Honorable Jennifer G. Zipps United States District Judge

ORDER

On February 4, 2020, Plaintiff Renee Hatten filed a wrongful death action in the Pima County Superior Court alleging that as a result of Defendants' actions, her mother, Janis Friend, contracted mesothelioma from exposure to asbestos-containing products between 1977 and 1979, while working as an art teacher and jewelry-making instructor at Fort Huachuca. In Plaintiff's Complaint, she alleges causes of action for negligence, strict liability, intentional failure to warn, and punitive damages against five Defendants: (1) Grobet File Company of America, LLC; (2) Triarco Arts & Crafts LLC; (3) R.T. Vanderbilt Holding Company, Inc.; (4) Posner's Art Store, Inc.; and (5) Unknown Parties, named as fictitious defendants, First Doe through Seventy-Fifth Doe.

On March 9, 2020, Defendant Grobet filed a notice of removal to federal court, asserting that this Court has federal enclave jurisdiction over Plaintiff's claims as well as diversity jurisdiction over the suit. Grobet claims that Posner's—the lone Arizona citizen Defendant—should be ignored for purposes of determining diversity because Posner's was fraudulently joined. (Doc. 1.) Now before the Court is Plaintiff's Motion to Remand to State Court. (Doc. 12.) For the reasons stated, the Court will grant the Motion to Remand.

DISCUSSION

I. Diversity Jurisdiction

Plaintiff argues that this case should be remanded because Defendant Grobet's Notice of Removal was procedurally defective in that it failed to include proof of consent of all Defendants, because Defendant Posner's is an Arizona resident and the Court therefore lacks diversity jurisdiction over the suit, and because the Court does not have federal enclave jurisdiction.

When a civil suit is removed from state court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, "all defendants who have been properly joined and served must join in or consent to the removal of the action." 28 U.S.C. § 1446 (b)(2)(A). Moreover, a state court action "shall be removable only if none of the parties in interest properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought." 28 U.S.C. § 1446 (b). The burden of establishing federal jurisdiction is on the party seeking removal, and the removal statute is construed strictly against removal. Emrich v. Touche Ross & Co., 846 F.2d 1190, 1195 (9th Cir. 1988). "The defendant seeking removal is entitled to present facts showing that [a] joinder is fraudulent." Good v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 5 F.Supp.2d 804, 807 (N.D. Cal. 1998); Morris v. Princess Cruises, Inc., 236 F.3d 1061, 1068 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Cavallini v. State Farm Mutual Auto Ins. Co., 44 F.3d 256, 263 (5th Cir. 1995) ("[F]raudulent joinder claims may be resolved by 'piercing the pleadings' and considering summary judgment-type evidence such as affidavits and deposition testimony."))

Defendant Grobet contends both that the notice of removal was proper and that the requisite diversity between citizens exists because Defendant Posner's was fraudulently joined. "If the plaintiff fails to state a cause of action against a resident defendant, and the failure is obvious according to the settled rules of the state, the joinder of the resident defendant is fraudulent." McCabe v. Gen. Foods. Corp., 811 F.2d 1336, 1339 (9th Cir. 1987). The removing defendant has "the opportunity to show that the individual[] joined in the action cannot be liable on any theory." Ritchey v. Upjohn Drug Co., 139 F.3d 1313, 1318 (9th Cir. 1998).

In the Complaint here, Plaintiff alleges claims stemming from Janis Friend's exposure to asbestos and asbestos-containing products generally against all Defendants, rather than specifically against each one. Defendant Grobet argues that because the Complaint offers no allegations specific to Defendant Posner's Art Store, Inc., and because Posner's was not named in a lawsuit previously brought against all other named Defendants in Illinois, and not mentioned at any point during the discovery conducted during that lawsuit, the claims against Posner's in this suit are frivolous. Plaintiff argues that she has asserted state law negligence and strict liability claims against Posner's, which have long been recognized under Arizona law, and that Grobet is asking the Court to, in essence, conduct a summary judgment review of the claim, rather than to discern whether Plaintiff's failure to state a cause of action "is obvious according to the settled rules of the state." McCabe, 811 F.2d at 1339. Plaintiff further argues that Grobet "has not brought a Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) or 12(e) motion in this Court," and that "Grobet has no standing to make such a challenge[.]" (Doc. 18, pg. 4.)

Although the discovery in the prior Illinois action, devoid of any reference to Posner's, does lend credence to Grobet's argument that Posner's has been joined merely to defeat diversity jurisdiction, the Court does not find the absence of any mention of Posner's dispositive. Plaintiff, for any number of reasons, might have subsequently stumbled upon information indicating Posner's connection to Janis Friend's alleged exposure. As for Grobet's argument that the Complaint contains no allegations specific to Posner's, the Court finds the guidance provided in Grancare, LLC v. Thrower by and through Mills, 889 F.3d 543 (9th Cir. 2018), controlling.

In Grancare, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that although "the fraudulent joinder standard shares some similarities with the analysis under Rule 12(b)(6) . . . . the test for fraudulent joinder and for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) are not equivalent." Id. at 549 ("A claim against a defendant may fail under Rule 12(b)(6), but that defendant has not necessarily been fraudulently joined."). The Circuit Court reiterated, from a previous holding, that the most appropriate standard for assessing fraudulent joinder was whether there is a "possibility that a state court would find that the complaint states a cause of action against any of the [non-diverse] defendants." Id. quoting Hunter v. Philip Morris USA, 582 F.3d 1039, 1046 (9th Cir. 2009).

Plaintiff alleges colorable claims against Posner's for negligence, strict liability, and failure to warn. And though the Complaint alleges claims generally against all Defendants, in Grancare too, the appellant argued that the complaint alleged "misconduct against all defendants collectively, that the heirs did not plead their claims with sufficient particularity, and that the heirs did not sufficiently allege negligence," but the Circuit Court nonetheless concluded that these arguments went "to the sufficiency of the complaint, rather than to the possible viability of the heirs' claims against [the alleged fraudulently joined party]," and therefore did "not establish fraudulent joinder." Grancare, 889 F.3d at 552. In sum, although Grobet has highlighted significant deficiencies in the generality of the Complaint, Grobet has not demonstrated that there is no possibility that Plaintiff could prevail against Posner's, and that the Court therefore has diversity jurisdiction over this suit.

II. Federal Enclave Jurisdiction

Plaintiff additionally argues that a remand is appropriate because the Court lacks federal enclave jurisdiction over the suit—specifically, because during the dates of the alleged offenses, the Federal Government merely had a proprietary interest, rather than exclusive jurisdiction, over Fort Huachuca where Janis Friend worked, or at least that Defendant cannot establish that the Federal Government's interest was exclusive.

Federal question jurisdiction arises exists only when a plaintiff's claims arise under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and depends solely on plaintiff's claims for relief as pled in the complaint. ARCO Env. Remediation, L.L.C. v. Dept. of Health and Env. Quality of the State of Montana, 213 F.3d 1108, 1113 (9th Cir. 2000). Pursuant to the Constitution, the United States has the power to acquire land from the states for certain specified uses and to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over such lands, which are known as "federal enclaves." Lord v. Local Union No. 20, Int'l Bd. of Elec. Workers, 646 F.2d 1057, 1059 (5th Cir. 1981). Cases involving state law claims on federal enclave property subject to non-exclusive jurisdiction—be it concurrent state and federal jurisdiction or solely proprietary jurisdiction—do not, ordinarily, present a federal question. Community Housing P'ship v. Byrd, No. 13-3031, 2013 WL 6087350, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 19, 2013). "It is conclusively presumed that jurisdiction has not been accepted until the Government accepts jurisdiction over land" as provided by 40 U.S.C. § 3112—requiring that the Government file "a notice of acceptance [of consent to jurisdiction over land] with the Governor of the State or in another manner prescribed by the laws of the State where the land is situated." 40 U.S.C. § 3112 (b)-(c).

Plaintiff alleges that Janis Friend was exposed to toxic substances, which eventually caused her wrongful death, while employed as an art teacher and jewelry-making instructor at Fort Huachuca between approximately 1977 and 1979. (Doc. 1, exh. 1, ¶ 14.) The Court must determine, therefore, whether the art studio at the Fort during the relevant time period was subject to exclusive or nonexclusive Federal Government jurisdiction during the relevant time frame. To answer this question, the parties have submitted to the Court Chapter 96 of the 1951 Arizona Session Laws 200, a history of Fort Huachuca from the U.S. Military website (Doc. 1, exh. 2), and a 1962 Inventory Report on Jurisdictional Status of Federal Areas Within the States. (Doc. 12-5.)

The 1951 Session Laws state that "[t]he consent of the state of Arizona is hereby given . . . to the acquisition by the United States . . . of any land in this State required for the erection of forts . . . or for any other military installations of the government[.]" 1951 Ariz. Sess. Laws 200, ch. 96, sec. 1 (effective Mar. 27, 1951). Further, "[e]xculsive jurisdiction over any land in this State so acquired for any of the purposes aforesaid, and over any public domain land in this state, now or in the future reserved or used for military purposes, is hereby ceded to the United States," but for no longer than the land is used for military purposes. Id. at sec. 2. Finally, "[a]s to any land over which exclusive jurisdiction is herein ceded, the state of Arizona retains concurrent jurisdiction within the United States, so far, that all process, civil or criminal, issuing under the authority of this State . . . may be executed by the proper officers." Id. at sec. 3.

Consistent with the Session Laws, the Inventory Report details that from 1951 to 1956, the Government acquired exclusive federal jurisdiction of 48,177 acres of land affiliated with Fort Huachuca. (Doc. 12-5, pg. 39). On March 8, 1956, the federal government appears to have formally accepted the grant. The Report also details that between 1956 and 1962, the Government acquired a proprietorial interest in an additional 23,666 acres of land affiliated with the Fort. (Id.) Plaintiff argues that "[a]s the party with the burden of proof, Grobet has failed to prove that Decedent Janis Friend was exposed to asbestos on the original 48,000 acres . . . , as opposed to the additional 51,000 acres[.]" (Doc. 18, pg. 8.) Grobet, in turn, argues that the fact that in 1956 the federal government accepted jurisdiction over 48,177 acres of Fort Huachuca, in conjunction with the Session Laws, confirms that the federal government accepted the requisite jurisdiction—and that this conclusion is buttressed by a March 8, 1956 letter from "Secretary of Army Wilber M. Brucker inform[ing] the Governor of Arizona that the United States accepted exclusive jurisdiction over the military installation designated as Fort Huachuca." (Doc. 17, pgs. 15-16.)

Although Grobet's Notice of Removal contained a reference to Secretary Brucker's letter, Grobet did not include a copy of the document for the Court's review. Without having conducted an exhaustive search, the Court did not locate the letter elsewhere, but did locate a Report of a Special Master in a case addressing adjudication of water rights, in which the Special Master referred to the letter, summarizing its contents as stating:

[N]otice is hereby given that the United States accepts exclusive jurisdiction over the entire area of the military instillation designated as Fort Huachuca . . . with the exception of 160 acres of school land of the State of Arizona leased to the United States and 960 acres of public domain land not yet transferred from the Department of the Interior. The area over which the United States hereby accepts exclusive jurisdiction comprises approximately 48,177 acres of lands acquired by the United States for military purposes.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff's Motion to Remand (Doc. 12) is GRANTED. The Clerk of Court shall provide Pima County Superior Court with electronic notification that the case has been remanded so that it may reconvene its proceedings;

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court is directed to close the file in this case.

Dated this 26th day of July, 2020.

/s/_________

Honorable Jennifer G. Zipps

United States District Judge