SUE WALKER, JUSTICE

Tony Wright, the Wright Lawfirm, P.L.L.C., Dallas, TX, for Appellant.

Sharen Wilson, Crim. Dist. Atty., Debra Windsor, Asst. Crim. Dist. Atty., Chief, Post Conviction, Edward Wilkinson, Timothy Rodgers, Melinda Westmoreland, Asst. Crim. Dist. Attys., Fort Worth, TX, for State.

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; WALKER, J.; and CHARLES BLEIL (Senior Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment).

OPINION

SUE WALKER, JUSTICE

I. INTRODUCTION

A jury found Appellant Jose L. Jimenez guilty of the offense of indecency with a child by contact, and the trial court sentenced him to eight years' imprisonment. Appellant raises six issues—two issues challenging the sufficiency of the evidence and four issues challenging the admission of testimony from four witnesses for impeachment purposes. For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm the trial court's judgment.

II. FACTUAL OVERVIEW

Appellant is the father of Timmy, who was five years old at the time of the offense. Appellant had been away from home for several days. He came home late on the evening of April 18, 2013, and he was intoxicated. His wife, Timmy's mother Ann, was angry with him for the time he had spent away from home and suspected he had been with his paramour. She readied Timmy for bed by putting on his pajamas. She refused to sleep in the couple's bed with Appellant, so she went to sleep on the couch.

The next morning, Ann went to wake Timmy for school. Timmy was in the couple's bed with Appellant. When Ann pulled back the covers, she saw that Appellant was fully clothed and that Timmy did not have on his pajama bottoms. Timmy told Ann that Appellant had touched him on his "wee-wee."

Ann called the police a few days later to report the incident. The police responded, and Ann made statements to them. Timmy was examined by a sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) and made statements to her and to a forensic investigator.III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

Appellant's first two issues challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction, respectively.

A. Standard of Review

The dual concepts of "factual insufficiency" and "legal insufficiency" are now a single "sufficiency" standard, as was articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). SeeBrooks v. State , 323 S.W.3d 893, 894–912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (overruling Clewis v. State , 922 S.W.2d 126, 134–36 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) ). The Jackson standard is the only standard that a reviewing court should apply in determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element of a criminal offense that the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. Adames v. State , 353 S.W.3d 854, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (referencing Jackson , 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S.Ct. at 2789 ), cert. denied , 565 U.S. 1262, 132 S. Ct. 1763, 182 L.Ed.2d 533 (2012). Under the Jackson standard, we examine all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that evidence and any reasonable inferences from it, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S.Ct. at 2789 ; Isassi v. State , 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

B. Elements of the Offense

A person commits the offense of indecency with a child by contact if, with a child younger than seventeen years and not the person's spouse, the person engages in sexual contact with the child. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(a)(1) (West 2011). "Sexual contact" means the following acts, if committed with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person: any touching by a person, including touching through clothing, of the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a child. Id. § 21.11(c)(1). A person acts intentionally with respect to the nature of the conduct or a result of the conduct when it is the person's conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result. Id. § 6.03(a) (West 2011). In the context of indecency with a child, the factfinder can infer the requisite intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire from conduct, remarks, or all the surrounding circumstances. SeeMcKenzie v. State , 617 S.W.2d 211, 216 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981). The intent to arouse or gratify may be inferred from conduct alone. Id. No oral expression of intent or visible evidence of sexual arousal is necessary. Gregory v. State , 56 S.W.3d 164, 171 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. dism'd), cert. denied , 538 U.S. 978, 123 S.Ct. 1787, 155 L.Ed.2d 667 (2003). Moreover, because voluntary intoxication is not a defense to the commission of a crime, evidence of a defendant's voluntary intoxication does not negate the mens rea elements of intent or knowledge. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 8.04(a) (West 2011); Hawkins v. State , 605 S.W.2d 586, 589 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980).

C. The Evidence

1. Ann's Testimony

At trial, Ann testified that Timmy usually slept in bed with the couple, that she had heard Timmy and Appellant playing and laughing in the bedroom that night, and that Timmy had told her that Appellant had taken off his pajamas to play "tickles" and had accidently brushed against him. Ann steadfastly testified that Timmy had never said that Appellant had touched his private parts because "those were not his words." Ann admitted that she had called the police and had reported the incident; Ann said that she had told the police that Appellant and Timmy were just playing but that the police would not listen to her.

2. Timmy's Testimony

At trial, Timmy testified that he had lied when he said Appellant had touched him because he did not know what was touching him, just that it was very cold. Timmy admitted that he had told his mother that Appellant had touched him but said, "I don't know if it was him." When the prosecutor asked whether he thought someone else was touching him, he said, "[M]aybe." When the prosecutor asked, "[On] what part of your body did you think that someone touched you?" Timmy answered, "[M]y wee-wee," which he said he uses to pee. Timmy testified that he did not remember talking to a lady in a room with a camera. Timmy also testified that he had taken his pajamas off himself because he was hot. Timmy further testified that he had lied to his mother about what had happened and that no one had asked him to change his story; he did it on his own.

3. Appellant's Testimony and Videotaped Statement

The video of Appellant's statement to Fort Worth Police Sergeant Patrick Delano was played for the jury. On the video, Appellant says that if Timmy said Appellant touched his private parts, then he touched them.

Appellant testified at trial and was asked, "So what happened that morning? What's the first thing you remember when you woke up?" And he answered:

Just like she said, she walked in, and I was still asleep and she wakes him up. I remember she pull[ed] up the covers and, you know, I feel pretty much everything because I'm sensitive of everything that's going on. And she said, "Why are you naked?" And his first words he said, "My dad took my clothes off." And she says—and then she asked him why, and he did say that because he was playing with me, and I remember that, you know, he did mention that I touched him on his wee-wee, and I'm like, what? But then, you know, that's the opportunity that she took to make it into, like, something that it wasn't, and now gives it to the State and tells the State about this, and now we're here.

Appellant denied that he had touched Timmy "improperly."

Appellant admitted both on the video and at trial that he was intoxicated that night and does not remember what happened. Appellant also admitted that when Ann confronted him about what had happened that night, he told her that he was drunk and could have thought that it was her in the bed with him. He testified, "I told her that I am sorry if I touched him."

4. Testimony of Nurse Brenda Crawford

Brenda Crawford is a registered nurse; she is certified as a SANE and works at Cook Children's Medical Center. She performed a sexual assault examination on Timmy on May 1, 2013. Because Ann speaks only Spanish and because Nurse Crawford is fluent in Spanish, she was assigned to Timmy's case. Ann told Nurse Crawford that her husband had come home drunk, had gone to their bedroom to sleep, and had taken Timmy with him into the bedroom; that she could hear Timmy telling his father to leave him alone because he wanted to sleep; and that when she went to wake up Timmy for school, he was not wearing any clothes. Ann asked Timmy why his clothes were off, and he said that his daddy took off his clothes and touched his "bebitos." Nurse Crawford explained that she writes down verbatim what she is told, using that person's words. Nurse Crawford testified that Timmy told her, "My dad touched me at night[,] and he was drunk. He took my PJ pants and undies off and touched me here" and pointed to his genital area. Nurse Crawford said those were Timmy's words. Nurse Crawford testified that neither Timmy nor Ann mentioned anything to her about tickling, wrestling, playing, or an accidental touching.

5. Testimony of Fort Worth Police Sergeant Patrick Delano

Patrick Delano testified that he is a sergeant with the City of Fort Worth Police Department. In May 2013, he worked in the crimes against children unit and was assigned to investigate an indecency case against Appellant. Sergeant Delano testified that Ann told him that around 6:50 a.m. when she went to wake up Timmy for school, she pulled the covers back on the bed and saw that his underwear and his pajama bottoms were down at the foot of the bed but that he still had his pajama top on. When she asked Timmy why his pajamas were off, he said that his dad had taken them off and had touched him on his privates. Sergeant Delano said that Ann never told him she thought the offense did not happen or that it was an accident. Sergeant Delano then met with Appellant and interviewed him; the interview was recorded and admitted into evidence as State's Exhibit 3.

6. Testimony of Child Protective Services (CPS) Investigator Vincent Appolonio

Vincent Appolonio of CPS was assigned to investigate an allegation concerning Timmy and Appellant. Appolonio said that when he spoke with Ann, she was concerned about her family being broken up; she said that she had confronted Appellant about what had happened and that he had apologized and had said that he thought it was her in the bed. Appolonio interviewed Timmy at his elementary school. After obtaining general information from Timmy, Appolonio began asking general sexual screening questions. Timmy made a statement to Appolonio reflecting sexual abuse, so Appolonio stopped his interview and referred Timmy for a forensic interview.

7. Testimony of Forensic Interviewer Charity Henry

Charity Henry testified that she is employed with Alliance for Children as a forensic interviewer and that in that capacity, she interviews children to find out what, if anything, happened regarding allegations of violent crimes and abuse, mainly sexual abuse. Henry conducted two interviews of Timmy. During the first interview, Timmy was able to provide sensory and peripheral details concerning what had happened. Henry conducted a second interview of Timmy eight months after the first interview because she had been informed that he had recanted. Henry said that Timmy was more hesitant in the second interview but said that he did not recant.

D. The Law on Outcry Statements and Recantations

A child victim's outcry statement alone can be sufficient to sustain a conviction for a sexual offense. Rodriguez v. State , 819 S.W.2d 871, 873 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) ; Saldaña v. State , 287 S.W.3d 43, 60 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2008, pet ref'd) ; Kimberlin v. State , 877 S.W.2d 828, 831 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 1994, pet. ref'd). And when such statements are recanted by the victim and the outcry witness, the jury as the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses is entitled to determine whether to believe the prior statements or the recantations. Chambers v. State , 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) ; Saldaña , 287 S.W.3d at 60 ("Furthermore, when a witness recants prior testimony, it is up to the fact finder to determine whether to believe the original statement or the recantation. A fact finder is fully entitled to disbelieve a witness's recantation."); Jackson v. State , 110 S.W.3d 626, 631 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd) ("[A] criminal conviction, which requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt, may rest on hearsay despite the lack of the complainant's testimony or even the complainant's recantation."). That is, a complainant's recantation of an earlier outcry statement does not destroy the probative value of the statement. Chambers , 805 S.W.2d at 461.

E. Sufficiency Analysis

Both Timmy and Appellant testified that when Ann pulled back the covers and asked Timmy why his pajama bottoms were off, Timmy said that Appellant had touched his "wee-wee." The State argued in opening statement and in closing arguments that this initial statement by Timmy was truthful; that then-five-year-old Timmy's statement to his mother the morning when she pulled back the covers was credible because when he made the statement, he was just answering her question without thought of any consequences. Additionally, Appellant did not deny touching Timmy's genitals but insisted that any touching was accidental and was not done "improperly." Appellant also testified that he was intoxicated that night and does not remember much of what happened; he testified that he had told Ann that maybe he had hugged Timmy thinking it was her in bed with him. And Timmy's "recantation" was equivocal; he did not change his testimony that someone or something had touched his "wee-wee" but testified he did not know that it was Appellant who had touched him. SeeChambers , 805 S.W.2d at 461 (explaining that based on victim's equivocating statements, "it [was] questionable whether this was a true repudiation ... or merely a conflict in testimony. The jury observed the complainant's demeanor and was entitled not only to reconcile any such conflicts, but even to disbelieve her recantation"). Accordingly, viewing all of the evidence—including Nurse Crawford's, Sergeant Delano's, Appolonio's, and Henry's testimony—and the reasonable inferences from it and deferring to the jury's weight and credibility of the evidence determinations, we hold that a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the essential elements of the offense of indecency with a child (Timmy) by contact were committed by Appellant. SeeJackson , 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S.Ct. at 2789 ; Isassi , 330 S.W.3d at 638 ; see also Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 8.04(a), 21.11(a)(1). We overrule Appellant's first and second issues.

IV. COMPLAINTS CONCERNING IMPEACHMENT TESTIMONY WERE FORFEITED

In issues three through six, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by permitting Nurse Crawford, Sergeant Delano, Appolonio, and Henry to testify to prior statements made by Ann for the purpose of impeaching Ann's trial testimony. Specifically, Appellant argues that the State's primary purpose for eliciting the testimony from these witnesses concerning Ann's statements to them "was to place before the jury otherwise inadmissible hearsay evidence. [See ] Hughes v. State , 4 S.W.3d 1 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)." The State asserts that these complaints were forfeited because Appellant did not assert these complaints in objections at trial.

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that a hearsay objection to prior-inconsistent-statement impeachment testimony did not comport with a complaint like Appellant's here—that the State's actual purpose in impeaching Ann was to gain admission of her prior statements. SeeBarley v. State , 906 S.W.2d 27, 36–37 & n.11 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (holding appellate complaint—that "the written statement of Jimmy Fuller, who was called as a witness by the prosecution and then impeached, ostensibly by his prior inconsistent statements, when in fact, said impeachment was employed as a mere subterfuge to get otherwise inadmissible hearsay evidence before the jury"—was not preserved by hearsay objection), cert. denied , 516 U.S. 1176, 116 S.Ct. 1271, 134 L.Ed.2d 217 (1996). Appellant asserted either no objection, hearsay objections, or confrontation clause objections to the complained-of testimony by Nurse Crawford, Sergeant Delano, Appolonio, and Henry. These objections do not raise the complaint Appellant asserts on appeal—that the prior inconsistent statements of Ann were inadmissible as impeachment evidence under rule 607 because the State's actual purpose in offering the statements was to place otherwise inadmissible testimony before the jury, which made the statements more prejudicial than probative under rule 403. SeeHughes , 4 S.W.3d at 5. Because Appellant's complaints regarding the impeachment testimony were not raised in the trial court, the trial court did not have the opportunity to rule on them, and they are forfeited on appeal. SeeBarley , 906 S.W.2d at 37 & n.11 (holding rule 403 objection to prior-inconsistent-statement evidence—which was purportedly offered by State for impeachment under rule 607 but was actually offered to gain admission of otherwise inadmissible testimony—was not made in trial court, so complaint was forfeited on appeal); see also Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1). Accordingly, we overrule Appellant's third through sixth issues.

V. CONCLUSION

Having overruled each of Appellant's six issues, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

BLEIL, J., filed a dissenting opinion.

CHARLES BLEIL, JUSTICE, Dissenting

The majority opinion adequately presents the facts as set forth by the witnesses. Looking at the facts presented at trial, however, I cannot join in that opinion. The majority overrules Appellant's challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for indecency with a child by contact. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(a)(1) (West 2011). I do not see any evidence supporting a finding beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant intended to arouse anyone's sexual desire if and when contact occurred; I therefore disagree.

The consensus of evidentiary opinion seems to show that Appellant came home intoxicated and ended up sleeping with his five-year-old son Timmy, which was not unusual. Appellant apparently was fully clothed because that is how he was dressed when he came home and how he was dressed when he was awakened the next day.

According to Timmy's mother (Mother), when Timmy awakened, he told her that during the night Appellant had touched him "like this" or "like that," and she apparently indicated with her hands while she was testifying that he had used his hands to show that the touch had been in his genital region.

Timmy testified that he had been touched "in [his] wee-wee," which he "use[d] to pee." He also testified that Appellant never played with his wee-wee and that he did not know why he had originally told Mother that Appellant had played with his wee-wee. Timmy testified that when he told Mother that Appellant had touched him, he had been lying and that he lied because he did not know what was touching him. Whatever touched him "felt, like, very cold." He also testified that he did not know if Appellant had touched him and that maybe it was someone else.

Appellant testified that on the night in question, he and Timmy "played, wrestled, hugged, whatever, and that's pretty much all [he] remember[ed]. There was no physical touching, like, on purpose. If anything happened, ... it was all accidental." He recalled laughing with his son as they wrestled and tickled on the evening in question. He did not remember touching Timmy in his private area "by accident or on purpose." Appellant testified that when Mother woke Timmy up the next morning and asked him why he was naked, Timmy answered, "My dad took my clothes off" and "he did mention that [Appellant] touched him on his wee-wee." Appellant testified that he was then "like, what?"

Appellant explained that he told Mother that if Timmy said that Appellant touched him, maybe Appellant mistook Timmy for Mother and was hugging him thinking that he was Mother. Appellant testified that the family had a dog and a cat and that his hands were not cold. He testified that if Timmy "felt something cold" rub against him, it was not Appellant. Appellant testified that he was "100 percent sure" that he had not touched Timmy's penis and that if he had touched it, the contact would have been accidental while they were playing. Appellant conceded in his testimony that it was possible that he had touched Timmy: "Like I said, we were playing. If I had rubbed against him, it was nothing malicious. You guys are trying to make it like I'm a sex offender." Appellant also testified that he had told the police in his interview that he "might have put [his] hand there not knowing it was him [ (Timmy) ]." Appellant further admitted saying in his interview that if Timmy had said that he "touched his private parts," then Appellant had "touched his private parts."The medical personnel, police, Child Protective Services investigator, and forensic investigator provided little evidence of value other than that at the time of trial, Timmy and his mother had changed their version of events. They had given a more inculpatory version immediately following the report of the incident.

I differ from the majority in that I see no evidence of any past conduct or behavior on the part of Appellant and no evidence adduced at trial that supports a finding that if and when the "touch" took place, Appellant had the requisite "intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person," as provided in section 21.11(a)(1)(2) of the Texas Penal Code. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(a) ; seeJackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) ; Adames v. State , 353 S.W.3d 854, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), cert. denied , 565 U.S. 1262, 132 S.Ct. 1763, 182 L.Ed.2d 533 (2012). Therefore, I dissent.