, 225 Ga. App. 122, 124 (1) ( 483 S.E.2d 135) (1997).
See id. at 124-125 (1).
The superior court erred in applying judicial estoppel to grant Arthur summary judgment.
Judgment reversed. Pope, P.J., concurs and Smith, P.J., concurs specially.
DECIDED JULY 12, 2000.
Although I believe this case shares many similarities with cases such as Byrd v. JRC Towne Lake, Ltd., 225 Ga. App. 506 ( 484 S.E.2d 309) (1997), in which we concluded that the doctrine of judicial estoppel precluded the plaintiff from asserting a tort claim, I concur in the result reached by the majority. At least a subtle distinction exists between this case and Byrd. Jowers in effect amended her bankruptcy petition by successfully seeking its dismissal and filing another petition listing the potential tort claim in her schedule of assets. This distinction avoids the harsh result that would obtain from a purely technical application of the doctrine of judicial estoppel.