ROBERT C. JONES

ORDER

This case arises out of the alleged failure of Nevada and Clark County officials to adequately protect foster children. Pending before the Court are County Defendants' Motion to Disqualify Counsel (ECF No. 313), Defendant Philomena Osemwengie's Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 288), and Third-Party Defendant National Deaf Academy, LLC's ('NDA") Motion to Dismiss or Stay and to Transfer Venue (ECF No. 280). For the reasons given herein, the Court grants the motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and will hear argument on the motions for summary judgment and to disqualify counsel at the hearing currently scheduled for May 15, 2014.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiffs are eleven children who claim to have been harmed due to the failure of state and county child welfare authorities to adhere to certain mandatory laws and regulations and to ensure their safety as a general matter. Their injuries include abuse and neglect by foster parents and institutional guardians, as well as a lack of medical care due to authorities' refusal to authorize or monitor it.

Plaintiff Henry A. is a fourteen-year-old boy who was placed into foster care by the Clark County Department of Family Services ("CCDFS") and the Nevada Division of Children and Family Services ("NDCFS") from 2005 until February 2013, when he was returned to his mother's care. (Second Am. Compl. ¶ 20, July 12, 2013, ECF No. 176). He suffers from severe mental health problems but his treatment has been sporadic because of his placement with over forty foster families and six or seven caseworkers during his first seven years under CCDFS. (See id.). He has changed mental health providers over ten times. (Id.). He has been prescribed multiple psychotropic drugs and once overdosed because of a combination of these drugs, spending several weeks in the intensive care unit. (Id.).

Plaintiffs Charles B. and Charlotte B. are siblings, ages twelve and four, respectively. (Id. ¶ 21). They were placed into seventeen different placements for foster care by CCDFS from March 2009 to the Fall of 2010, when they were returned to their mother's care. (Id.). CCDFS placed Charles and Charlotte with foster parents in March 2009 despite a court order requiring placement with their grandmother. (Id.). One foster mother and her teenage son abused them, including locking Charlotte in a closet with no food, water, or sanitation for long periods of time and beating Charles when he tried to help his sister. (Id.). The police eventually removed them and took them to the hospital for treatment. (Id.). Charlotte was suffering from dehydration, cuts, bruises, and severe (bleeding) diaper rash. (Id.). The foster mother has been charged with child abuse, and her son has pled guilty to assault. (Id.).

Plaintiff Linda E. is a twenty-year-old woman who was placed into more than forty different placements for foster care by CCDFS and NDCFS for over fifteen years. (Id. ¶ 22). She suffered abuse and neglect in many of these placements, including being placed into the home of an aunt where she had previously suffered unspecified abuse. (Id.). Linda reported the abuse to her caseworker. (Id.). She did not receive proper medical and psychiatric care. (Id.).

Plaintiffs Leo and Victor C. are twenty-year-old twins who were placed into foster care by CCDFS in November 2006. (Id. ¶ 23). Leo left the system when he became an adult in December 2010. (Id.). Victor, however, chose to remain in the system after age eighteen and now receives benefits under Assembly Bill 350. (Id.). Defendants refused to place Leo and Victor in the care of their grandmother, who was ready, willing, and able to provide a safe and appropriate environment for them, instead moving them between their father and their mother and her boyfriend, where they suffered unspecified abuse. (Id.). Eventually, either their mother or father abandoned them at Child Haven. (See id.). Defendants failed to provide psychiatric care despite Victor's suicidal threats. (Id.). Plaintiffs do not allege any untreated psychiatric conditions of Leo.

Plaintiffs Maizy and Jonathan D. are siblings. (Id. ¶ 24). Maizy and Jonathan are ages eight and seven, respectively, and were placed into foster care by CCDFS from late 2005 to August 2009. (Id.). As infants, Defendants placed them with Child Haven, where they did not receive basic nutrition and medical care. (Id.). They were kept on a "formula diet" despite outgrowing it. (Id.). Maizy and Jonathan were left in their cribs with limited interaction with other children and adults, resulting in a diagnosis (presumably by a doctor, though not explicitly so alleged) with "failure to thrive," based upon being underweight due to environmental factors. (See id.). S.W. has adopted both children. (Id.). Defendants have failed to provide authorization for at least three medical procedures for the children despite S.W.'s efforts. (Id. ¶ 25). The related conditions became so severe that doctors proceeded with the procedures on an emergency basis. (Id.). As a result, Jonathan has a misshapen colon that must be surgically corrected due to Defendants' failure to authorize removal of calcified stool from his colon. (Id.).

Plaintiff Olivia G. is a twelve-year-old girl who was placed into foster care by CCDFS from January 2006 to 2011. (Id. ¶ 26). Defendants failed to remove her from the custody of her parents despite reports that she was being abused. (Id.). She was initially placed with various relatives without any effort to determine if they were able to provide appropriate care. (Id.). She was abused in some of those homes, including being beaten with a belt. (Id.). She has severely impaired neuropsychological functioning and several cognitive and behavioral impairments as a result. (Id.). She was also prescribed multiple psychotropic drugs without adequate care and monitoring, including being placed with E.F. without providing E.F. the information and authorizations required to obtain Olivia's prescriptions. (Id.).

Plaintiff Christine F. is a six-year-old girl who was placed into foster care by CCDFS from May 2008 to June 2010, when E.F. adopted her. (Id. ¶ 27). Christine is severely developmentally delayed and suffers form permanent disabilities and a seizure disorder due to having fallen from a second-story window at the home of her mother, grandmother, and two uncles. (See id.). Despite marks around her ankles indicating she had been dangled from the window or been swung into a wall, CCDFS did not investigate and take custody of Christine until her parents refused to authorize medical treatment necessary to treat her injuries. (Id.). Defendants later failed to provide E.F. with Christine's seizure medications and offered no medical support or training on how to care for her special needs. (Id.). Defendants have also permitted her grandmother to visit her despite knowing of past allegations of abuse against her and that she was watching over Christine when she fell from the window. (Id.).

Plaintiff Mason I. is a fifteen-year-old boy who has been placed into foster care by CCDFS since July 2003. (Id. ¶ 28). Mason has been deaf since birth and entered foster care at age six after suffering physical, sexual, and emotional abuse by his parents and grandparents. (Id.). He suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, reactive attachment disorder, and other serious mental health problems. (Id.). During his first six years in foster care, he was placed into twenty-five different homes, including a treatment center in Florida, the National Deaf Academy ('NDA"). (Id.). The NDA staff rendered Mason's cochlear implant permanently inoperative against his wishes. (Id.). Defendants ignored Mason's complaints of sexual abuse by NDA staff. (Id.). Defendants have failed to place Mason into homes where his special needs will be met, i.e., with a qualified American Sign Language interpreter and have failed to provide speech therapy. (Id.). Defendants have failed to disclose Mason's medical, mental, social, and educational backgrounds to his foster parents and have failed to properly supervise the administration of Mason's psychotropic drugs. (Id.).

The current State Defendants are Michael Willden, Director of the Nevada Department of Health and Human Services ("NDHHS"), sued in his official capacity, (id. ¶ 30); and Amber Howell, the Administrator of NDCFS, sued in her official capacity, (id. ¶ 31). The current County Defendants are Clark County, Nevada, (id. ¶ 33); Virginia Valentine, the Clark County Manager from August 2006 to January 2011, sued in her individual capacity, (id. ¶ 34); Don Burnette, the current Clark County Manager, sued in his official capacity, (id. ¶ 35); Tom Morton, the Director of CCDFS from July 2006 to August 2011, sued in his individual capacity, (id. ¶ 36); and Lisa Ruiz-Lee, the current Director of CCDFS, sued in her official capacity, (id. ¶ 37). The current "Doe Defendants" are ten current or former caseworkers, licensing investigators, and other employees of CCDFS: Stacey Scott, Thor Martinez, Debbie Mallwitz, Sonya Weathers, Darrel Ford, Yvette Chevalier, Teresa Cragon, Philomena Osemwengie, Sylvia Clark, and Patricia Martin. (Id. ¶¶ 38-54).

Plaintiffs filed the seventy-five-page Complaint in this Court on April 13, 2010, listing the following twelve nominal claims: (1)-(2), (11) substantive due process violations pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (3), (8) violations of the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act ("AACWA") pursuant to § 1983; (4), (12) substantive due process violations under the Nevada Constitution; (5) negligence; (6) declaratory and injunctive relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201, 2202 that Nevada Revised Statute ("NRS") section 424.090 violates the Supremacy Clause; (7) declaratory and injunctive relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201, 2202 that NRS section 432.0177 violates the Supremacy Clause; and (9)-(10) violations of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act ("CAPTA") pursuant to § 1983. The case was assigned to the Hon. Howard D. McKibben but was reassigned to this Court after Judge McKibben recused himself.

Defendants moved to dismiss. Plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed the sixth and seventh nominal claims (the Supremacy Clause claims). In a thirty-one-page order, the Court granted the motions to dismiss. (See Order, Oct. 26, 2010, ECF No. 85). The Court ruled: (1) Defendants in their official capacities were not entitled to Eleventh Amendment protection from claims for prospective injunctive relief; (2) Defendants were not entitled to absolute immunity; (3) Defendants were entitled to qualified immunity from the "duty to protect" substantive due process claim; (4) Defendants were entitled to qualified immunity from the "state created danger" substantive due process claim, and that claim was also dismissed for failure to state a claim; (5) sections 671(a)(10), (16) and 675(1), (5)(A)(ii), (5)(D) of the AACWA created no private right of action, and Defendants would be entitled to qualified immunity against these claims in any case; (6) Defendants were entitled to qualified immunity from the "guardian ad litem" CAPTA claim, and the Court would abstain from ruling on that claim under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971) due to pending state proceedings; (7) there was no private right of action for a "plan submission" claim under CAPTA; and (8) the Court would decline to rule on the negligence claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c).

Plaintiffs appealed. In a thirty-four-page opinion, the Court of Appeals affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded. The Court affirmed the dismissal of all claims except the first, second, third, eighth, and eleventh, which claims it remanded for further proceedings, and ruled that Plaintiffs should be permitted to amend the substantive due process claims after remand and should be able to seek leave to amend the tenth claim. The Court of Appeals ruled that qualified immunity applied only to Defendants in their individual capacities and only as to monetary damages. It reversed the qualified immunity rulings as to injunctive relief and as to monetary damages against Clark County as to the first and eleventh causes of action and remanded for further analysis of qualified immunity as to the claims for monetary damages against Defendants in their individual capacities. As to the second cause of action, the Court of Appeals ruled that the "state created danger" doctrine applied not only when the state actually created the danger, but also when the state knowingly exposed a person to an existing danger from a third person. The Court of Appeals therefore reversed dismissal of the second claim and this Court's grant of qualified immunity. The Court of Appeals ruled that Plaintiffs had not sufficiently pled supervisory responsibility claims against State Defendants but should be given leave to amend the substantive due process claims to do so. The Court of Appeals ruled that the "case plan" provisions of AACWA under 42 U.S.C. §§ 671(a)(16) and 675(1) and the "records provision" provisions of AACWA under §§ 671(a)(16), 675(1), and 675(5)(d) were privately enforceable. The Court of Appeals affirmed that the "guardian ad litem" and "early intervention" provisions of CAPTA, as well as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act provision Plaintiffs invoked, were not privately enforceable.

Plaintiffs filed the Amended Complaint ("AC"), listing six nominal claims: (1)-(2) substantive due process violations pursuant to § 1983; (3), (6) AACWA violations pursuant to § 1983; (4) substantive due process violations under the Nevada Constitution; and (5) negligence. State Defendants and County Defendants separately moved to dismiss the AC. The Court granted the motions in part and denied them in part:

(1) The substantive due process claims, both federal and state, are dismissed
as against Defendants Willden and Comeaux insofar as they seek damages against them in their individual capacities. Under the law of the case, however, no Defendants have qualified immunity at the dismissal stage. The claims for injunctive relief are moot except as to failure to provide health information to foster parents (Henry A.), failure to investigate reports of abuse (Mason I.), and failure to inspect out-of-state facilities (Mason I.).
(2) The Eleventh Amendment protects State Defendants in their official capacities from money damages as to any claim.
(3) The AACWA "records provision" claim is dismissed as to money damages against Willden and Comeaux in their individual capacities, and the claim for injunctive relief is moot, except as to Plaintiffs Henry A. and Mason I. The AACWA "case plan" claim is dismissed as to all Defendants, with leave to amend.
(4) The negligence claim is dismissed under the discretionary immunity statute, except as to Christine F.'s and Mason I.'s claims invoking a negligence per se theory under NRS section 432B.260 and Olivia G.'s, Christine F.'s, and Mason I.'s claims invoking a negligence per se theory under NRS section 424.038. Plaintiffs may amend their negligence claim to plead negligence per se theories based upon violations of state statutes, but not based upon violations of federal law or state administrative regulations.

Plaintiffs moved for leave to file the Second Amended Complaint ("SAC"), which motion the Court granted in part. County Defendants asked the Court to reconsider its previous order in part. The Court granted that motion in part, granting qualified immunity to individual Defendants as to monetary damages under the AACWA, but not as to the substantive due process claims. The Court dismissed the "no-case-plan" claim as against County Defendants, with leave to amend. The Court also clarified that:

The negligence claim remains viable against County Defendants insofar as it is predicated upon a negligence per se theory for violations of NRS sections 432B.260 (Christine F. and Mason I.) and 424.038 (Olivia G., Christine F., and Mason I.), and Plaintiffs have leave to amend as to NRS sections 432.0177 and 127.330, and as to other Plaintiffs' claims.

Plaintiffs filed the SAC. The 101-page SAC lists five causes of action: (1) Substantive Due Process (Duty to Protect) violations pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (against all Defendants except Ford, Chevalier, and Osemwengie); (2) Substantive Due Process (State Created Danger) violations pursuant to § 1983 (against all Defendants except Osemwengie); (3) AACWA violations (health care records) pursuant to § 1983 (against Clark County, Willden, Howell, Burnette, and Ruiz-Lee); (4) Negligence (against Clark County, Morton, Valentine, Clark, Chevalier, Ford, Mallwitz, Martin, Martinez, Osemwengie, Scott, and Weathers); and (5) AACWA violations (written case plan) pursuant to § 1983 (against Clark County, Willden, Howell, Burnette, and Ruiz-Lee). County Defendants moved to dismiss the fifth cause of action or for a more definite statement, and State Defendants joined the motion. The Court did not dismiss but required Plaintiffs to file a more definite statement via amendment or separate affidavit as to the nature of Mason I.'s case plan deficiencies under 45 C.F.R. § 1356.21(g).

In the present round of motions, Osemwengie has moved for defensive summary judgment as against the only claim against her (negligence), NDA has moved to dismiss Defendant Chevalier's First Amended Third Party Complaint (FA3PC), and County Defendants have moved to disqualify three of Plaintiff's counsel.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Motion to Dismiss the First Amended Third-Party Complaint

1. Legal Standards

a. Personal Jurisdiction

A defendant may move to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2). Personal jurisdiction exists if: (1) provided for by law; and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction comports with due process. See Greenspun v. Del E. Webb Corp., 634 F.2d 1204, 1207 (9th Cir. 1980). When no federal statute governs personal jurisdiction, a federal court applies the law of the forum state. See Boschetto v. Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011, 1015 (9th Cir. 2008). Where a forum state's long-arm statute provides for personal jurisdiction to the fullest extent of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, such as Nevada's does, see Arbella Mut. Ins. Co. v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court, 134 P.3d 710, 712 (Nev. 2006) (citing Nev. Rev. Stat. § 14.065), a court need only apply federal due process standards, see Boschetto, 539 F.3d at 1015.

There are two categories of personal jurisdiction: general jurisdiction and specific jurisdiction. General jurisdiction exists over a defendant who has "substantial" or "continuous and systematic" contacts with the forum state such that the assertion of personal jurisdiction over him is constitutionally fair even where the claims are unrelated to those contacts. See Tuazon v. R..J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 433 F.3d 1163, 1171 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U .S. 408, 415 (1984)). The Supreme Court recently twice clarified that the reach of general jurisdiction is narrower than had been supposed in the lower courts for many years. See Daimler AG v. Bauman, 134 S. Ct. 746, at 755 (2014) (citing Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 131 S. Ct. 2836, 2851 (2011)) (noting that general jurisdiction lies not simply where a defendant has continuous and systematic contacts with the forum state, but where those contacts are so pervasive as to render the defendant "essentially at home" in the forum State).

Even where there is no general jurisdiction over a defendant, specific jurisdiction exists when there are sufficient minimal contacts with the forum state such that the assertion of personal jurisdiction "does not offend 'traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'" Int'l Shoe Co. v. State of Wash., Office of Unemployment Comp. & Placement, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)). The standard has been restated using different verbiage. See Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U .S. 235, 253 (1958) ("[I]t is essential in each case that there be some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws." (citing Int'l Shoe Co., 326 U.S. at 319)); World-wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980) ("[T]he foreseeability that is critical to due process analysis is not the mere likelihood that a product will find its way into the forum State. Rather, it is that the defendant's conduct and connection with the forum State are such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there." (citing Kulko v. Superior Court of Cal., 436 U.S. 84, 97-98 (1978))). From these cases and others, the Ninth Circuit has developed a three-part test for specific jurisdiction:

(1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities or consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; or perform some act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws;
(2) the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant's forum-related activities; and
(3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and substantial justice, i.e. it must be reasonable.

The plaintiff bears the burden on the first two prongs. If the plaintiff establishes both prongs one and two, the defendant must come forward with a "compelling case" that the exercise of jurisdiction would not be reasonable. But if the plaintiff fails at the first step, the jurisdictional inquiry ends and the case must be dismissed.

(1) the extent of the defendant's purposeful interjection into the forum state's affairs; (2) the burden on the defendant of defending in the forum; (3) the extent of conflict with the sovereignty of the defendants' state; (4) the forum state's interest in adjudicating the dispute; (5) the most efficient judicial resolution of the controversy; (6) the importance of the forum to the plaintiff's interest in convenient and effective relief; and (7) the existence of an alternative forum.

b. Failure to State a Claim

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief in order to "give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) mandates that a court dismiss a cause of action that fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the complaint's sufficiency. See N. Star Int'l v. Ariz. Corp. Comm'n, 720 F.2d 578, 581 (9th Cir. 1983). When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, dismissal is appropriate only when the complaint does not give the defendant fair notice of a legally cognizable claim and the grounds on which it rests. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). In considering whether the complaint is sufficient to state a claim, the court will take all material allegations as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See NL Indus., Inc. v. Kaplan, 792 F.2d 896, 898 (9th Cir. 1986). The court, however, is not required to accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences. See Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). A formulaic recitation of a cause of action with conclusory allegations is not sufficient; a plaintiff must plead facts pertaining to his own case making a violation plausible, not just possible. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677-79 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556) ("A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged."). In other words, under the modern interpretation of Rule 8(a), a plaintiff must not only specify or imply a cognizable legal theory (Conley review), but also must plead the facts of his own case so that the court can determine whether the plaintiff has any plausible basis for relief under the legal theory he has specified or implied, assuming the facts are as he alleges (Twombly-Iqbal review).

"Generally, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. However, material which is properly submitted as part of the complaint may be considered on a motion to dismiss." Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990) (citation omitted). Similarly, "documents whose contents are alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not physically attached to the pleading, may be considered in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss" without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment. Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 454 (9th Cir. 1994). Moreover, under Federal Rule of Evidence 201, a court may take judicial notice of "matters of public record." Mack v. S. Bay Beer Distribs., Inc., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir. 1986). Otherwise, if the district court considers materials outside of the pleadings, the motion to dismiss is converted into a motion for summary judgment. See Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 925 (9th Cir. 2001).

2. Analysis

Chevalier is a former employee of CCDFS. (See First Am. Third-Party Compl ¶ 1, Nov. 21, 2013, ECF No. 267). She is implicated under the second and fourth claims ofthe SAC for substantive due process (state created danger) and negligence. She has sued NDA, Deborah Hill, and Joseph Hill for equitable indemnity and contribution, and she has sued Deborah and Joseph Hill for express indemnity. NDA has moved to dismiss or to stay, and for a change of venue.

Deborah Hill is a former foster parent of Plaintiffs Charles and Charlotte B., and Joseph Hill is Deborah Hill's son. (Id. ¶¶ 2, 4). Although Deborah and Joseph Hill resided in Nevada during the times relevant to the Complaint, they now reside in New York. (Id. ¶¶ 3, 5). NDA is a Florida limited liability company that accepts patients from every state, including Nevada. (Id. ¶ 7). In the SAC, Plaintiffs allege that Chevalier was responsible for oversight of the licensing investigation of Charles and Charlotte B.'s foster parent, who abused them. (Id. ¶ 10). That foster parent was Deborah Hill, and she eventually pled guilty to two counts of child neglect. (Id. ¶ 12). Joseph Hill was also criminally prosecuted for abusing Charles and Charlotte B., but the outcome of that prosecution is not alleged. (See id. ¶ 13). "Additionally, allegations made in these proceedings relate to Mason I's placement at NDA, and the licensing inspection thereof." (Id. ¶ 14). NDA notes that Mason I. alleges he was sexually abused by another resident at NDA and that the external component of his cochlear implant was improperly removed by NDA staff.

NDA first argues there is no personal jurisdiction over it in Nevada. In some cases, a tortious act occurring outside the disputed forum may still give rise to specific personal jurisdiction in that forum if the foreign act is purposely directed to the forum state. Dole Food Co., Inc. v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 78-89 (1984)). In Calder, the Supreme Court held that a defamatory article about a California resident published in Florida satisfied the Due Process Clause as to purposeful direction to California on the ground that the tortious conduct was "expressly aimed" at the forum state in which harm occurred (California). Id. That is, the defendants in Calder "knew that the brunt of that injury would be felt by [the plaintiff] in the State in which she lives and works and in which the [publication] has its largest circulation. Under the circumstances, petitioners must 'reasonably anticipate being haled into court there' to answer for the truth of the statements made in their article." Calder, 465 U.S. at 789-90 (quoting World-wide Volkswagen Corp., 444 U.S. at 297).

Here, NDA accepted Mason I., a patient from Nevada, for treatment. It therefore knew that any harm arising out of that care would manifest itself in (or continue to be felt in) Nevada once he returned. Still, the Court of Appeals has ruled that the Calder effects test applies only to intentional torts, not to negligence claims. See Holland Am. Line Inc. v. Wartsila N. Am., Inc., 485 F.3d 450, 460 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Calder, 465 U.S. at 789). Because NDA's wrongdoing is alleged only to be negligence, the Calder effects test cannot support personal jurisdiction over NDA in Nevada in this case. NDA is not implicated in any intentional wrongdoing. The allegations in the SAC indicate only that Mason I. was sexually abused (by an unidentified person) while at NDA, and that his cochlear implant was removed. It does not plausibly allege that an employee of NDA was the abuser or that NDA's removal of the implant amounted to a battery. It is consistent with the SAC that a non-employee of NDA, i.e., another resident, was the abuser and that the implant was removed according to routine procedure without any objection by Mason I. The SAC might be found to plausibly allege negligence against NDA (if NDA were a Defendant), but the allegations are not enough for the State of Nevada to exercise personal jurisdiction over NDA. The acts did not occur in Nevada, and they were not directed to Nevada under Calder and Holland because no intentional torts by NDA are plausibly alleged.

The Court will therefore dismiss the FA3PC as against NDA. The Court will not transfer in the interests of justice, because venue lies in Nevada as to the SAC and the remainder of the FA3PC itself. Chevalier may bring her indemnity and contribution claims against NDA in the Florida courts, if she can.

B. Motion for Summary Judgment

1. Legal Standards

A court must grant summary judgment when "the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Material facts are those which may affect the outcome of the case. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute as to a material fact is genuine if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party. See id. A principal purpose of summary judgment is "to isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323-24 (1986). In determining summary judgment, a court uses a burden-shifting scheme:

When the party moving for summary judgment would bear the burden of proof at trial, it must come forward with evidence which would entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went uncontroverted at trial. In such a case, the moving party has the initial burden of establishing the absence of a genuine issue of fact on each issue material to its case.

If the moving party meets its initial burden, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to establish a genuine issue of material fact. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). To establish the existence of a factual dispute, the opposing party need not establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor. It is sufficient that "the claimed factual dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties' differing versions of the truth at trial." T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 631 (9th Cir. 1987). In other words, the nonmoving party cannot avoid summary judgment by relying solely on conclusory allegations unsupported by facts. See Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989). Instead, the opposition must go beyond the assertions and allegations of the pleadings and set forth specific facts by producing competent evidence that shows a genuine issue for trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324.

At the summary judgment stage, a court's function is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth, but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249. The evidence of the nonmovant is "to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." Id. at 255. But if the evidence of the nonmoving party is merely colorable or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted. See id. at 249-50.

2. Analysis

Osemwengie moves for defensive summary judgment. The Court will reserve its decision until after the May 15, 2014 hearing but will note its inclinations at this time for the benefit of the parties.

Osemwengie is charged only with negligence. She was a Senior Family Services Specialist with CCDFS and was responsible for investigating reports concerning possible abuse of Victor and Leo C. in June and July 2005. (See Second Am. Compl. ¶ 50). In July 2005, Victor and Leo's mother telephoned Osemwengie and reported suspected sexual abuse, sending a pornographic magazine she claimed they had been reading and "some supporting emails." (Id. ¶ 242). Osemwengie allegedly made no efforts to investigate. (See id.). These are the entirety of the allegations in the SAC as to Osemwengie. Osemwengie argues that there is no evidence of any causal link between her acts or omissions and any abuse suffered by Plaintiffs, and that she is protected by the discretionary immunity statute in any case.

Osemwengie notes that the children at issue were in the custody of their father after a divorce, and that their mother discovered a Playboy magazine on one of their backpacks during a weekend visit at the time when the twin boys were approximately 12 1/2 years old. The boys admitted to having taken some pornographic media out of their father's room without their father's knowledge in the past, including the Playboy magazine. At the time, the parents were in the midst of tit-for-tat reports of child abuse. First, the father reported that the boys' stepfather, who lived with their mother, had grabbed Leo C. by the shirt, choked him, and restrained him by the upper arm. Osemwengie responded to the father's house and checked the boys for bruises, finding none. Osemwnegie interviewed the mother on June 30, 2005, who denied the charges and accused the boys of having attacked her and their stepfather. The boys at that time indicated they did not wish to visit their mother anymore. The stepfather denied the charges during a telephone interview on that day and said the boys liked to watch pornographic movies and were out of control. Osemwengie then spoke to the mother about the pornography issue, which is when the mother mailed Osemwengie the Playboy magazine. Osemwengie had visited the boys two days earlier at their father's residence and did not believe they appeared to be "out of control" or that they acted in any way indicative of any sexual abuse. (It appears that the sexual abuse alleged at that time was limited to the boys' access to pornographic materials.) The father denied exposing the boys to pornography and believed the mother was simply making allegations in retaliation for the allegations he had made, a pattern that Osemwengie noted is extremely common in contentious divorces, in her experience. Osemwengie disbelieved the father and stepmother and did not find anything to substantiate any sexual abuse.

Plaintiffs respond that the next time an investigator went to the home, one-and-a-half years later, she discovered the father's pornography and elicited a confession of actual sexual abuse by him, which ultimately led to his conviction of three felony counts, for which he was sentenced to 28 years to life in prison. Plaintiffs allege that the magazine the mother had found was not Playboy but was "more sexually graphic," and that the emails at issue were pornographic in nature and had been sent to the boys by their father. They note that Osemwengie concedes receiving the materials and putting them into a file without looking at them.

In Nevada, certain government actors have discretionary immunity from common law claims. See Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41.032. This section of the code immediately follows the section that waives the state's common law sovereign immunity but retains the state's Eleventh Amendment protection. See id. § 41.031. The discretionary immunity statute applies to actions brought "against an immune contractor or an officer or employee of the State or any of its agencies or political subdivisions." See id. § 41.032. On its face, the statute does not necessarily immunize municipal governments or their employees, because in some contexts municipalities are considered independent corporations or "persons" with their own identities, not mere political subdivisions of the state, at least in the eyes of Congress. See Monell v. Dep't of Social Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978). The Nevada Supreme Court, however, has always assumed that municipalities are political subdivisions of the state for the purposes of the discretionary immunity statute. See, e.g., Travelers Hotel, Ltd. v. City of Reno, 741 P.2d 1353, 1354-55 (Nev. 1987). This construction is consistent with Monell, because the discretionary immunity statute only protects state and municipal agencies against state causes of action, such as the present negligence claim.

The question remains whether there is discretionary immunity as a matter of law in this case. The statute immunizes municipal agencies and their employees against actions:

[b]ased upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of the State or any of its agencies or political subdivisions or of any officer, employee or immune contractor of any of these, whether or not the discretion involved is abused.

In this case, the first prong of discretionary immunity appears to be satisfied, because decisions concerning removal from a home based upon allegations between divorced parents clearly involves personal deliberation and judgment. This prong of the test is usually easy to satisfy—a task must simply involve some element of personal deliberation and choice so as not to be purely ministerial.

The second prong of the test is trickier to apply. It focuses on the purposes of discretionary immunity:

Because the FTCA's discretionary-function exception is not a bright-line rule, federal courts applying the Berkovitz-Gaubert test must assess cases on their facts, keeping in mind Congress' purpose in enacting the exception: "to prevent judicial 'second-guessing' of legislative and administrative decisions grounded in social, economic, and political policy through the medium of an action in tort." Thus, if the injury-producing conduct is an integral part of governmental policy-making or planning, if the imposition of liability might jeopardize the quality of the governmental process, or if the legislative or executive branch's power or responsibility would be usurped, immunity will likely attach under the second criterion.
. . . .
We therefore adopt the Berkovitz-Gaubert approach and clarify that to fall within the scope of discretionary-act immunity, a decision must (1) involve an element of individual judgment or choice and (2) be based on considerations of social, economic, or political policy. In this, we clarify that decisions at all levels of government, including frequent or routine decisions, may be protected by discretionary-act immunity, if the decisions require analysis of government policy concerns. However, discretionary decisions that fail to meet the second criterion of this test remain unprotected by NRS 41.032(2)'s discretionary-act immunity.
Under the Berkovitz-Gaubert test, the decision to create and operate a public hospital and the college of medicine are the type of decisions entitled to discretionary-function immunity, because those decisions satisfy both prongs of the Berkovitz-Gaubert test; namely, they involve elements of judgment and choice, and they relate to social and economic policy. But, while a physician's diagnostic and treatment decisions involve judgment and choice, thus satisfying the test's first criterion, those decisions generally do not include policy considerations, as required by the test's second criterion. In this case, as Dr. Martinez did not engage in policy-making decisions in his treatment of Mr. Maruszczak, he is not entitled to immunity from suit under NRS 41.032(2).

The Nevada Supreme Court has applied Martinez several times, and it answered the question posed above in the latest such case. In Butler ex rel. Butler v. Bayer, the Court ruled that defendants were not entitled to discretionary immunity as against a negligence claim for releasing a quadriplegic inmate outside his girlfriend's trailer when she was not home and when the trailer had not been prepared to receive him as planned. 168 P.3d 1055, 1059-60, 1067 (Nev. 2007). Although the act involved personal judgment, it did not involve policy-making considerations. Later, in City of Boulder City v. Boulder Excavating, Inc., the Court ruled that a city engineer who requested that a contractor replace one of its subcontractors had discretionary immunity against the subcontractor's claims for defamation and intentional interference with contractual relationship, because the city engineer was executing city policy that was based upon public policy considerations—the city had experienced problems in dealing with the plaintiff company in the past. 191 P.3d 1175, 1177, 1180-81 (Nev. 2008). The Boulder Excavating Court thus took the first step in answering the question posed, supra. Most recently, in Ransdell v. Clark County, the Court answered the question clearly when it ruled that where there is no particular policy or statute in place making the act at issue a purely ministerial one, but where the actor's personal decision is made in furtherance of stated goals and policies, the statute protects the actor. 192 P.3d 756, 763 (Nev. 2009). In Ransdell, a county inspector obtained a warrant to have debris involuntarily removed from Mr. Ransdell's property when he refused to remove it himself after several complaints, inspections, citations, and extensions of time. See id. at 759. The County removed the debris, and Mr. Ransdell brought § 1983 and state law tort claims against the County. Id. at 759-60. Applying Martinez and examining a factually similar case from Iowa (which, like Nevada, had adopted the Berkovitz-Gaubert test), the Court ruled that the second prong of the test was satisfied "because the goals of the County in abating Ransdell's property were motivated by environmental, health, and economic policies supported by Clark County Code and statutory authority." Id. at 763.

Ransdell does much to clarify the scope of an every-day actor's immunity. After Martinez but before Ransdell, it appeared that every-day actors such as county inspectors and police officers would not be immune under the statute unless their actions were ministerial tasks particularly commanded by ordinances or official policies. Acts involving every-day implementation of policy choices, but which did not themselves consist of policy choices, did not appear to be protected. Ransdell makes it clear that individual acts involving the implementation of covered types of policy choices are protected under the discretionary immunity statute. Id. at 764 ("[B]ecause the County's actions were grounded on public policy concerns, as expressed in the County Code and Nevada's abatement statute, they fit within the second criterion of the Berkovitz-Gaubert test.").

Here, as a general matter, a decision not to remove a child from the custody of a parent involves elements of judgment and choice, and Osemwengie's choice not to remove the children from the custody of their parents was grounded on public policy concerns as expressed in the Nevada Revised Statutes. Plaintiffs have not alleged malice, but rather only negligence, however gross. As terrible as the situation is, and as negligent as Osemwengie might have been (assuming Plaintiffs' evidence is true), the discretionary immunity statute might still protect Osemwengie from civil liability.

On the other hand, Plaintiffs are correct that Osemwengie had a statutory duty to investigate reports of child abuse or neglect. See Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 432B.260, 432B.300. Plaintiffs note that Osemwengie did not investigate after receiving the emails from the father to the boys and the pornographic magazine. That is, after she received the evidence, she closed the case and chose not to further investigate, without even looking at the additional evidence, based upon her previous visit to the father's home and observation of the boys there. The Court accepts Plaintiffs' argument that failing to take any further action to investigate after receiving the previously unexamined evidence could constitute a failure to investigate under the statute, which is a mandated task, the failure of which would prevent Osemwengie from asserting the qualified immunity defense. The Court therefore intends to leave it to the jury whether Osemwengie satisfied her statutory duty to investigate in this case. A reasonable jury could decide the issue either way based upon the evidence currently adduced.

C. Motion to Disqualify Counsel

County Defendants ask the Court to disqualify three of Plaintiffs' attorneys from the National Center for Youth Law ("NCYL"). Defendants report that in November 2013, an attorney for NCYL not associated with the present case, Kate Walker, approached Faiza Ebrahim, a managerial and supervisory employee of CCDFS, and, without identifying herself or her organization's involvement in the case, and knowing that Ebrahim was an employee of represented party CCDFS, solicited information relevant to the present case. Plaintiffs argue that this violated Nevada Rules of Professional Conduct 4.2 and/or 4.3:

Rule 4.2. In representing a client, a lawyer shall not communicate about the subject of the representation with a person the lawyer knows to be represented by another lawyer in the matter, unless the lawyer has the consent of the other lawyer or is authorized to do so by law or a court order.
Rule 4.3. Dealing With Unrepresented Person. In dealing on behalf of a client with a person who is not represented by counsel, a lawyer shall not state or imply that the lawyer is disinterested. When the lawyer knows or reasonably should know that the unrepresented person misunderstands the lawyer's role in the matter, the lawyer shall make reasonable efforts to correct the misunderstanding. The lawyer shall not give legal advice to an unrepresented person, other than the advice to secure counsel, if the lawyer knows or reasonably should know that the interests of such a person are or have a reasonable possibility of being in conflict with the interests of the client.

Plaintiffs respond that Ebrahim is not an employee of CCDFS and that Ms. Walker has done no work on the present case. Defendants reply that the attorneys working on the case had a duty to supervise Ms. Walker and to correct any violations that might have occurred. Plaintiffs also respond that Ms. Ebrahim is an employee not of CCDFS, but of the Southern Nevada Children's Assessment Center ("SNCAC"), which is a "Clark County entity that is not a party to this action." Defendants' reply is not entirely clear, but they appear to argue that Ms. Ebrahim is an employee of SNCAC, which is an arm of the County.

The Court finds that it must hold an evidentiary hearing. If the allegations are true, an appropriate sanction would be the exclusion of any fruits of the violation, plus the disqualification of any NCYL attorney who directed the improper conduct or ratified it by using the improper information at the deposition or by not reporting the violation to the Court. In order to sort out the relevant facts—whether a violation occurred, who knew about it, and when—the Court will have to question Ms. Ebrahim, NCYL's two current attorneys, plus Ms. Walker at the May 15, 2014 hearing in Las Vegas. These persons (Faiza Ebrahim, Kate Walker, Erin Liotta, and Leecia Welch) must therefore appear at the May 15, 2015 hearing.

CONCLUSION

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Motion to Dismiss or Stay and to Transfer Venue (ECF No. 280) is GRANTED IN PART, and the First Amended Third-Party Complaint (ECF No. 267) is DISMISSED as against National Deaf Academy, LLC.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Motion for Jurisdictional Discovery (ECF No. 394) is DENIED.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Faiza Ebrahim, Kate Walker, Erin Liotta, and Leecia Welch must appear at the May 15, 2015 hearing prepared to testify as to the Motion to Disqualify Counsel (ECF No. 313).

IT IS SO ORDERED.

__________

ROBERT C. JONES

United States District Judge