OPINION

Opinion by Justice BENAVIDES.

Relator, Great Lakes Dredge Dock Company, L.L.C. ("Great Lakes"), requests this Court to issue a writ of mandamus ordering the Respondent, the Honorable Ricardo Rodriguez, Jr., to enforce a venue-selection agreement. Finding no abuse of discretion, we deny Great Lakes's petition.

I. BACKGROUND

Nelson Ramos was employed by Great Lakes beginning in 2006. Upon his employment, he was required to sign a document titled, "Employee Acceptance of Forum Selection" (hereinafter "the Agreement"). The Agreement provides as follows:

As a condition of employment with Great Lakes Dredge Dock Company LLC, the EMPLOYEE and Great Lakes Dredge Dock Company, LLC mutually agree that any claim for personal, emotional, physical, or economic injury [including death] pursuant to Federal law, general maritime law, the Jones Act, or the laws of any State, or otherwise arising out of EMPLOYEE'S employment with Great Lakes Dredge Dock Company, LLC shall, if ever made the basis of litigation initiated by EMPLOYEE be filed, at the option of the EMPLOYEE, in any one of the following jurisdictions only:

(a) the Circuit Court for the County of DuPage, State of Illinois; or

(b) The Court designated below in the State of residence of the EMPLOYEE or in the State in which the accident made the basis of the lawsuit occurred, as follows:

or

(c) The United States Federal District Court in the State of residence of the EMPLOYEE or in the State in which the accident made the basis of the lawsuit occurred, as follows:

On January 23, 2007, Ramos filed suit against Great Lakes in Hidalgo County District Court, alleging that his injuries were the result of maritime negligence and the Dredge ILLINOIS's unseaworthiness. Ramos asserted claims under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. § 30104 (2006) (formerly codified at 46 U.S.C. app. § 688). Great Lakes responded with a Motion to Dismiss or, in the alternative, Motion to Transfer Venue and, subject thereto, Special Exceptions and Answer. Great Lakes argued that the Agreement mandated that suit be filed in either a state district court in Harris County, Texas, or in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, Houston Division.

Ramos filed a response, arguing that the "mandatory venue provision for the Jones Act requires Plaintiff's suit to be brought in Hidalgo County; and . . . [t]he forum selection clause is vague, unjust, and unreasonable." Attached to the response was an affidavit signed by Ramos, stating that while working on a job in Florida, he was "forced" to sign the Agreement. He states that he was told by a Great Lakes representative "that if [he] did not sign the form [he] would be terminated." Finally, he states that he did not receive any consideration for signing the form. Ramos also filed a short brief setting out authority for his positions.

Judge Rodriguez held a hearing on Great Lakes's motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, transfer. Great Lakes's petition for writ of mandamus states that arguments were presented at the hearing, but no other evidence was presented. See TEX.R.APP. P. 52.7(a)(2). On June 6, 2007, Judge Rodriguez denied Great Lakes's motion to dismiss without stating the reasons for his ruling. The mandamus proceeding followed.

II. MANDAMUS STANDARD

Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy that is available when the relator demonstrates that the trial court clearly abused its discretion and that it has an inadequate remedy by appeal. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its discretion when it "'reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law.'" Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding) ( quoting Johnson v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 700 S.W.2d 916, 917 (1985) (orig. proceeding)). A review of a trial court's legal determinations is not entitled to deference — "a trial court has no 'discretion' in determining what the law is or applying the law to the facts." Id. at 840.

The relator must also show that his or her appellate remedy is inadequate. In re Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 135-36. The Texas Supreme Court has explained that this element requires a practical and prudential analysis, requiring consideration of both public and private interests. Id. at 136. "An appellate remedy is 'adequate' when any benefits to mandamus review are outweighed by the detriments. When the benefits outweigh the detriments, appellate courts must consider whether the appellate remedy is adequate." Id.

III. ENFORCEABILITY OF VENUE SELECTION AGREEMENT

Great Lakes asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to enforce a forum-selection agreement. Great Lakes argues that, under the Texas Supreme Court's recent pronouncements, forum-selection agreements are presumptively enforceable, and Ramos has not raised a valid defense to enforcement. See In re AutoNation, Inc., 228 S.W.3d 663, 668 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding); Michiana Easy Livin' Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 793 (Tex. 2005) ("[E]nforcement of a forum-selection clause is mandatory absent a showing that 'enforcement would be unreasonable and unjust, or that the clause was invalid due to fraud or overreaching.'"); In re Automated Collection Tech., Inc., 156 S.W.3d 557, 559 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding); In re AIU Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d 109, 111-15 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding).

In response, Ramos asserts that the mandatory venue statute in place at the time suit was filed, former Texas Civil Practice Remedies Code section 15.018, provided that Ramos's Jones Act claim could be brought in Hidalgo County, where Ramos resided. Additionally, under that same section, suit could not be brought in Harris County. He argues that, under the Texas Supreme Court's decisions in Leonard v. Paxson and Fidelity Union Life Ins. Co. v. Evans, a party's pre-suit agreement to set venue in a particular county that is contrary to a mandatory venue statute is void and unenforceable. Great Lakes counters that Leonard and Fidelity were decided prior to the supreme court's recent trend of enforcing forum-selection agreements and are effectively supplanted. For the following reasons, we disagree with Great Lakes.

A. Terminology — "Venue" v. "Forum."

In this case, the parties have used "forum" and "venue" interchangeably. We pause to note the difference between the two terms to avoid any confusion about our holding. Each term has a distinct legal meaning that must be carefully observed, even though in some instances, Texas case law has muddled the distinction between the two. Accelerated Christian Educ., Inc. v. Oracle Corp., 925 S.W.2d 66, 68 n. 1 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1996, no pet.) ("'[V]enue' has a particular legal meaning in Texas. . . ."), overruled on other grounds, In re Tyco Elecs. Power Sys., Inc., No. 05-04-01808-CV, 2005 WL 237232, at *5 n. 1, 2005 Tex.App. LEXIS 819, at *11-12 n. 1 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2005, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); see also Liu v. CiCi Enters., L.P., No. 14-05-00827-CV, 2007 WL 43816, at *2-3, 2007 Tex.App. LEXIS 81, at *6-7 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 9, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) ("The distinction between a forum selection clause and a venue selection clause is critical").

"Forum" generally refers to a sovereign or a state. See Scott v. Gallagher, 209 S.W.3d 262, 264 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) ("[V]enue 'refers to the propriety of prosecuting, in a particular form, a suit on a given subject matter with specific parties, over which the forum must, necessarily, have subject-matter jurisdiction.'") (emphasis added). In contrast, "[a]t common law, 'venue' meant 'the neighborhood, place, or county in which the injury is declared to have been done or in fact declared to have happened.'" State v. Blankenship, 170 S.W.3d 676, 681 (Tex.App.-Austin 2005, pet. ref'd) (quoting BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1557 (6th ed. 1991)). In Texas, "venue" refers to the county in which suit is proper within the forum state. Accelerated Christian Educ., Inc., 925 S.W.2d at 73; Estrada v. State, 148 S.W.3d 506, 508 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2004, no pet.). Thus, a "forum"-selection agreement is one that chooses another state or sovereign as the location for trial, whereas a "venue"-selection agreement chooses a particular county or court within that state or sovereign.

Great Lakes does not dispute that under the contract and under federal law, Ramos has the right to bring his Jones Act claim in Texas state court. In fact, the Agreement expressly states that the choices provided are entirely "at the option of the EMPLOYEE." The only disagreement, it appears, is whether Ramos was required to adhere to the venue requirements of the Agreement and bring his suit in a Harris County district court. We will now turn to the arguments.

B. Early Texas cases refused to enforce pre-suit venue selection agreements in contravention of mandatory venue statutes based on the "ouster" doctrine and the policy reasons behind the legislative venue scheme.

As early as 1919, the Texas Supreme Court refused to enforce an agreement regarding venue within Texas that contravened the statutory venue scheme. Int'l Travelers' Ass'n v. Branum, 109 Tex. 543, 212 S.W. 630, 631-432 (1919). In International Travelers' Ass'n v. Branum, the plaintiff sued to recover proceeds from an insurance policy in the county of her residence. Id. The defendant filed a plea of privilege to be sued in Dallas County, as provided by the insurance application and policy and by the insurance company's bylaws. Id. at 631. In response, the plaintiff argued that the mandatory venue statute allowed her the choice to file in the county of her residence or in any county where the defendant had an agent or representative, and a contract limiting her ability to choose the venue as provided by the venue statutes was void as against public policy. Id.; see also Fidelity, 477 S.W.2d at 537. The court phrased the issue as follows: "the real question presented by [the defendant's] plea of privilege. . . . is whether a statute giving a plaintiff the right to sue in several counties can be overridden by a contract undertaking to deprive him of that right." Branum, 212 S.W. at 631; Fidelity, 477 S.W.2d at 537.

The court agreed with the plaintiff, holding that the agreement to limit venue was void as against public policy. Branum, 212 S.W. at 631. Its holding was based on two premises. Id. at 631-32. First, it cited the policy behind venue statutes: "The rules to determine in what courts and counties actions may be brought are fixed, upon considerations of general convenience and expediency, by general law; to allow them to be changed by the agreement of parties would disturb the symmetry of the law, and interfere with such convenience." Id. at 631 (quoting Nute v. Hamilton Mut. Ins. Co., 72 Mass. 174, 6 Gray 174 (1856)).

Second, the court cited what would later be called the "ouster" doctrine, which is often traced to the United States Supreme Court's decision in Insurance Co. v. Morse. Id. at 631-32 (citing Ins. Co. v. Morse, 20 Wall. 445, 87 U.S. 445, 451, 22 L.Ed. 365 (1874)). There, the Supreme Court held that a forum selection clause was unenforceable, stating that:

Every citizen is entitled to resort to all the courts of the country, and to invoke the protection which all the laws or all those courts may afford him. A man may not barter away his life, or his freedom, or his substantial rights. In a criminal case, he can not, as was held in Cancemi's case, 18 N.Y. 128, be tried in any other manner than by a jury of twelve men, although he consent in open court to be tried by a jury of eleven men. In a civil case he may submit his particular suit by his own consent to an arbitration, or to the decision of a single judge. So he may omit to exercise his right to remove his suit to a Federal tribunal, as often as he thinks fit, in each recurring case. In these aspects any citizen may no doubt waive the rights to which he may be entitled. He can not, however, bind himself in advance by an agreement, which may be specifically enforced, thus to forfeit his rights at all times and on all occasions, whenever the case may be presented. That the agreement of the insurance company is invalid upon the principles mentioned, numerous cases may be cited to prove. They show that agreements in advance to oust the courts of the jurisdiction conferred by law are illegal and void.

Morse, 87 U.S. (20 Wall.) at 451 (emphasis added); see Branum, 212 S.W. at 631-32. For these two reasons, the Texas Supreme Court refused to enforce the venue-selection agreement that removed the plaintiff's choice of venue. The court reaffirmed its conclusion in 1939 in Ziegelmeyer v. Pelphrey, holding that "venue is fixed by law and any [agreement] to change the law with reference thereto is void." 133 Tex. 73, 125 S.W.2d 1038, 1040 (1939).

C. More recent Texas cases rely on the legislature's provision of contractual venue in specific, limited circumstances and expand upon the traditional justifications for refusing to enforce venue-selection agreements.

More recently, in Fidelity Union Life Insurance Co. v. Evans, the Texas Supreme Court again considered the effect of a venue-selection agreement that contravened a mandatory venue statute. 477 S.W.2d at 535. In that case, Fidelity Union Life Insurance Company brought suit in Dallas County seeking to enjoin its former agent from violating his contract. Id. The agent's contract with Fidelity provided for venue of such an action in Dallas; however, the mandatory venue statute in effect at the time provided for mandatory venue in "the district or county court of the county in which [the defendant] has its domicile." Id. at 536. The agent filed a plea of privilege based on this statute. Id.

The supreme court cited Branum, noting its holding that "an advance agreement about venue may not contravene the statutory scheme for fixing venue." Id. The court's reasoning, however, included more justification than its earlier decision in Branum. See id. First, the court noted that the venue statutes at the time provided parties the right to agree to venue only when "the obligation sued upon is to be performed in the particular county of venue." Id. (citing TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 1995, § 5 (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 15.035 (Vernon 2002))). The cases cited to the court by Fidelity as support for enforcing its venue-selection agreement were under this provision, and the court held they did not support Fidelity's position. Id. at 536-37.

Second, the court discussed the Branum case and the policy reasons for enacting mandatory venue statutes. Id. at 537. Specifically, it noted that "venue is a matter of general convenience and expediency, whereas contracts which change the venue rules disturb the symmetry of the law." Id. It noted that the opinion of the court of civil appeals below, however, had articulated more policy reasons than those discussed in Branum. Id. Specifically, the court of civil appeals below noted that the legislature engages in a policy choice when it enacts venue rules, necessarily choosing to bestow more favor on either a plaintiff or defendant in particular cases:

A party litigating away from home has the same disadvantage whether he is plaintiff or defendant. When two parties live in different counties, only one can enjoy the home-county privilege. A choice must be made, and the legislature has chosen to give that privilege to defendant as a general rule, subject to enumerated exceptions, and no exception is provided for cases in which the parties have agreed to suit in a particular county. TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. ANN., Art. 1995 (1964). In order to maintain suit away from defendant's residence, plaintiff has the burden to prove that his case falls within one of the exceptions, and doubts must be resolved in favor of the general rule. Moreover, the defendant's privilege of defending in his home county is such a valuable right that it must be protected even at the cost of two trials of the same issue. In Branum the public policy against permitting parties to contract away procedural rights was decisive in favor of a plaintiff who was entitled to a venue privilege under one of the exceptions. We hold that the same policy applies even more strongly to a defendant who is entitled to a venue privilege under the general rule. In this case, since we have also the mandatory provisions of Article 4656 requiring an injunction to be returnable to defendant's county, the policy against the contractual provision in question is especially strong.

Fid. Union Life Ins. Co. v. Evans, 468 S.W.2d 869, 872 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1971), aff'd, 477 S.W.2d 535 (Tex. 1972). Based on this additional reasoning, the supreme court held that

the fixing of venue by contract, except in such instances as permitted by Article 1995, § 5, is invalid and cannot be the subject of a private contract. . . . Article 4656 placed venue for an injunction suit in the county in which defendant Evans had his domicile; we hold that a variance of that statute is not the subject of a private contract.

Fid. Union Life Ins. Co., 477 S.W.2d at 537.

Most recently in 1983, in Leonard v. Paxson, the Texas Supreme Court analyzed a venue-selection agreement that conflicted with the Texas Family Code's mandatory venue provisions. 654 S.W.2d 440, 441 (Tex. 1983) (orig. proceeding). In that case, the parties agreed, incident to their divorce, that all acts contemplated by the agreement would be performed in El Paso County and that all proceedings based on the agreement would be filed in El Paso County. Id. The wife instituted a proceeding to modify the agreement's child support provisions in El Paso County, but she then moved to transfer the proceeding to Galveston County, where the children had resided for the prior six months. Id. The husband contested the motion, arguing that venue was proper in El Paso County based on the agreement. Id. The trial court refused to transfer the case, and the wife sought a writ of mandamus. Id. at 440-41.

The supreme court cited the mandatory venue rule in suits affecting the parent-child relationship and determined they applied to the case. Id. at 441. The court cited Fidelity, holding that the mandatory venue provisions of the family code could not be "negated by contract." Id. at 441-42. "To hold otherwise would defeat the legislature's intent that matters affecting the parent-child relationship be heard in the county where the child resides, and would promote forum shopping by contract." Id. at 442.

D. The Texas Supreme Court's recent trend toward enforcement of forum selection agreements is based on the court's rejection of the "ouster" doctrine.

Similarly, Texas courts, like most American courts, historically disfavored forum-selection clauses. In re AIU Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d 109, 111 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). For many years, courts refused to enforce such clauses on the belief that they "ousted" a court of jurisdiction — relying on the same "ouster" doctrine discussed above. Id. However, in 1972, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., wherein it held that forum selection clauses are presumptively valid. 407 U.S. 1, 9, 92 S.Ct. 1907, 32 L.Ed.2d 513 (1972). The Bremen Court cited and expressly rejected the "ouster" doctrine espoused in Morse. Id. In 2004, the Texas Supreme Court followed suit in its decision in In re AIU Insurance Co., also rejecting the "ouster" doctrine. In re AIU Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d at 112-15.

In the years since In re AIU Insurance Co., the Texas Supreme Court has steadfastly held that forum-selection agreements are generally enforceable. See In re Autonation, Inc., 228 S.W.3d at 668-70; Michiana Easy Livin' Country, Inc., 168 S.W.3d at 793; In re Automated Collection Techs., Inc., 156 S.W.3d at 559. There are, however, exceptions to the general rule. See In re Automated Techs., Inc., 156 S.W.3d at 559; Michiana Easy Livin' Country, Inc., 168 S.W.3d at 793. Specifically, "enforcement of forum-selection clauses is mandatory unless the party opposing enforcement 'clearly shows that enforcement would be unreasonable and unjust, or that the clause was invalid for such reasons as fraud or overreaching.'" In re Automated Techs., Inc., 156 S.W.3d at 559 (quoting In re AIU Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d at 112). Additionally, a forum-selection clause will not be enforced if enforcement would contravene a strong public policy of the forum where the suit was brought or if the contractually selected forum would be seriously inconvenient. In re AIU Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d at 112 (citing The Bremen, 407 U.S. at 15, 92 S.Ct. 1907); see also In re Autonation, Inc., 228 S.W.3d at 670 (O'Neill, J., concurring) (listing all applicable exceptions to enforcement).

E. The Texas Supreme Court's recent pronouncements regarding forum-selection clauses do not supplant its decisions regarding venue-selection agreements.

Contrary to Great Lakes's arguments, we hold that the supreme court's recent decisions regarding forum-selection clauses, rejecting the "ouster" doctrine, do not supplant firmly established Texas law regarding the enforcement of venue-selection agreements that contravene a mandatory venue statute. First, the Texas Supreme Court was certainly aware of the holdings in Branum, Leonard, and Fidelity at the time it decided In re AIU, but it chose not to expressly overrule those cases. Chief Justice Thomas R. Phillips cited these cases in his dissent in In re AIU and carefully explained that these cases related to venue. See In re AIU Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d at 123 (Phillips, J., dissenting) (citing Int'l Travelers' Ass'n, 212 S.W. at 631 and Fid. Union Life Ins., 477 S.W.2d at 536). The majority opinion in AIU did not reference these cases at all. Id. at 109-21.

Second, although the decision in AIU appears to supplant one of the reasons stated by the Texas Supreme Court for refusing enforcement of a venue selection agreement — the "ouster" doctrine — it does not address a separate, critical reason for why venue selection agreements in contravention of mandatory venue statutes should not be enforced. In re AIU did not address the legislature's prerogative to set venue or the policy reasons for refusing to enforce a venue-selection clause in light of those legislative choices. See id. at 109-21. This legislative prerogative was relied on heavily in the cases discussed above where the Texas Supreme Court refused to enforce a venue-selection agreement contrary to a mandatory venue provision. See discussion, supra Part III.B.-C. Accordingly, after In re AIU, a highly significant reason to refuse enforcement of venue-selection clauses remains intact.

Finally, refusing to enforce a venue-selection agreement in contravention of a mandatory venue statute actually appears to be consistent with the Texas Supreme Court's recent pronouncements regarding forum-selection agreements and with the legislative venue scheme. Although forum-selection agreements are presumptively enforceable, there are exceptions. One of those exceptions occurs when enforcement of the forum-selection agreement contravenes a strong public policy of the forum. In re AIU Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d at 112 (citing The Bremen, 407 U.S. at 15, 92 S.Ct. 1907); see also In re Autonation, Inc., 228 S.W.3d at 670 (O'Neill, J., concurring).

In In re Autonation, the supreme court's most recent pronouncement on forum-selection clauses, the court faced an argument that enforcement of a forum-selection clause in a covenant not to compete, selecting an out-of-state forum for a suit against a Texas resident, would violate Texas public policy. In re Autonation, Inc., 228 S.W.3d at 668. The court rejected the argument. Id. at 668-69. The primary reason for its decision was that neither Texas courts nor the Texas Legislature had ever declared a fundamental Texas policy requiring every employment dispute with a Texas resident be litigated in Texas: "We recognized in AIU that even where Texas statutory provisions specify the application of Texas law, these provisions are irrelevant to the enforceability of a forum-selection clause where no statute 'requires suit to be brought or maintained in Texas.'" Id. at 669. In the absence of any recognized public policy, either through a judicial opinion or through a statute, the court would enforce the forum-selection agreement. Id.

In contrast to Autonation, the Texas legislature has enacted statutes that govern venue for suits brought in Texas State courts, expressing a legislative policy as to where a particular suit may be brought. TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. Ch. 15 (Vernon 2002 Supp. 2006). The legislature has provided that in very limited circumstances, a party may contract around a mandatory venue statute. Id. Parties to a "major transaction," which must be evidenced by a written agreement and involve consideration with an aggregate stated value of at least one million dollars, may provide for venue in the contract. Id. § 15.020. In contrast, in other transactions of any amount where the contract provides that an obligation is to be performed in a particular county, the legislature has provided venue is permissive in that county. Id. § 15.035. Given these specific instructions from the legislature, we must assume that the legislature intended that any other type of venue-selection agreement would be unenforceable. Cameron v. Terrell Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex. 1981) ("[E]very word excluded from a statute must also be presumed to have been excluded for a purpose. Only when it is necessary to give effect to the clear legislative intent can we insert additional words or requirements into a statutory provision."); Wood v. Victoria Bank Trust Co., N.A., 170 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2005, pet. denied). We cannot discern any clear legislative intent that would allow us to essentially add an exception to mandatory venue into chapter 15 of the civil practice and remedies code, and we decline to do so. Cameron, 618 S.W.2d at 540; Wood, 170 S.W.3d at 890.

Accordingly, we believe that the theoretical underpinnings for In re AIU and its progeny do not apply to venue-selection agreements, and the supreme court did not intend to supplant nearly a hundred years of Texas case law or the legislative policies expressed in chapter 15 of the civil practice and remedies code. We implicitly recognized as much when, in 2006, we refused to enforce a venue-selection agreement that contravened a mandatory venue provision. See Fleming v. Ahumada, 193 S.W.3d 704, 712-13 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2006, no pet.); see also Liu, 2007 WL 43816, at *2-3, 2007 Tex.App. LEXIS 81, at *6-7 (distinguishing between "forum" and "venue" and holding that venue-selection agreements are unenforceable). Although Fleming did not address the law regarding forum-selection agreements, it was properly decided, and we decline to overrule it. The trial court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion when it refused to enforce the venue-selection agreement between Ramos and Great Lakes.

IV. CONCLUSION

Texas law prohibits parties from contracting away mandatory venue. The trial court properly refused to enforce such an agreement in this case. Because Great Lakes was required to show an abuse of discretion for which an appeal is inadequate, and we find no abuse of discretion, we must deny Great Lakes's petition for writ of mandamus. Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 837 (denying mandamus relief for failure to establish abuse of discretion); In re Hamrick, 979 S.W.2d 851, 853 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, orig. proceeding).