Summary
holding that "offense committed by one [spouse] against the other" includes crimes against person and property
Summary of this case from State v. ZaisOpinion
44327 Record No. 811619.
June 18, 1982
Present: All the Justices.
Code Sec. 19.2-271.2, (1981 Cum. Supp.) permits spousal testimony in prosecutions for offenses committed by one spouse against the property of the other as well as against the person of the other.
(1) Criminal Procedure — Evidence — Testimony of Husband and Wife in Criminal Cases — Common Law Rule.
(2) Criminal Procedure — Evidence — Testimony Concerning Husband and Wife in Criminal Cases [Code Sec. 19.2-271.2 (1981 Cum. Supp.)] — Statutory Construction — Spouse Can Testify Against Other In Case of Property Offense Against Spouse ( Meade v. Commonwealth, 186 Va. 775, 43 S.E.2d 858 (1947), overruled).
Defendant and his wife separated in 1980. They executed a property settlement providing for the sale of their jointly owned real estate and for an equal division of the proceeds. However, defendant hired a woman to pose as his wife and executed the papers necessary for the sale of the property so he could divert to himself the wife's share of the proceeds. Defendant was charged with forging his wife's name to a deed, an endorsement on a deed of trust note, and an assignment, and with uttering the forged instruments. In addition he was charged with obtaining more than $200 from his wife by false pretenses. At trial, the wife was permitted to testify against her husband. Defendant was convicted on all three charges. Although he admits the wife was competent to testify with respect to the charges of forgery and uttering, he argues she was not competent to testify on the false pretenses charge under Code Sec. 19.2-271.2 (1981 Cum. Supp.) relying upon the construction in Meade v. Commonwealth, 186 Va. 775, 43 S.E.2d 858 (1947).
1. At common law a husband and wife could testify against each other only for offenses committed by one against the person of the other.
2. Code Sec. 19.2-271.2 (1981 Cum. Supp.) by the language "except in the case of a prosecution for an offense committed by one against the other" permits husband and wife to testify against each other for property offenses as well as personal offenses committed by one against the other. Meade v. Commonwealth, 186 Va. 775, 43 S.E.2d 858 (1947) overruled on the ground the Court assumed the statutory exception was identical in effect to the common law rule, the omission of language relating "the person," however, indicating a legislative intent to alter the common law rule to permit testimony in property cases.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Alexandria. Hon. Wiley R. Wright, Jr., judge presiding.
Affirmed.
James E. Mullins for appellant.
Jerry P. Slonaker, Assistant Attorney General (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In Stewart v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 887, 252 S.E.2d 329 (1979), we decided that a husband may be convicted of stealing his wife's property. We reserved for later decision, however, the related question whether a wife is a competent witness against her husband in his prosecution for larceny of her property. The issue is presented squarely by this appeal.
Because the husband and wife in Stewart had been divorced a mensa at time of trial, she was a competent witness against him. Hence, we found it unnecessary to decide whether she would have been competent in the absence of the divorce.
The present prosecution commenced with a three-count indictment charging Dennis J. Hudson with (1) forging the name of his wife, Maria Hudson, to a deed, an endorsement on a deed of trust note, and an assignment, (2) uttering the forged instruments, and (3) obtaining by false pretenses more than $200 from Mrs. Hudson. In a unitary trial of the three counts, Mrs. Hudson was permitted to testify against her husband. He was convicted of all three charges, and his punishment was fixed at twelve months in jail and a $1,000 fine on each of the first two counts and at two years in the penitentiary on the false pretenses count.
Under Code 18.2-178, the obtaining of money by false pretenses is larceny.
The evidence showed that the Hudsons were married December 18, 1976, and that they separated October 30, 1980. Following their separation, they executed a property settlement agreement which provided for the sale of their jointly owned real estate and an equal division of the net proceeds between them. In February, 1981, Hudson hired a woman to pose as his wife; he then had the imposter execute the papers necessary to consummate a sale of the Hudson property so he could divert to himself Mrs. Hudson's share of the proceeds. Before Mrs. Hudson learned of the scheme, the sale had been closed and the proceeds partially disbursed to Mr. Hudson.
Code Sec. 19.2-271.2 (1981 Cum. Supp.) is at the heart of this controversy. In pertinent part, the section provides:
In criminal cases husband and wife shall be allowed, and, subject to the rules of evidence governing other witnesses, may be compelled to testify in behalf of each other, but neither shall be compelled, nor, without the consent of the other, allowed to be called as a witness against the other, except in the case of a prosecution for an offense committed by one against the other . . . and except in the case either is charged with forgery of the name of the other or uttering or attempting to utter a writing bearing the allegedly forged signature of the other . . . . [Emphasis added.]
Mr. Hudson concedes that, pursuant to the second statutory exception set forth above, his wife was a competent witness against him with respect to the offenses of forgery and uttering charged in the indictment. He says, however, that Mrs. Hudson was not competent to testify on the false pretenses charge. He argues that no specific exception covers this charge and that the general exception, italicized above, merely codifies the common law rule permitting husband and wife to testify against each other only for offenses committed by one against the person of the other; because the false pretenses charge is one against property and not the person, it is not within the exception.
Mr. Hudson relies upon Meade v. Commonwealth, 186 Va. 775, 43 S.E.2d 858 (1947). There, Meade was prosecuted for forging his wife's name to a deed and uttering the forged instrument. The trial court permitted Mrs. Meade to testify against her husband. At the time, Code Sec. 6211, the predecessor of Sec. 19.2-271.2, did not contain the exception relating to forgery and uttering; however, the section did contain the language providing an exception "in the case of a prosecution for an offense committed by one against the other."
The exception concerning forgery and uttering was added in 1958. Acts 1958, ch. 231.
We reversed Meade's conviction. We noted that, at common law, neither husband nor wife was a competent witness against the other in a criminal case, "except where the crime was committed against the one testifying" and the offense "amounted to personal violence or a physical assault." 186 Va. at 779, 43 S.E.2d at 860. We said that "no language" in Code Sec. 62]], "save that relating to consent," broadened the common law rule. Id. at 784, 43 S.E.2d at 863. Hence, we held that Mrs. Meade was not a competent witness against her husband.
The Attorney General would distinguish Meade on the ground that the offenses there involved were not against the wife but against a third party, viz., the grantee in the forged deed; however, the second count of the indictment charged that Meade uttered and recorded the forged deed "to the prejudice of the rights of [Mrs.] Meade." Hence, Meade is indistinguishable.
We have reexamined Meade and believe the case was decided incorrectly. The decision failed to give due consideration to the statutory exception "in the case of a prosecution for an offense committed by one against the other"; indeed, the Meade opinion contains no analysis of this statutory language. The opinion merely assumes that the statutory exception was identical in effect with the common law rule permitting one spouse to testify against the other only for interspousal offenses involving "personal violence" or "physical assault."
This was an erroneous assumption. If, in enacting legislation on the subject, the General Assembly had intended merely to codify the common law, it would have included language limiting the statutory exception to offenses against the person of the injured spouse rather than adopting the broader phrase, "an offense committed by one against the other." We believe the omission of language relating to "the person is significant; the deletion signifies the legislative intent to alter the common law rule and to permit husband and wife to testify against each other in prosecutions for both personal and property offenses committed by one against the other.
Another consideration prompts reexamination of the Meade decision. Since Meade was decided, we held in Stewart, supra, that a husband may be convicted of stealing his wife's property. If we now follow Meade, we would perpetuate in the law the absurdity that a husband could be prosecuted for the theft of his wife's property, but she could not testify against him, even to identify the property as hers. We avoid this legal paradox and, at the same time, correct our previous decisional error by overruling Meade. We now hold that Code Sec. 19.2-271.2 permits spousal testimony in prosecutions for offenses committed by one spouse against the property as well as the person of the other.
It is undisputed on appeal that the trial of the charge of false pretenses involved in this case was a prosecution for an offense committed by Mr. Hudson against his wife, and not against a third party. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in permitting Mrs. Hudson to testify against her husband. His conviction for all three offenses contained in the indictment will be affirmed.
Affirmed.