DYK, Circuit Judge.

This case concerns the obligation of a court to remand a case to an administrative agency when new evidence indicates that the agency's proceedings were tainted by material fraud. We hold that the Court of International Trade ("Trade Court") abused its discretion in declining to remand this case to the Department of Commerce ("Commerce"), and accordingly we reverse and remand with instructions that the case be remanded to Commerce for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

BACKGROUND I

This case concerns an antidumping duty order issued in 2004 covering floor-standing, metal-top ironing tables and certain parts thereof from the People's Republic of China. Commerce determined that Since Hardware (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. ("Since Hardware") and other Chinese exporters were selling ironing tables in the United States at less than fair value, and the International Trade Commission ("ITC") found material injury. Thereafter, in the first and second administrative reviews of that antidumping order, Commerce calculated dumping margins for Since Hardware of 0.45 percent and 0.34 percent respectively. Because the agency considers dumping margins of less than 0.5 percent to be de minimis, Commerce accordingly did not impose any antidumping duties on Since Hardware for these review periods.

In March 2008, plaintiff-appellant Home Products International, Inc. ("Home Products") initiated an action in the Trade Court challenging the results of Commerce's second administrative review on the grounds that Commerce calculated an improperly low dumping margin. Since Hardware, the respondent in the Commerce proceeding, intervened in support of the government. The sole issue raised in Home Products' complaint was whether Commerce had erred in using a surrogate manufacturer's outdated financial statements to value Since Hardware's factory overhead, administrative expenses, and profit. The Trade Court ultimately rejected Home Products' contentions regarding this issue — a ruling which Home Products does not contest and that is not relevant to the present appeal.

While Home Products' challenge to the second administrative review was pending in the Trade Court, Commerce was conducting its third administrative review of the same antidumping order. See Floor-Standing, Metal-Top Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China: Final Results of Anti-dumping Duty Administrative Review, 74 Fed.Reg. 11, 085 (Dep't of Commerce Mar. 16, 2009) [hereinafter AR3 Final Results] (covering imports from August 1, 2006, through July 31, 2007). During that proceeding, new evidence was brought to light that indicated Since Hardware had submitted falsified documents to Commerce during the third administrative review. Commerce concluded that the documents were unreliable and inaccurate. Commerce's findings regarding this alleged conduct were detailed in two memoranda that the agency adopted in its final results. See AR3 Final Results, at 11086 (adopting Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results in the Administrative Review of Floor-Standing, Metal-Top Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China, available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/PRC/E9-5627-1.pdf, J.A. 1007-18 [hereinafter I D Memo]; Since Hardware (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.'s Claim Regarding Market Economy Purchases, and Use of Adverse Facts Available, J.A. 1020-38 [hereinafter AFA Memo]). Understanding the nature of the alleged falsifications requires a brief overview of certain aspects of antidumping law.

Dumping occurs when a foreign firm sells a product in the United States at a price lower than the product's normal value ("NT'); the amount by which NV exceeds the U.S. price (the "export price") is the "dumping margin." See 19 U.S.C. § 1673. For exporters based in market economy ("ME") countries, NV is generally the price at which the firm sells the product in its home market. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B)(i). However, Since Hardware is located in China, a non-market-economy ("NME") country. Where, as here, the exporter is located in an NME country, the default rule is that NV is calculated based on a factors-of-production analysis whereby each input is valued based on data from a surrogate ME country. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B)(ii), (c). However, if an NME exporter purchases a portion of a given input from an ME supplier and pays in ME currency, Commerce will generally value that portion of the input according to the actual price paid to the ME supplier (even if the supplier is located in an ME country other than the chosen surrogate country). See 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1). Furthermore, if an NME exporter purchases at least thirty-three percent of a given input from ME suppliers, Commerce will use the weighted-average price of those ME purchases (rather than a surrogate value) to value the remainder of the input purchased from NME suppliers. See Antidumping Methodologies: Market Economy Inputs, Expected Non-Market Economy Wages, Duty Drawback; and Request for Comments, 71 Fed.Reg. 61, 716, 61, 717-18 (Dep't of Commerce Oct. 19, 2006). In such situations, if the weighted-average ME purchase price is lower than the surrogate value that would otherwise be assigned to an input, the result would be a lower NV and a correspondingly smaller dumping margin.

During the third administrative review, Home Products contended that Since Hardware had submitted falsified certificates of origin to Commerce that inaccurately reported that it had purchased portions of certain steel inputs from ME suppliers. These certificates of origin were material because they made it appear that Since Hardware had purchased more than the key thirty-three percent threshold of the inputs in question from ME suppliers, thereby qualifying the entirety of those inputs to be valued based on the weighted-average price of Since Hardware's (purported) ME purchases. See AFA Memo, at 2; see also Floor-Standing, Metal-Top Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 73 Fed.Reg. 52, 277, 52, 280 (Dep't of Commerce Sept. 9, 2008) [hereinafter AR3 Preliminary Results]. Furthermore, this was significant because the steel inputs in question were "the primary inputs" for producing floor-standing, metal-top ironing tables. AFA Memo, at 2. Presumably, Since Hardware's purported ME purchase prices were lower than the alternative surrogate values. This likely allowed Since Hardware to obtain a decreased dumping margin. See I D Memo, J.A. 1015.

As described by Commerce in the third administrative review, the evidence of misrepresentations by Since Hardware in the third administrative review is quite substantial. See I D Memo; AFA Memo.

First, the certificates of origin submitted by Since Hardware contained typographical errors that were inconsistent with genuine exemplar certificates of origin supplied by the certifying agency of the purported country of origin. For instance, several words were misspelled, the business identification number of the certifying agency was misprinted, and several phrases were altered in wording. AFA Memo, at 3-4, 11.

Second, the certificates submitted by Since Hardware each bore a six-digit alpha-numeric certificate number (e.g., "B6B326"), whereas the official forms employed a basic sequential numbering system (e.g., six numbers, with a single letter suffix). Id. at 4, 11.

Third, the date stamp appearing on Since Hardware's certificates differed from the official stamp used by the certifying agency in that it lacked an official logo and employed a different date format (e.g., the official stamp used a "28 NOV 2006" format, whereas the stamp on Since Hardware's certificates used a "2005. 11. 25" format). Id.

Fourth, the signature on Since Hardware's certificates of origin was noticeably different from the actual signature of the corresponding certifying agency official, whose signature was unique. Id. at 4-5, 11. Moreover, one of the certificates Since Hardware submitted during the first administrative review was purportedly signed by the same official long before she had even begun her employment with the certifying agency. Id. at 5, 11.

Fifth, the amounts of steel reported on Since Hardware's certificates of origin were inconsistent with relevant market data. In particular, Commerce noted that "[n]either the data on steel exports from [the purported country of origin], nor the data on steel imports by [the purported destination country] support the levels of purchases claimed by Since Hardware." Id. at 12. In fact, "Since Hardware[s] claimed purchases alone exceed[ed] the total inputs of [the type of steel at issue] shipped to all potential customers in these countries." Id.

In light of this evidence, Since Hardware did not argue that the challenged certificates of origin were authentic, but rather attempted to shift blame for the apparent forgeries by arguing that the certificates of origin were provided to it by its unaffiliated suppliers. Id. at 6-7. However, Commerce found this contention to be implausible, as the same falsifications appeared in the certificates purportedly submitted by multiple independent suppliers. Id. at 11. "In the absence of any evidence to suggest [its suppliers] collude[d] to provide unreliable certificates," Commerce reasoned, "the most plausible explanation for these same errors appearing in [multiple] suppliers' documents is that Since Hardware is the source of these inaccuracies." Id. at 12. Moreover, "[a]s opposed to its suppliers, Since Hardware ha[d] a strong interest in providing data that would lead the Department to rely upon purported market economy purchases," because this "allow[ed] Since Hardware to control the valuation of . . . key inputs, rather than rely[] on the Department's factors of production" analysis. Id.

Commerce ultimately concluded its third administrative review by finding that Since Hardware had "provided unreliable and incomplete documentation in support of its claimed purchases of market economy inputs," and that "these unreliable submissions call[ed] into question the reliability of the questionnaire responses submitted by Since Hardware in [the third administrative review]." I D Memo, J.A. 1012. Because Since Hardware had "failed to cooperate to the best of its ability with respect to its obligation to provide accurate information concerning its market economy purchases," Commerce applied adverse facts available and significantly increased Since Hardware's dumping margin.

Finally, of particular importance to the present appeal, Commerce further appeared to agree in the third administrative review that certificates of origin provided by Since Hardware "in the course of the first and second administrative reviews also bore the same set of [discrepancies]" as the certificates it had submitted during the third administrative review. AFA Memo, at 5; see also id. at 6 ("not[ing] that the same typographical errors noted in the instant review also appear in the certificates of origin submitted by Since Hardware in the first and second administrative reviews"); id. at 11 (noting that "one of the certificates on the record in the first administrative review was purportedly signed by a specific . . . official long before she began her employment with the [certifying agency]").

II

In May 2009, in light of the results of the third administrative review — and in particular Commerce's apparent agreement that the same discrepancies appeared on certificates Since Hardware submitted during the second administrative review — Home Products moved the Trade Court to amend its complaint in its challenge to the second administrative review. It requested that the court remand the case to Commerce for reconsideration in light of the newly discovered evidence of falsification in the second administrative review. The government opposed, arguing that "Home Products' contention that `newly discovered evidence' exists is not relevant" because "judicial review of anti-dumping duty administrative reviews is limited to `review upon the basis of the record made before the agency which issued the decision.'" Def.'s Resp. to PL's Mot. to Remand, J.A. 1096 (citation omitted). Considering only the second administrative review record, the government contended, Home Products had failed to show that Commerce's final results were unsupported by substantial evidence. Id. at 1095-96. The Trade Court denied Home Products' motions, see Memorandum and Order, Home Prods. Int% Inc. v. United States, 675 F.Supp.2d 1192 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2009) [hereinafter Trade Court Order], and thereafter issued a final judgment in the government's favor regarding Home Products' original action, see Home Prods. Int'l, Inc. v. United States, 675 F.Supp.2d 1192, 1200 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2009).

In denying the motions, the Trade Court agreed with the government and "declined Home Products' invitation to go beyond the administrative record under review." Trade Court Order, 675 F.Supp.2d at 1199. While its opinion is not entirely clear, it appears that the court was operating under the theory that, because the remand request was not made by Commerce itself, the court was limited to considering evidence found in the record of the second administrative review — the proceeding from which Home Products appealed. Id. at 1198. This necessarily excluded from consideration Commerce's subsequent findings made during the third administrative review and the documents contained in the record of the third administrative review. (The allegedly falsified documents in the second administrative review were, of course, in the second administrative review record.)

The Trade Court further noted that, even if extra-record evidence were to be considered, it disagreed with Home Products' characterization of the third administrative review. First, the court rejected Home Products' contention that Commerce had found "fraud" in the third administrative review, stating that, "contrary to Home Products' contentions, Commerce did not conclude that Since Hardware's submissions provide `evidence of deception and document falsification.'" Id. at 1197-98 (citation omitted). The court apparently based this conclusion on the fact that Commerce had used words such as "unreliable" and "inaccurate" to describe Since Hardware's certificates of origin, rather than words such as "false," "forged," or "sham." Id. at 1197. Second, the Trade Court concluded that Commerce's decision in the third review "did not make any findings about the first and second administrative reviews," and that "Home Products has failed to demonstrate that any false information is even contained in the record of [the second] administrative review." Id. at 1197-98.

Home Products appealed the Trade Court's decision to this court. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5).

DISCUSSION

The question presented here is whether the Trade Court is obligated to remand a decision to Commerce for reconsideration when new evidence comes to light that the agency proceedings under review were tainted by material fraud.

In Tokyo Kikai Seisakusho, Ltd. v. United States, 529 F.3d 1352, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2008), we held that Commerce itself has the authority to reopen a proceeding if it later discovers evidence of fraud in the original proceeding. Section 751(b) of the Tariff Act of 1930, codified at 19 U.S.C. § 1675(b), provides for what is known as a "changed circumstances" review. Under that section, Commerce has the statutory authority to reconsider its decisions whenever the agency "receives information . . . which shows changed circumstances sufficient to warrant a review." 19 U.S.C. § 1675(b)(1); see also 19 C.F.R. § 351.216. In Tokyo Kikai 529 F.3d at 1357, Commerce itself initiated a changed circumstances review in order to reconsider the results of three yearly administrative reviews in light of new evidence brought to light during a separate district court proceeding that indicated the respondents' representatives had committed perjury during the agency proceedings. Upon review, Commerce applied adverse facts available and increased the respondents' dumping rate from zero percent to 59.67 percent. Id. at 1357-58. The respondents appealed, contesting Commerce's authority to reopen the proceeding and arguing that new evidence of fraud did not fall into the category of "changed circumstances" for which Commerce was authorized to reopen under § 1675(b). Id. at 1359-60. The Trade Court sustained Commerce's authority to reopen the proceeding, and we affirmed. Id. We agreed that new evidence of fraud did not fit neatly into the category of "changed circumstances," because in such cases "the circumstances that led to the determination have `changed' only because the true circumstances, previously concealed by fraud, have come to light." Id. at 1360. Nonetheless, we held that "administrative agencies possess inherent authority to reconsider their decisions, subject to certain limitations, regardless of whether they possess explicit statutory authority to do so." Id. Furthermore, we noted that "[a]n agency's power to reconsider is even more fundamental when, as here, it is exercised to protect the integrity of its own proceedings from fraud." Id. at 1361.

Thus, Tokyo Kikai established that Commerce has inherent authority to reopen a case to consider new evidence that its proceedings were tainted by fraud. Strangely, the government argues that Commerce has no authority to consider allegations of fraud. While the statute does not in terms confer such authority, it is necessarily inherent in the authority of any administrative agency, as our decision in Tokyo Kikai makes clear. Contrary to Commerce's argument, the authority to reopen is not limited to cases in which a determination of fraud has been made in a separate proceeding.

We see no reason why similar principles should not govern when fraud is discovered while the agency proceeding is on appeal. To be sure, Commerce may not reopen a case while it is on appeal until the case has been remanded by the Trade Court. This has been the consistent practice of Commerce and the Trade Court. Moreover, it is clear that, by analogy to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), Commerce lacks jurisdiction to grant a motion to reopen its proceedings while an appeal is pending. However, when a case is on appeal, our decisions and the decisions of other courts have recognized the appropriateness of a remand to an administrative agency when new and material evidence is presented to the reviewing court and the agency requests a remand for further consideration.

While in this case it was Home Products — rather than Commerce — that requested a remand, we see no reason why parties other than the administrative agency cannot also request reopening or a remand for the consideration of new and material evidence. It is well established that, when an administrative agency denies a party's petition which seeks to "reopen[a case] on the basis of new evidence or changed circumstances," that decision is reviewable on appeal, and "abuse of discretion is the standard." Interstate Commerce Comm'n v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng'rs, 482 U.S. 270, 284, 107 S.Ct. 2360, 96 L.Ed.2d 222 (1987). So too, a decision of the Trade Court denying a motion by an interested party to remand is subject to judicial review under the abuse of discretion standard. Diamond Sawblades Mfrs. Coal. v. United States, 612 F.3d 1348, 1355-56 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Altx, Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d 1108, 1117 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The Trade Court has considerable discretion as to whether to order a remand in the particular circumstances of any individual case. That discretion, however, is not unlimited. We hold that, where a party brings to light clear and convincing new evidence sufficient to make a prima facie case that the agency proceedings under review were tainted by material fraud, the Trade Court abuses its discretion when it declines to order a remand to require the agency to reconsider its decision in light of the new evidence. The Trade Court's reasons for refusing to remand here do not withstand analysis.

First, the Trade Court here declined to remand because Home Products' allegations of fraud rested on evidence "beyond the administrative record under review," apparently operating under the theory that its review was confined to the administrative record when Commerce itself had not initiated the remand request. Trade Court Order, 675 F.Supp.2d at 1198. It is true that, generally, for a court reviewing an agency decision, "the focal point for judicial review should be the administrative record already in existence, not some new record made initially in the reviewing court." Fla. Power Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 743, 105 S.Ct. 1598, 84 L.Ed.2d 643 (1985) (quoting Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142, 93 S.Ct. 1241, 36 L.Ed.2d 106 (1973)); see also Walls v. United States, 582 F.3d 1358, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2009); Axiom Res. Mgmt, Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2009). However, the so-called "record rule" is not without exceptions. As we held in Borlem, 913 F.2d at 939, "a reviewing court is not precluded under [the record rule] from considering events which have occurred between the date of an agency (or trial court) decision and the date of decision on appeal." Where there is new evidence indicating that the original record was tainted by fraud, reopening may be appropriate. For example, in Doria Mining Eng'g Corp. v. Morton, 608 F.2d 1255, 1257-59 (9th Cir. 1979) — a case quite similar to this one — the Ninth Circuit held that extrinsic evidence could be considered when a claimant alleged it had discovered new evidence showing that the decision under review was obtained by fraud in the administrative proceeding. In Doria, the claimant sought district court review of a decision of the Interior Board of Land Appeals. Id. at 1256. Thirteen months after commencing the review action, the claimant moved for leave to amend its complaint to add allegations that new evidence brought to light in a collateral state proceeding indicated that the respondent had committed fraud and perjury during the administrative proceeding. Id. at 1257. The district court denied the motion to amend on the grounds that the court was without jurisdiction to consider evidence not found in the administrative record. Id. The Ninth Circuit reversed, stating:

It is true that the appropriate standard for review of administrative proceedings is whether the administrative findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole. When, however, the party seeking review alleges that it has discovered new evidence showing that the decision before the court for review was obtained by a fraud on the administrative proceeding, we hold that the reviewing court may consider evidence extrinsic to the record in determining whether such allegations are meritorious. . . .

. . . .

. . . Newly discovered evidence of fraud and perjury in an administrative proceeding will not be found in the administrative record. If the reviewing court, in the face of an allegation that such evidence exists and that administrative remedies have been exhausted, nevertheless confines itself to consideration only of evidence in the record, the party seeking review is left without any forum in which to argue the allegedly fraudulent basis of the administrative judgment.

Id. at 1257-59 (internal citations omitted). We find this reasoning to be persuasive, and accordingly we join the Ninth Circuit in recognizing an exception to the record rule where new evidence of material fraud has been brought to light which calls into question the integrity of the agency's proceedings.

We turn next to the Trade Court's conclusion that Commerce did not, in the third administrative review, make a finding of fraud. Trade Court Order, 675 F.Supp.2d at 1197. The government argues that evidence of inaccuracies is not the same as evidence of fraud and that, in the absence of fraud, no reopening of the proceeding is required. While Commerce did not in the third review make an explicit finding of "fraud," it certainly appeared to suggest that the evidence regarding Since Hardware's falsified certificates of origin could support a finding of fraud. Focusing on the multiple discrepancies between Since Hardware's certificates and the genuine exemplars, Commerce found that Since Hardware's certificates were "clearly not forms used by the [certifying agency of the purported country of origin]." AFA Memo, at 11. Because the same falsifications appeared in certificates purportedly originating from multiple independent suppliers, Commerce further found that "the most plausible explanation . . . is that Since Hardware is the source of [the] inaccuracies." Id. at 12. In reviewing Commerce's decision in the third administrative review, the Trade Court viewed "Commerce [as having] found [that] the forms submitted by Since Hardware . . . were fraudulent." Since Hardware (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. v. United States, No. 09-00123, slip op. 10-108, at 10 (Ct. Int'l Trade Sept. 27, 2010); see also id. at 8, 20-21. In any event, regardless of whether Commerce made an express determination of fraud, it appears that Home Products submitted clear and convincing evidence which could support a finding that Since Hardware committed fraud in the third administrative review. The final question, therefore, is whether Home Products has presented similar evidence that fraud also tainted the second administrative review, which is the subject of this appeal.

We find that Home Products has met this burden. While Commerce did not specifically find that falsification had occurred in the second administrative review, we find that the Trade Court's decision was clearly erroneous in finding that "Home Products has failed to demonstrate that any false information is even contained in the record of [the second] administrative review." Trade Court Order, 675 F.Supp.2d at 1197-98. Since Hardware's certificates from the second administrative review clearly contain the same discrepancies Commerce observed in certificates from the third administrative review, including the same typographical errors, different certificate numbering system, different date stamp, and noticeably different signatures. Compare J.A. 764 (genuine exemplar certificate), with J.A. 766 (copy of certificate Since Hardware submitted in the second administrative review).

Thus, contrary to the Trade Court, we find that Home Products has presented clear and convincing new evidence, sufficient to establish a prima facie case, that Since Hardware was guilty of fraud in the second administrative review. As discussed above, the fraud, if it occurred, was also likely material because Since Hardware relied on the certificates to show that it had purchased more than the requisite 33 percent threshold of certain steel inputs from ME suppliers, thereby qualifying those inputs for valuations based on their ME purchase prices rather than surrogate values. If the foregoing evidence had been brought to light prior to the conclusion of the second administrative review, it is quite possible that Commerce would have applied adverse facts available to Since Hardware's input submissions and calculated a dumping margin greater than the de minimis margin of 0.34 percent.

Because Home Products has presented clear and convincing new evidence sufficient to establish a prima facie case that the agency proceedings under review were tainted by material fraud, we find that the Trade Court abused its discretion in refusing to order a remand to allow Commerce to reconsider its decision in light of the new evidence. We need not decide whether material inaccuracies — in the absence of fraud — would require a remand by the Trade Court or a reopening by Commerce.

CONCLUSION

Because we find that the Trade Court abused its discretion in denying Home Products' motions to amend and remand, the judgment is reversed, and we remand with instructions that the Trade Court remand this case to Commerce for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. In ordering that the case be remanded to Commerce, we express no opinion as to whether Commerce must exercise its authority to reopen; nor do we mandate a finding of fraud. In deciding whether the proceeding should be reopened, Commerce may appropriately consider the interests in finality, the extent of the inaccuracies in the second administrative review, whether fraud existed in the second administrative review, the strength of the evidence of fraud, the level of materiality, and other appropriate factors. While the agency's counsel in this appeal has opposed reopening, the views of Commerce must be expressed by the agency itself, not by litigating counsel. See Abbott Labs. v. United States, 573 F.3d 1327, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2009) ("[W]e owe deference only to those considered agency judgments as to the issue directly involved in the litigation, not to the views of litigation counsel."); see also Bowen v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 488 U.S. 204, 213, 109 S.Ct. 468, 102 L.Ed.2d 493 (1988) ("Deference to what appears to be nothing more than an agency's convenient litigating position would be entirely inappropriate."). A remand is necessary to secure the views of the agency itself. If Commerce decides not to reopen, that decision may in turn be reviewed by the Trade Court and, if necessary, by our court.

REVERSED and REMANDED