MEMORANDUM

JOAN N. FEENEY, Bankruptcy Judge.Page 2

I. INTRODUCTION

The matters before the Court for determination are Motions for Preliminary Injunctions (the "Preliminary Injunction Motions") filed by the Plaintiffs, James B. Boles ("Boles"), Liquidation Trust Representative of the enivid, inc. Liquidation Trust and Christopher J. Panos ("Panos"), Liquidating Trustee of the Sabine, Inc. Liquidating Trust (collectively, the "Plan Trustees"). The Court also has before it a related motion captioned "Joint Motion for Entry of an Order to the Extent Necessary, Approving the Use of the D O Policy Proceeds to Fund the Securities Litigation Settlement Preliminarily Approved by the District Court" (the "Joint Motion") filed by Andrew J. Filipowski ("Filipowski"), Michael P. Cullinane (Cullinane"), and Paul Humenansky ("Humenansky"), together with other former officers and directors of Divine, Inc., now known as enivid, inc., and James Tito, and Frank Waddell (collectively, the "Lead Plaintiffs"), as well as Jeffrey A. Hoover, Patricia Diamantouros, Mike Turner, James F. Howard and Chris Brown (collectively, with the Lead Plaintiffs, the "Shareholder Plaintiffs"). Panos filed an Opposition to the Joint Motion.

The Plan Trustees, through their Preliminary Injunction Motions, seek an order restraining the prosecution and settlement of a number of the class actions brought by former shareholders of Divine against its officers and directors (the "D O Defendants") for violations of federal and state securities laws (the "Securities Actions"). The Shareholder Plaintiffs and Filipowski, Cullinane, Humenansky (the "Intervenors"), who have been permitted to intervene in the above-captioned adversary proceedings, filed Oppositions to the Preliminary Injunction Motions. All parties have filed briefs. The Court conducted a hearing on December 6, 2006 and took the matters under advisement.

None of the parties requested an evidentiary hearing on the Preliminary Injunction Motions or the Joint Motion; the facts necessary to determine them are not in dispute. Accordingly, the Court makes the following findings of fact and rulings of law.

II. BACKGROUND AND FACTS

The actions brought by Shareholder Plaintiffs, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, are now pending in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. On December 17, 2004, after the commencement of the Securities Actions, Stewart F. Grossman, the court-appointed Examiner in Divine, filed a 102-page, 17-count Complaint (Adv.P. No. 04-1439) against four of Divine's directors and officers (Filipowski, Cullinane, Humenansky, and Jude Sulivan ("Sullivan")), in which he alleged, among other things, breaches of the fiduciary duties of care and loyalty (the "Divine Adversary"). Pursuant to the confirmed plan in the enivid case, the Divine Adversary was assigned to, and now is being prosecuted by, Boles, as the Liquidation Trust Representative of enivid. Panos, as the Liquidating Trustee of the Sabine, Inc. Liquidating Trust, commenced an action against Sullivan, RoweCom's sole Director and its Vice-President and Treasurer (Adv. P. No. 05-1019), for breaches of the fiduciary duties of care and loyalty in which he sought damages of over $73 million (the "RoweCom Adversary"). Boles and Panos seek to stay the Securities Actions until such time as their respective actions against the former management of Divine and RoweCom are adjudicated or settled.

The Defendants in the Securities Actions, which include the directors and officers of Divine, have sought defense and indemnification coverage under Directors, Officers and Corporate Liability Insurance Policies (the "D O Policies"). In 2001 and 2002, Divine purchased D O Policies to insure itself, its subsidiaries, including RoweCom, its officers and directors, as well as the officers and directors of its affiliates, in the aggregate sum of $50 million. The insurance companies have denied coverage for certain acts in policy year two and have advised that $18.5 million in insurance coverage remains for acts in policy year one.

In May of 2006, the Shareholder Plaintiffs reached an agreement to settle the Securities Actions with certain of the D O Defendants, namely Filipowski, Cullinane and Humenansky as well as certain other defendants, excluding Sullivan. The parties to the Stipulation of Settlement agreed that the D O Policies would fund the settlement in the sum of $6.5 million for the period between September 17, 2001 through February 14, 2003. As a condition of the settlement, the parties further agreed that this Court must approve use of $6.5 million of the D O Policies' proceeds to fund the settlement. The United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts preliminarily approved the settlement on August 25, 2006, subject to this Court's approval of the Stipulation of Settlement. Panos, as Trustee of the Sabine, Inc. Liquidating Trust, objected to Joint Motion pursuant to which the parties to the Securities Action seek to secure $6.5 million from the D O Policies to fund the settlement, representing that the Plan Trustees have asserted claims under the D O Policies to fund any recoveries which they might obtain in the Divine and RoweCom Adversaries.

The D O Policies are what are known as "wasting policies." In other words, defense costs are part of covered losses, and the insurers only are required to pay up to policy limits no matter how many claims are brought against directors and officers. The insurers are obligated to pay a "Loss" arising from a covered claim up to the limits of coverage. Under the D O Policies, "Loss" means "damages, settlements, or judgments, and defense costs." Additionally, there is both liability and indemnification coverage up to policy limits. Filipowski, Cullinane, Humenansky, as officers and directors of Divine, and Sullivan as an officer and the sole director of RoweCom, have made claims for indemnification against enivid and Sabine. It is unclear what other assets they may have to satisfy any judgments obtained in the Securities Actions or in the Divine and RoweCom Adversaries; no party made any offer of proof or argument on this issue.

III. POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES

A. The Plan Trustees

The Plan Trustees seek an injunction to preventt the Shareholder Plaintiffs from further prosecuting and settling their respective class actions and obtaining any proceeds of the D O Policies until the conclusion of the Divine and RoweCom Adversaries to prevent the diminution of proceeds otherwise available to them to fund any recoveries they may obtain in those actions. Relying upon the priority distribution scheme embodied in the Bankruptcy Code, which requires distributions to creditors before shareholders, they urge the Court, in Boles's words, to enjoin the Shareholder Plaintiffs from their attempt to "endrun the policies of the Bankruptcy Code and state law by racing the Trustee to the courthouse to claim assets that can and should be used to pay creditors."

The Plan Trustees' Preliminary Injunction Motions are predicated on 11 U.S.C. § 105(a), which they submit authorizes the issuance of an order staying lawsuits between third parties such as the Securities Actions. They contend that the Securities Actions and the proposed settlement will undermine their ability to administer the bankruptcy estates and will adversely impact the distribution to creditors. Although the Plan Trustees recognize that there is no authority directly on point for their request in case law from the First Circuit, they assert, in reliance upon Monarch Life Ins. Co. v. Ropes Gray, 65 F.3d 973, 978-79 (1st Cir. 1995), that the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has affirmed the issuance injunctions against third party litigants when bankruptcy estates are adversely affected. The Plan Trustees, primarily rely on the opinion of the bankruptcy court in Maxwell v. Megliola (In re marchFIRST, Inc.), 288 B.R. 526 (Bankr. N. D. Ill. 2002), aff'd, Megliola v. Maxwell, 293 B.R. 443 (N.D. Ill. 2003), and other authority from outside the First Circuit.

B. The Shareholder Plaintiffs

The Shareholder Plaintiffs oppose the issuance of preliminary injunctions. They argue that 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) does not provide the basis for the extraordinary injunctive relief requested by the Plan Trustees simply because D O policy coverage exists. They point out that the Plan Trustees' alleged losses are speculative because they have yet to obtain judgments or reach settlements. In other words, their alleged losses are not covered under the D O Policies' definitions of "Loss." Distinguishing between the insurance policies and the proceeds of the policies, they emphasize that the insurance proceeds are not property of the bankruptcy estates. In their view, the mere existence of potential indemnification coverage for enivid and Sabine does not transform proceeds into estate property. They characterize the interests of the post-confirmation Plan Trustees as mere claims against the D O Policies and distinguish decisions cited by the Plan Trustees, emphasizing the status of the parties enjoined as creditors whose claims competed with those of the trustees' constituency. The Shareholder Plaintiffs, in contrast, maintain that they are not creditors of enivid or Sabine and have independent claims under federal securities law which are unrelated to the Plan Trustees' adversary proceedings. According to the Shareholder Plaintiffs, they have sought relief against the D O Defendants, not for breaches of the common law fiduciary duties of loyalty and care, but for breaches of different duties, and they have sought damages for different injuries than those claimed by the Plan Trustees. The Shareholder Plaintiffs also argue the Securities Actions are not derivative of those belonging to the corporations and that they will not share in any recoveries by the Plan Trustees. The Shareholder Plaintiffs urge the Court to adopt decisions such as Reliance Acceptance Group, Inc. v. Levin (In re Reliance Acceptance Group, Inc.), 235 B.R. 548 (D. Del. 1999), in which the court refused to enjoin shareholders from pursuing securities litigation which did not constitute "claims of creditors" belonging to the bankruptcy trustee, reasoning that the priorities applicable under the Bankruptcy Code to obtain a distribution of estate property do not apply to third parties' independent claims against nondebtors.

The Shareholder Plaintiffs further contend that the Court lacks jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b) to grant the requests for injunctive relief for the reason that the Securities Actions do not "arise under" title 11 and do not "arise in" or "relate to" the enivid and Sabine bankruptcy cases. In their view, mere speculation that insurance proceeds may someday pay the Plan Trustees' claims in the Divine and RoweCom Adversaries is insufficient to confer bankruptcy jurisdiction for an injunction against prosecution of totally different claims for relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b). The Shareholder Plaintiffs submit that they would sustain substantial harm if their Securities Actions are delayed and their Stipulation of Settlement thwarted. They assert that the Plan Trustees have not shown irreparable harm if the injunction is denied. Finally, the Shareholder Plaintiffs argue that the public interest in favor of the integrity of securities laws is advanced by denial of the Preliminary Injunction Motions.

C. The Intervenors

Filipowski, Cullinane, and Humenansky, who are among the Defendants in the Securities Actions, as well as Defendants in the Divine Adversary, oppose the Plan Trustees' Preliminary Injunction Motions. They urge the Court to reject the precedents cited by the Plan Trustees as inapposite, pointing out that those cases involved attempts by creditors to advance their claims ahead of claims asserted by bankruptcy trustees, which is not the case here. According to the Divine Defendants, judicial efficiency and economy warrant denial of the Plan Trustees' Preliminary Injunction Motions and allowance of the Joint Motion because the Securities Actions will languish while the Plan Trustees' actions proceed. They maintain that the Plan Trustees have no legal right to interfere with the contractual rights of directors and officers to have the proceeds of the D O Policies applied to the actions against them. They assert that the Plan Trustees have no "super-claim" to the insurance proceeds and have no priority over the independent claims of the Shareholder Plaintiffs. Finally, the Divine Defendants contend that the plain language of the D O Policies bars the relief requested because in one of the policies at Endorsement 1, Clause 19, Divine and its subsidiaries waived and released "any automatic stay or injunction to the extent it may apply . . . to the proceeds of such policy. . . ."

D. The Sabine, Inc. Liquidating Trustee's Objection to the Joint Motion

In reply to the briefs filed by the Divine Defendants and the Shareholder Plaintiffs, Panos emphasizes that the injunction requests are "related to" the bankruptcy cases for purposes of jurisdiction, in particular the administration of the bankruptcy estates, because the Shareholder Plaintiffs and the Plan Trustees are pursuing the same limited pool of insurance proceeds. In his view, the settlement of the Securities Actions will diminish the assets to be liquidated for the benefit of creditors of enivid and Sabine. Panos frames the issue presented as whether the Plan Trustees have an interest in the proceeds of the D O Policies as claimants, not whether the proceeds or D O Policies are property of the estate, thus obviating a determination of the latter issue on which courts disagree. Panos also contends that the D O Policies' provisions concerning the waiver of the benefits of the automatic stay and injunctive relief are unenforceable and are not binding on the Plan Trustees. In conclusion, Panos argues that the requested injunctions are consistent with judicial efficiency as, in his view, resolution of the Plan Trustees' actions first will conserve time, money and judicial resources.

IV. DISCUSSION

At the outset, the Court concludes that the issue of whether the D O Policies or their proceeds are property of the estate is not determinative of the Plan Trustees' Preliminary Injunction Motions. See Ochs v. Lipson (In re First Cent. Fin. Corp.), 238 B.R. 9, 16 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1999) (recognizing that the majority of courts consider D O policies property of the estate, but that there is an increasing view that a distinction should be drawn with regard to proceeds under such policies). See also Underwriters at Lloyd's, London v. Chancellor Corp. (In re Adley), 333 B.R. 587, 611 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2005). Moreover, the Court concludes that it has "related to" jurisdiction with respect to consideration of the dispute before it under the standard articulated by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit inBoston Regional Med. Center, Inc. v. Reynolds (In re Boston Regional Med. Center, Inc.), 410 F.3d 100 (1st Cir. 2005); In re G.S.F. Corp., 938 F.2d 1467, 1475 (1st Cir. 1991) (citing Pacor v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984, 994 (3d Cir. 1984)). Under this liberal standard, it is conceivable that the allowance or disallowance of the Preliminary Injunction Motions and the Joint Motion will have an effect on the Plan Trustees' potential recoveries from the D O Policies' proceeds. As noted by the court in EXDS. Inc. v. CB Richard Ellis, Inc. (In re EXDS. Inc.), 352 B.R. 731 (Bankr. D. Del. 2006), however,

"A key word in this test is `conceivable." Certainty, or even likelihood, is not a requirement." In re Marcus Hook, 943 F.2d at 264. However, the broad reach of "related to" jurisdiction "does not extend indefinitely, particularly after the confirmation of a plan and the closing of a case." In re Resorts Int'l, Inc., 372 F.3d at 164 (quoting Donaldson v. Bernstein, 104 F.3d 547, 553 (3d Cir. 1997)). Once a plan has been confirmed, a bankruptcy court's jurisdiction over matters related to the case diminishes. AstroPower Liquidating Trust v. Xantrex Tech., Inc. (In re AstroPower Liquidating Trust), 335 B.R. 309, 323 (Bankr.D.Del. 2005). The Third Circuit has noted that "[a]t the most literal level, it is impossible for the bankrupt debtor's estate to be affected by a post-confirmation dispute because the debtor's estate ceases to exist once confirmation has occurred." In re Resorts Int'l. Inc., 372 F.3d at 165. However, courts do not apply the "effect on the estate" test from Pacor so literally as to exclude all jurisdiction over post-confirmation disputes. Id. Courts may exercise post-confirmation jurisdiction when "there is a close nexus to the bankruptcy plan or proceeding, as when a matter affects the interpretation, implementation, consummation, execution, or administration of a confirmed plan or incorporated litigation trust agreement." Id. at 168-69.

Given the existence of bankruptcy jurisdiction to determine the Preliminary Injunction Motions, the Plan Trustees have not shown entitlement to an injunction under 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) to prevent settlement of the Securities Actions. In this Court's view, the determinative issue is whether enjoining the Securities Actions is warranted where both the Shareholder Plaintiffs and the D O Defendants are non-debtors, where the D O Policies have specific priority provisions for coverage of losses, where the Plan Trustees are asserting different claims from those asserted by the Shareholder Plaintiffs against some of the same Defendants, and where the only impact on the administration is that the Shareholder Plaintiffs will recover from the D O Policies before the Plan Trustees potentially are able to obtain judgments against, or settlements with, the Divine Defendants and Sullivan in the Divine and RoweCom Adversaries.

In Monarch Life Ins. Co. v Ropes Gray, 65 F.3d 973 (1st Cir. 1995), the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit considered the debtor's former attorneys' request to hold the debtor's subsidiary in contempt for violating an injunction which was part of an order of confirmation. In evaluating Ropes Gray's argument that Monarch Life, the wholly owned subsidiary of the debtor, Monarch Capital, was barred under principles of res judicata from litigating the scope of the bankruptcy court's power to enter the injunction in the absence of an appeal from the order of confirmation, the court stated:

We have held that Bankruptcy Code § 105(a) confers ample power upon the bankruptcy court to enjoin the initiation or continuation of judicial proceedings in a nonbankruptcy forum against nondebtors during the pendency of a chapter 11 case, where the court reasonably concludes that such actions would entail or threaten adverse "impact" on the administration of the chapter 11 estate. See In re G.S.F. Corp., 938 F.2d at 1474. These injunctions serve simply as adjuncts to the automatic stay, see Bankruptcy Code § 362(a), which ostensibly protects only the debtor and its property from creditor "grab-law" tactics after the "race to the courthouse." See Austin v. Unarco Indus., Inc., 705 F.2d 1, 4-5 (1st Cir.), cert. dismissed, 463 U.S. 1247, 104 S.Ct. 34, 77 L.Ed.2d 1454 (1983). Since the automatic stay may induce creditors to refocus their recovery efforts upon the chapter 11 debtor's co-obligors, a temporary injunction is sometimes needed to protect nondebtors (e.g., a corporate debtor's principals and managing officers) whose time and energy should not be diverted to collateral lawsuits and away from the effort to reorganize the debtor. Like the automatic stay itself, see Bankruptcy Code § 362(c), however, these accessorial injunctions normally lapse-at the latest-following confirmation of the chapter 11 plan and the closing of the chapter 11 case, leaving the nondebtor co-obligor once again exposed to pursuit by the discharged chapter 11 debtor's creditors.

Monarch Life, 65 F.3d at 978-979 (emphasis added). With respect to the exercise of power under § 105(a), the First Circuit also has observed: "While 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) does grant the bankruptcy court broad powers to issue any order `necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title,' it is an extraordinary exercise of discretion to use that power to stay a third party action not involving the debtor.'" In re G.S.F. Crop., 938 F.2d at 1474 ("there must be some effect on the debtor's estate stemming from the action before there is bankruptcy court jurisdiction to enjoin it").

The Court finds that the Plan Trustees have failed to satisfy the First Circuit's test for the entry of injunctive relief under 11 U.S.C. § 105(a). In the first place, they have failed to show that there will be an adverse impact on the administration of the bankruptcy estates. The automatic stay is no longer in effect in the enivid and Sabine cases, see 11 U.S.C. § 362(c), and the assets of the bankruptcy estates were transferred to the Liquidating Trusts which were established pursuant to Chapter 11 plans confirmed over two years ago. The Debtors' assets and the Examiner's rights vested in the Liquidation Trusts, and the bankruptcy estates ceased to exist, having been succeeded by the Liquidating Trusts. Moreover, the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors has been disbanded in the enivid case. See In re Consolidated Pioneer Mortg. Entities, 248 B.R. 368, 376 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2000) ("In a typical reorganization, once a plan is confirmed, a reorganized debtor no longer owes a fiduciary duty to the estate because the estate ceases to exist."); AstroPower Liquidating Trust v. Xantrex Tech., Inc. (In re AstroPower Liquidating Trust), 335 B.R. 309, 323 (Bankr. D. Del. 2005).

Administration connotes planning, executive decision making, and supervision of the bankruptcy estate. The direction of these Chapter 11 cases was established years ago and resulted in, among other things, the decisions to create Liquidating Trusts and to delegate duties to the Plan Trustees to pursue claims against the Divine Defendants and Sullivan. Administration of bankruptcy estates is a different function than, for example, allowance or disallowance of claims by the estate or proceedings affecting the liquidation of the assets of the estate. Cf. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1). In these cases, granting the Preliminary Injunction Motions would not be an adjunct to the automatic stay and would be imposed over two years after confirmation, instead of lapsing at the time of confirmation as contemplated by the First Circuit inMonarch Life. 65 F.3d at 978-79. Moreover, the injunctions would not foster the cooperation of the Divine Defendants in formulating and implementing plans of reorganization. Thus, the adverse impact, which the Plan Trustees emphasize, is not on the administration of the bankruptcy estates. Rather, it is only on their potential recoveries from the D O Policies, assuming they are successful in their actions against the Divine Defendants and Sullivan in the Divine and RoweCom Adversaries, respectively. Accordingly, under the construct formulated by the First Circuit in Monarch Life, the Court finds that the Plan Trustees have failed to demonstrate entitlement to injunctive relief.

Moreover, numerous courts have rejected requests for injunctive relief under circumstances similar to those present in these cases, which have confirmed, liquidating plans and appear to require little more than resolution of the Divine and RoweCom Adversaries and the indemnification claims of directors and officers. See, e.g., In re Reliance Acceptance Group, Inc., 235 B.R. 548 (D. Del. 1999); Official Unsecured Creditors Committee of Phar-Mor, Inc. v. Bowen (In re Phar-Mor. Inc., Sec. Litig.), 164 B.R. 903, 908 (W.D. Pa. 1994); In re CHS Elec., Inc., 261 B.R. 538, 544 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2001); In re First Cent. Fin. Corp., 238 B.R. at 21; In re Leslie Fay Companies, Inc., 207 B.R. 764, 786 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1997); Goldin v. Primavera Familienstiftung, Tag Assoc., Ltd. (In re Granite Partners, L.P.), 194 B.R. 318, 338 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1996).

For example, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware in In re Reliance Acceptance Group, Inc., 235 B.R. 548 (D.Del. 1999), in reversing the decision of the bankruptcy court, determined that it was error to enjoin a shareholder class action against directors and officers for violations of securities laws even though the estate representative under the debtors' confirmed plan of reorganization was prosecuting claims for injunctive relief and fraud related to a stock split-off transaction. 235 B.R. at 561-62. The court, referring to the claims originally advanced by the debtors, rejected the debtors' argument that the shareholders' litigation, if allowed to go forward, would diminish funds available under the directors' and officers' liability insurance polices "both because the funds available through the policies will be diminished as they are paid out to reimburse officers and directors for the costs they incur in defending the Shareholders' Litigation, and because there is a risk that if the Shareholders are successful they will grab the amounts available under the polices . . . [thereby] . . . increase[ing] the amount of the claims for indemnification. . . ." 235 B.R. at 556-57.

The district court in Reliance distinguished the Seventh Circuit's decision in Fisher v. Apostolou, 155 F.3d 876 (7th Cir. 1998), stating

The opinion in Fisher stands for the proposition that, while a creditor may have a separate cause of action against a corporation's agents for injury suffered as a result of their fraud, where the trustee brings a similar action for all creditors and that action is based on the same transaction and seeks to recover the same damages, the creditor's case is sufficiently related to the trustee's work that it should be stayed under section 105 while the bankruptcy action proceeds.

In this case, the Shareholders are not bringing litigation as creditors and their damages, if any, will not be reduced by amounts they would receive for claims filed in the bankruptcy case. The decision in Fisher does not, therefore, support the Estate's position that the Shareholders' claims should be enjoined.

235 B.R. at 560. The court concluded:

[The] issue of the directors' limited resources raises a risk of harm, in that if the Shareholders are allowed to proceed they may recover as their damages, money that might otherwise go to the Estate. This is the type of harm to which a court of equity would normally be sensitive. The difficulty the Debtors have had is in identifying a right to the relief; that is, they have been unable to identify a legal principle that stands for the proposition that the Estate's claims for relief should take precedence over the Shareholders' claims. Absent a right to relief, they have no right to an injunction.

Id. at 561.

In In re First Cent. Fin. Corp., 238 B.R. 9 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1999), the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of New York considered a Chapter 7 trustee's action for declaratory and injunctive relief to stay a class action with respect to direct shareholder claims against officers and directors for damages for violations of securities laws in view of his complaint for fraud, mismanagement, and waste. The court described the relief sought by the trustee as follows:

The thrust of this adversary proceeding is the Trustee's efforts to insulate Policy proceeds from distribution to any outside interest, primarily the Plaintiffs in the Lipson Action and the Officers and Directors. The Trustee would thus have first crack at the D O Policy proceeds. Any other efforts to recover proceeds, if monies remain, must await the satisfaction of insurable claims that may arise from the Trustee's mismanagement suit against the Officers and Directors. In essence, the Trustee proposes that all non-Trustee claims to Policy proceeds, including the Officers' and Directors' claims for ongoing litigation expenses in both the Lipson Action and the Trustee's mismanagement suit, are to be held in abeyance.

238 B.R. at 15. The D O policy in question provided liability coverage for directors and officers for personal losses which were not indemnified by the debtor corporation, as well as "entity coverage" for the debtor in the event the corporate entity was sued for violations of securities laws, as well as indirect coverage for reimbursement of monies expended to indemnify its officers and directors. Id. at 13-17. The court held the entity coverage rider was not sufficient to make the D O proceeds property of the estate, leaving the entity coverage to compete with the liability coverage for the $2 million policy limit. Id. at 16. As such, the court found that a distributive adjustment resulting from allowing the shareholders a dollar-for-dollar recovery from the insurance proceeds rather than a pro rata share with other creditors did not constitute an irreparable harm to the estate. Id. at 20. Additionally, the court found that the trustee did not demonstrate entitlement to an injunction because he presented no evidence that the directors and officers would be unable to satisfy a money judgment.Id. at 21.

In In re CHS Elec., Inc., 261 B.R. 538 (Bankr. S.D.Fla. 2001), shareholders, who had filed a class action involving securities fraud claims against the directors and officers of the debtor, moved for entry of an order approving a proposed settlement to be funded with the proceeds of two directors' and officers' insurance policies. 261 B.R. at 539. The Liquidating Trustee under the liquidating plan confirmed in the debtor's Chapter 11 case opposed the motion on the ground that, if his potential claims against the debtor's former officers and directors were successful, the judgment might exceed the remaining insurance proceeds if the class action settlement were funded. Id. at 539. The United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Florida determined that the motion for approval of the settlement should be properly treated as a motion for relief from stay. Id. The court stated:

Cooper's [the trustee] efforts to protect sufficient insurance proceeds to satisfy what he believes will be a large judgment against the Debtor's former officers and directors is certainly consistent with a general policy in favor of maximizing the size of a bankruptcy estate. Unfortunately, Cooper could not cite to, and this Court is unaware of, any Bankruptcy Code provision or case law that would give a bankruptcy trustee any different status than a non-bankruptcy plaintiff with an unliquidated claim against third-parties which may be covered by insurance proceeds about to be used to settle or satisfy a judgment entered in favor of other plaintiffs. See In re Reliance Acceptance Group, Inc., 235 B.R. 548, 561-62 (D. Del. 1999) (noting the lack of such a legal principle); In re Phar-Mor Inc. Securities Litigation, 164 B.R. 903, 905-06 (W.D.Pa. 1994).

Id. at 544.

Other decisions reach similar results. In In re Phar-Mor. Inc., Sec. Litig., 164 B.R. 903 (W.D. Pa. 1994), a case cited by the court in CHS Elec., Inc., the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania refused to subrogate the rights of equity investors to bring separate and personal claims for fraud against the defendant auditing company to those of the debtor by enjoining their separate civil actions. 164 B.R. at 907. The court found that the unsecured creditors' committee failed to set forth a "significant and direct" harm necessary for the issuance of an injunction.Id. Because the committee did not demonstrate that the defendant would be unable to satisfy judgments that exceeded the available insurance coverage, the court found that the equity actions would not materially affect or diminish the debtor's claims against the defendant. Id. at 906. The court determined that, absent a showing that the defendant auditor would be unable to satisfy any judgments against it, additional litigation costs and judgments resulting in the dissipation of any potential recovery for the debtor was irrelevant. Id. at 907.

Similarly, in In re Granite Partners, L.P., 194 B.R. 318 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1996), the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York refused to enjoin a class action brought by investors in the debtor from pursuing claims against the debtor's insiders for fraudulent inducement, which claims included a claim for securities fraud under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5, despite the Chapter 11 trustee's assertion that the class action violated the automatic stay and interfered with property of the estate in so far as he could look to the same D O policy to satisfy indemnification claims of insiders. 194 B.R. at 336. The court determined that the fraudulent inducement claims were direct, not derivative claims, belonged to the shareholders, and could be asserted by them without violating the automatic stay Id. at 327. It held that the directors' and officers' right to liability coverage was not property of the estate, and, therefore, the automatic stay did not bar the fraudulent inducement suits. Id. at 337-338. The court framed the issue as whether the automatic stay should be extended under 11 U.S.C. § 105(a) and principles articulated in Johns-Manville Corp. v. Asbestos Litig. Group (In re Johns-Manville Corp.), 26 B.R. 420 (Bank. S.D.N.Y. 1983), aff'd in part, 40 B.R. 219 (S.D.N.Y. 1984), rev'd in part on other grounds, 41 B.R. 926 (S.D.N.Y. 1984), and A.H. Robins Co. v. Piccinin (In re A.H. Robins Co.), 788 F.2d 994 (4th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 876 (1986), which it summarized as follows: "[a] court can and should enjoin suits by third parties against third parties if they threaten to thwart or frustrate the debtor's reorganization efforts." 194 B.R. at 337. The court determined that, absent a showing that the continuation of the lawsuits for corporate waste and securities law violations would frustrate or thwart the reorganization because of their effect on the insurance coverage, an injunction was unwarranted. Id. at 338. Noting that the debtor was not operating, that the trustee was liquidating estate assets, and that the actions the trustee sought to halt would not collaterally estop him in subsequent litigation, the court found that the possibility that indemnification obligations might increase was an insufficient ground for injunctive relief as such a possibility exists in most instances where creditors of the debtor sue its officers and directors under D O policies. Id. See also In re Leslie Fay Cos., Inc., 207 B.R. 764, 787 (Bankr. S.D. N.Y. 1997).

Although the decisions discussed above lend support to the positions advanced by the Shareholder Plaintiffs and the Intervenors, the positions advanced by the Plan Trustees are not without support in the case law. The Plan Trustees rely primarily on the Seventh Circuit's decision in Fisher v. Apostolou, 155 F.3d 876 (7th Cir. 1998), as well as the decision in Megliola v. Maxwell, 293 B.R. 443 (N.D. Ill. 2003), aff'g, Maxwell v. Megliola (In re marchFIRST, Inc.), 288 B.R. 526 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2002). Neither mandates the issuance of an injunction in these proceedings, however, as they are factually distinguishable from the enivid and Sabine cases.

The Apostolou case, which did not concern directors' and officers' insurance policies, involved a "bucket shop" scam (similar to a Ponzi scheme) whereby the principal of the debtor corporation and his accomplices used the corporate entity to engage in commodities fraud. 155 F.3d at 877-78. Investors, denominated the Apostolou Plaintiffs, who were also estate creditors, brought securities fraud actions against the debtors' accomplices, the Apostolou Defendants. The trustee filed a "Complaint to Enforce the Automatic Stay, or in the Alternative, to Obtain Injunctive Relief" to enjoin the Apostolou Plaintiffs until he completed prosecution of the estate's claims. Id. at 878-879. The bankruptcy court entered an injunction under § 105(a), finding that both the Trustee and the Apostolou Plaintiffs were "pursuing the same dollars from the same defendants to redress the same harms." Id. at 879. In summarizing the issue raised by the district court's reversal of the bankruptcy court's injunction, the Seventh Circuit stated:

[T]his is a case in which the question is . . . whether the overlap between the claims of the debtor (Lake States) and the claims of the creditors (the Apostolou Plaintiffs) against third parties (the Apostolou Defendants) are so closely related that allowing the creditors to convert the bankruptcy proceeding into a race to the courthouse would derail the bankruptcy proceedings.

Id. at 882-83 (emphasis supplied). The court, in reinstating the injunction, reasoned:

The Apostolou Plaintiffs['] . . . claims arise from the misuse of their funds by Lake States and its agents to prop up or profit from the bucket shop scheme. To the extent they are suing the agents . . . for debts that arose out of these transactions, they stand in exactly the same position as the rest of the aggrieved investors, pursuing identical resources for redress of identical, if individual, harms. As creditors with claims so closely related to the Lake States [sic] estate, the Apostolou Plaintiffs must wait their turn behind the trustee, who has the responsibility to recover assets for the estate on behalf of the creditors as a whole, . . . and is pursuing them to maximize the debtors' estates for the benefit of their creditors, including the Apostolou Plaintiffs.

Id. at 881 (citations omitted) (emphasis supplied).

Unlike Apostolou, the decision in In re marchFIRST, Inc., 288 B.R. 526 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2002), involved a debtor's directors' and officers' insurance policy. In that case, numerous shareholders brought suits against the directors and officers of the debtor corporation for securities fraud. The Chapter 7 trustee filed a complaint for a preliminary injunction under 11 U.S.C. §§ 105(a) and 362(a)(3), seeking to enjoin the suits to preserve the limited proceeds available under the D O policy for the estate's claims for breaches of fiduciary duties against the same directors and officers. Id. at 528-529. The bankruptcy court determined that "[t]he Debtors had and the Trustee has contractual rights governed by the terms of the insurance policies" . . . [and that] . . . [u]nless and until the terms are met, which they may never be, the proceeds are not property of the estate," adding that "[w]ithout Fisher [v. Apostolou], no injunction would issue here. Id. at 530. The bankruptcy court stated:

There is a difference between Fisher and this case. There, the District Court cases were brought by defrauded investors; here the outside litigation has been brought by allegedly defrauded shareholders. Nevertheless, this Court's reading of Fisher requires it to issue a preliminary injunction. All of the parties herein seek redress against the directors and officers who ran marchFIRST and its affiliates. All of the parties herein seek damages arising from the same or similar transactions and acts allegedly committed by the directors and officers, albeit under different legal theories. All of the parties hope to be recompensed from the proceeds of the insurance policies. While "related to" jurisdiction cannot be limitless, "the language of § 1334(b) must be read to give district courts (and bankruptcy courts under § 157(a)) jurisdiction over more than simple proceedings involving the property of the debtor or the estate.

288 B.R. at 531-32 (citations omitted). The bankruptcy court found that the suit between the investors and the directors and officers would "affect the orderly administration of the estate." Specifically, it found the following:

If the shareholders obtain a judgment against the directors and officers, the insurers will either make a payment to the plaintiffs or deny coverage. If coverage is denied, the Trustee and the shareholders will be in pursuit of mostly the same assets of mostly the same individuals. If the insurers agree to pay the shareholders, the amount that the Debtors may be obliged to indemnify the directors and officers will be diminished. However, since the funds available to the directors and officers to pay a judgment are the same funds available to the Debtors to indemnify them, a shortfall of funds would affect the administration of the estate. Furthermore, because the Defendants have not delineated a dollar figure for damages in their complaint against the directors and officers, a judgment obtained by the Defendants in the District Court Action has the potential effect of leaving no funds available to pay a judgment obtained by the Trustee in the Trustee Action.

Id. at 532 (footnotes omitted).

The Illinois bankruptcy court, in reaching its decision, rejected the reasoning of the District Court in In re Reliance Group, Inc., finding that, if it were to adopt that reasoning, it would be limiting the holding of the Seventh Circuit in Fisher v. Apostolou. Id. The court added:"[e]ven under the best of circumstances in a chapter 7 bankruptcy, not everyone gets paid. This is not a rationale for allowing every party with a grievance related to the case to bring his own lawsuit" Id. at 533.

On appeal, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois affirmed the bankruptcy court's issuance of the injunction. Megliola v. Maxwell, 293 B.R. at 444. The district court cited the bankruptcy court's recognition of the factual difference between the marchFIRST and Fisher v. Apostolou cases, namely the status of the defendants as shareholders and investors, respectively. It stated:

We agree with the bankruptcy court's reading of Fisher and the appellants' attempt to distinguish the case fails. Appellants argue that the plaintiffs in Fisher "were estate creditors and for this reason alone were required `to wait their turn behind the trustee.'" . . . We believe that the this is an incorrect characterization of Fisher (the plaintiffs' status as creditors was not the single dispositive factor), and we do not find the factual distinction meaningful in any event.

Id. (footnote and citation omitted). In a footnote, the district court rejected In re Reliance Group. Inc., finding that it failed "to explain why a plaintiff's status of shareholder rather than creditor makes a difference in the `related to' analysis" and "does not discuss the general principles of `related to' jurisdiction." Id. at 449 n. 5.

The courts in marchFIRST, and Megliola were bound by the Seventh Circuit's holding in Apostolou. It appears, however, that they may have extended the holding beyond what was necessary to give effect to the Seventh Circuit's holding and did not attend to the Seventh Circuit's emphasis on the concomitant roles of the enjoined parties as both plaintiffs and creditors. This Court is not bound by the decision in Apostolou or its progeny. Under the facts of this case where post-confirmation Plan Trustees are seeking injunctive relief, the Court finds that granting the Preliminary Injunction Motions under § 105(a) would be jurisdictionally and equitably improper.

The Seventh Circuit in Apostolou stated:

In limited circumstances, the trustee may temporarily block adjudication of claims that are not property of the estate by petitioning the bankruptcy court to enjoin the other litigation, if it is sufficiently "related to" her own work on behalf of the estate. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b). The jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court to stay actions in other courts extends beyond claims by and against the debtor, to include "suits to which the debtor need not be a party but which may affect the amount of property in the bankrupt estate," or "the allocation of property among creditors."

Id. at 882 (emphasis added, citations omitted). The competing claims between the parties in Fisher v. Apostolou overlapped, at least in part, and for that reason the court required the investor/plaintiffs to wait their turn behind the trustee, a conclusion supported by the court's use of three different denominations for the securities action plaintiffs in that case: the "Apostolou Plaintiffs," the "investors," and the "creditors." See 155 F.3d at 880.

Even if one were unconvinced that use of the word "creditors" alone had a specific and narrow meaning, a review of the court's reasoning supports the interpretation that the parties enjoined must be creditors of the bankruptcy estate. First, the court framed the issue as "whether a suit must be brought by the trustee on behalf of the creditor class as a whole or [whether it] may be brought by an individual." Id. at 880 (emphasis supplied). Second, the court's analysis relied heavily on Bankers Trust Co. v. Rhoades, 859 F.2d 1096 (2d. Cir. 1988), a case in which the court dismissed, without prejudice, a RICO action brought by the debtor's creditors against the debtor's officers until the trustee's claims against the same defendants were resolved. The import of the Bankers Trust case, as described by the court in Fisher v. Apostolou, was that the creditor, Bankers Trust, and debtor were both injured from identical conduct, and "to the extent that the . . . trustee could recover for [the debtor's] injury, the portion of Bankers' injury stemming from its status as creditor of [the debtor] would be correspondingly reduced." 155 F.3d at 881 (emphasis added).

The district court in Megliola was correct to the extent that it was not the Apostolou Plaintiffs' status as estate creditors alone that warranted the injunction. This is clear from the Apostolou court's assessment that

[I]t is difficult to imagine how those claims could be more closely `related to' [the property of the estate]. They are claims to the same limited pool of money, in the possession of the same defendants, as a result of the same acts, performed by the same individuals, as part of the same conspiracy.

Id. at 882. It is equally clear, however, that the court's reasoning, as discussed above, was strongly influenced by the status of the Apostolou Plaintiffs as estate creditors who would benefit from the trustee's action. Id. at 881. Thus, the cases relied upon by the Plan Trustees, Fisher v. Apostolou in particular, are factually distinguishable and are not valid precedent for the injunction requested.

The Court finds that the present case is similar to the well-reasoned decision in In re Reliance Acceptance Group., Inc., 235 B. R. 548 (D. Del. 1999), and chooses to follow its analysis. There, the court declined to enjoin a securities action, observing that the claims of the securities plaintiffs were not the same claims as those asserted by the estate's creditors. The court found Fisher v. Apostolou to be inapplicable for several reasons, most notably, the absence of any relationship between the shareholder action and the claims against the estate. It stated: "[i]n this case, the Shareholders are not bringing litigation as creditors and their damages, if any, will not be reduced by amounts they would receive for claims filed in the bankruptcy case." Id. at 560.

In the present case, the Shareholder Plaintiffs seek damages for violations of federal securities laws by the directors and officers of Divine. Their claims are distinct from those asserted by the Plan Trustees' in the Divine and RoweCom Adversaries. Although the actions may have the same target defendants and involve some of the same conduct, they state totally different claims for relief, and liability is based on different theories. The claims of the Shareholder Plaintiffs are not derivative of the claims of creditors or the former bankruptcy estates and do not belong to the Plan Trustees. Their claims are personal and arise from alleged breaches of different duties, resulting in different injuries for which different damages are claims. See In re Reliance Acceptance Group, Inc., 235 B.R. at 555. Additionally, as shareholders and not creditors of the former bankruptcy estates, the Shareholder Plaintiffs will not benefit from the Plan Trustees' recoveries, if any, under the D O Policies' proceeds.

The existence of D O Policies, which are subject to the unliquidated, contingent claims of the Plan Trustees and the settled claims of the Shareholder Plaintiffs who have suffered a loss within the meaning of those policies, does not form the basis for extraordinary injunctive relief favoring the Plan Trustees over the Shareholder Plaintiffs and the D O Defendants simply because the Plan Trustees happen to have obtain their status through confirmation of liquidating plans. While the amount of insurance proceeds available to the Plan Trustees will be reduced, that is not so extraordinary a circumstance as to warrant exercise of the Court's limited, "related to" jurisdiction to enter an injunction under § 105(a), particularly in view of the First Circuit's decision in Monarch Life. The right of the parties to pursue the same assets and individuals is not, in and of itself, a cognizable theory in support of an injunction.

The Plan Trustees are asking for an injunction that would restrain disbursement of the insurance proceeds until their share can be finally determined. They have not advanced a legitimate reason why their claims against the directors and officers of enivid and Sabine should be elevated to a higher priority than the claims of the Shareholder Plaintiffs, which would be the effect of injunctive relief. Allowance of the Plan Trustees' request for injunctive relief against settlement of the Securities Actions would constitute a determination that the Plan Trustees' claims for breaches of the fiduciary duties of care and loyalty take precedence over the claims and settlements of the Shareholder Plaintiffs under federal securities laws. There is simply no basis in the Bankruptcy Code or other applicable law for such an order.In re Reliance Acceptance Group, Inc., 235 B.R. at 561 (there is no legal principal stating that the estate's claims take precedence over those of the shareholders in separate causes of action against the same defendant). Although the Plan Trustees may have a right vis à vis the other insureds to a share of the policy proceeds, they have not yet established a loss under the terms of the D O Policies, unlike the Shareholder Plaintiffs who have demonstrated a present right to the policy proceeds by virtue of their settlement of the Securities Action.

V. CONCLUSION

In accordance with the foregoing the Court shall issue an order denying the Plaintiffs' Motion for Preliminary Injunction and granting the Joint Motion.

Id. at 107 (emphasis supplied).