JAMES, J. —

This appeal is taken by defendant Tally from an adverse judgment and from an order made denying his motion for a new trial.

The action was one for damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by the plaintiff through the negligence of the defendants. Tally was the owner of a theater; Darnell was his employee. On a certain day in the year 1914, Darnell, having received instructions from his employer so to do, procured and installed in one of the ventilating apertures of the theater an electrically propelled fan. On the ninth day of April of the same year plaintiff, after paying the required price of admission, was occupying a seat in the theater for the purpose of enjoying the entertainment. While he was so occupied the metal fan hereinbefore referred to became detached from the connecting motor and fell, striking the head of the plaintiff and inflicting quite a serious injury, compensation for which was assessed by the jury in this action at the sum of three thousand five hundred dollars. The points upon which appellant Tally relies are few and are succinctly stated in the opening brief of his counsel. They relate wholly to the matter of giving and the refusal to give certain instructions to the jury. It will be necessary to preface a consideration of the contentions urged against the judgment with a statement as to some portions of the allegations of the complaint and the whole charge as given by the court to the jury. That portion of the complaint wherein the particular negligence of the appellant was referred to is as follows: "On information and belief plaintiff alleges that the defendants, as a part of the furnishings and fixtures of the said theater, constructed, operated, installed, and maintained for the convenience and comfort of the patrons of the said defendant Tally, a two ventilating fan, alternating currents, of six blades. That said defendants did not exercise due care in the construction, operation, installation, and maintenance of the said fan, but constructed, operated, installed, and maintained the same in a careless and negligent manner, and in particular that the said fan was so constructed and installed, operated, and maintained that the same became loosened and did fall upon the patrons of said defendant Tally, and in particular on this plaintiff; that the said fan was so maintained, installed, and operated that the pressure of the running and operating the same caused the said fan to pull away from the motor and its bearings, thereby causing the said fan to fall from its said bearings on said ninth day of April, 1914, striking and injuring the plaintiff."

The court instructed the jury generally that the burden of proving negligence in the case was upon the party alleging that negligence, and that unless the jury could find that the plaintiff had established negligence by a preponderance of the evidence the verdict should be for the defendants; it instructed the jury as to the particular negligence alleged and relied upon by the plaintiff, in the terms of that paragraph of the complaint from which we have already quoted. This instruction followed: "With relation to the operation, installation, and maintenance of the fan, the court instructs you it was the duty of the defendants to exercise ordinary care in the erection and installation of this appliance in the theater, and that that ordinary care is to be measured with relation, so far as this case is concerned, with relation to the effect upon the patrons of the theater. If, therefore, you find that the fan in question fell on April 9, 1914, and injured the plaintiff while he was a patron in the theater, it will be for you to determine whether or not such fall was the result of its negligent installation, operation, or maintenance. If you find that the fall was due to such maintenance, operation, or installation having been made in a negligent manner, your verdict in this case will be in favor of the plaintiff for such amount as you find from the evidence and under the instructions of the court he has suffered in the way of damages by reason of such negligence of the defendants, if you find they are negligent. The court further instructs you, gentlemen, in regard to the matter of negligence, that when a thing which causes an injury is shown to be under the management of the defendants and the accident is such as in the ordinary course of things does not happen if those who have the management, with proper care, it affords reasonable evidence in the absence of explanation by the defendants, that the accident arose from want of care. To apply that doctrine to the case in question, if you find that the falling of the fan in question was such a thing as does not ordinarily happen if those who have the management thereof use proper care in the management and operation thereof, it affords prima facie evidence of negligence and would justify a verdict in favor of the plaintiff unless the evidence in the case negatives that prima facie presumption, and establishes to your satisfaction that it was not the result of the negligence of the defendants."

As to the matter of damages, an instruction was given which contained the following statement: "The expenses incurred by him for the services of physicians and surgeons and the value of any time lost are subjects of direct proof, and are to be determined only on the evidence which the jury has before it, and must not exceed the amounts specifically claimed therefor in the complaint. The other elements of damage are from necessity left to the sound discretion of the jury, but in no event must the amount of damages exceed the amount alleged, twenty-five thousand dollars."

[1] There was no dispute as to the fact that the fan fell and injured the plaintiff in the manner described, or that it fell by reason of pulling or dropping away from its motor bearings. The fan was exclusively within the charge and control of the defendant Tally, and the occurrence of the accident was such a one as to make applicable instructions as to a presumption of negligence arising under the familiar rule of res ipsa loquitur. Counsel says that because the complaint alleged that "the pressure of the running and operating the same caused the said fan to pull away from the motor and its bearings, thereby causing the said fan to fall," the plaintiff exhibited the fact that he had knowledge of what the alleged acts of negligence consisted and that such matters then demanded express proof, leaving no room for any presumption to be used in aid of the case of plaintiff. We do not concede that where specific acts of negligence are described, the plaintiff in making his proof will be deprived of the aid of the presumption of negligence in a proper case (respondent cites a case to the contrary, Cassady v. Old Colony Street Ry. Co., 184 Mass. 156, [63 L. R. A. 285, 68 N.E. 10]); but that is not the situation here. Plaintiff alleges on information and belief that the fan was so negligently and carelessly constructed, installed, and operated as to become loose and fall, adding the further descriptive statement as to the pressure of running the fan having caused it to pull away from the motor bearings. Plaintiff did not attempt to particularize what the defects in the fan were which would permit the same when operated to become separated from the motor part of the appliance. The fan was intended to be operated, and if properly constructed and maintained would not have pulled away from its attachments while running. It is claimed, further, however, that by the instruction given on the question of the application of the rule of presumption of negligence the court went too far and in effect placed the burden upon the appellant to establish non-negligence, as against the presumption, by a preponderance of the evidence. It will be noted that the court in concluding that instruction stated to the jury that the prima facie case made out with the aid of the presumption "would justify a verdict in favor of the plaintiff unless the evidence in the case negatives that prima facie presumption, and establishes to your satisfaction that it was not the result of the negligence of the defendants." The argument of appellant impresses us with much force, and if we could consider the question an open one, we would be inclined to agree that the instruction was improper. In giving this particular instruction the court seems to have left out of view the requirement that the evidence of the plaintiff must preponderate in weight and that the defendant will be entitled to judgment where the countervailing evidence merely balances but does not overcome the case made by the plaintiff. Then, too, it might well be argued that proof to the "satisfaction" of the jury would require even more than a preponderance and reach almost to proof beyond a reasonable doubt. We can see little difference between that instruction — referring now only to the use of the words "establishes to your satisfaction" — and one considered by the supreme court in Campbell v. Bradbury, 179 Cal. 364, [ 176 P. 685]. The language there considered is said by the court to amount to a "reasonable doubt" instruction. However that may be, the supreme court in a number of cases has given consideration to instructions similar to that about which complaint is here made and has held that there was no error committed against a defendant by the giving thereof. ( Osgood v. Los Angeles Traction Co., 137 Cal. 280, [92 Am. St. Rep. 171, 70 P. 169]; and as to the general application of the rule: Steele v. Pacific Electric Ry. Co., 168 Cal. 375, [ 143 P. 718]; Wyatt v. Pacific Electric Ry. Co., 156 Cal. 170, [ 103 P. 892]; Worden v. Central Fireproof Building Co., 172 Cal. 94, [ 155 P. 839].) On the other side of the question and in a case where the court did instruct the jury that the defendant was only required to introduce sufficient evidence "to balance such a presumption without overcoming it by preponderance of the evidence," the supreme court declined, and no doubt properly so, to reverse the case upon the appeal of the plaintiff. The Osgood case, supra, however, directly meets the question which the instruction here considered proposes, by asserting that "this presumption (the presumption of negligence), which the law raises from proof of certain facts, is 'satisfactory if uncontradicted' (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1963); and to meet it the evidence of defendant must show to the satisfaction of the jury that defendant was without any negligence on its part." We will there leave this question and hold that there was no error in the instruction, so holding only because we think that the decisions of the supreme court have foreclosed us against the exercise of any original judgment in the matter.

[2] Further complaint is made because the court advised the jury that the presumption of negligence hereinbefore referred to applied only to the appellant and not to Darnell, his employee. The evidence showed that Darnell was instructed to procure the fan and to install it, and that he followed instructions in that regard, although he was not an expert in such matters. The defendant's liability, assuming that negligence was shown in the installation or operation of the fan, cannot be questioned; that Darnell may have been improperly exculpated we think is a matter about which the appellant is not in a position here to complain.

[3] It is contended that the court erred in instructing the jury that the expenses incurred by the plaintiff for services of physicians and the value of time lost were "subjects of direct proof, and are to be determined only on the evidence which the jury has before it," in that there was left out of view the right of the jury to form its own opinion as to those elements of damage. No evidence was introduced by the defendant to contradict in any way the proof made by the plaintiff as to these matters. Strictly speaking, considering that the evidence referred to by the court would include the evidence as to the quantity of time lost by the plaintiff and the amount of services rendered by physicians and surgeons, the instruction was correct. The jury would have no right to go outside of the evidence to determine any of those things. The court's intention no doubt was to place before the jury the fact that these matters were matters of particular damage, to support which particular proof was needed, whereas, as to other general elements of damage, the sound discretion of the jury would control. The instruction is so phrased and its language is quite clear.

[4] We do not think that there was error of a substantial nature in the court's refusing to give a particular instruction offered by appellant which narrated the several things contained in the charging part of the complaint as constituting negligence and advised the jury that plaintiff was required to make proof thereof. The general charge of the court as given advised the jury that the burden was upon the plaintiff to sustain the allegations made.

The judgment and order are affirmed.

Conrey, P. J., and Shaw, J., concurred.

A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on June 4, 1919, and the following opinion then rendered thereon:

THE COURT. —

In denying the application for a hearing in this court after decision by the district court of appeal of the second appellate district, division one, we are not to be understood as approving the instruction discussed in the opinion to the effect that the prima facie case of negligence made by the falling of the fan "would justify a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, unless the evidence in the case negatives that prima facie presumption, and establishes to your satisfaction that it was not the result of the negligence of the defendants." We think the italicized portion of this instruction was erroneous for the reason suggested in the opinion of the district court of appeal, namely, in leaving out the requirement that the evidence of the plaintiff must preponderate in weight and that the defendant will be entitled to judgment where the countervailing evidence merely balances but does not outweigh the case made by the plaintiff. But in view of the evidence and the charge of the court taken as a whole we cannot conceive that this defect in this particular instruction in any way contributed to the verdict, and therefore are of the opinion that the error must be held to be without prejudice.

The petition for a hearing in this court is denied.

All the Justices concurred, except Wilbur, J., who did not participate.