MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

ELMO B. HUNTER, Senior District Judge.

This is a declaratory judgment action. Green Construction Company seeks a declaration of National Union Fire Insurance Company's duty to defend Green in other litigation and to indemnify it for any judgment obtained against Green in that litigation. The issues of liability — both coverage and the duty to defend — have been submitted on stipulated facts and cross-motions for summary judgment. Because the parties have stipulated to all the material facts in this case, there is no genuine dispute of fact, and the case is ripe for summary judgment. For the reasons stated below, Green's motion for summary judgment is granted and National Union's motion for summary judgment is denied.

I STIPULATED FACTS

In 1987, Green sued KPL in federal court in Kansas for unpaid contract proceeds due under the construction contract. KPL counterclaimed in April, 1987, for breach of contract, negligence, and strict products liability; in essence, KPL was seeking recovery of damages it suffered as a result of the damage to the dam. In May, 1987, Green informed its insurance brokers of KPL's counterclaim, and by early June, Green's brokers had informed National Union of KPL's counterclaim. Green considered KPL's counterclaims to be claims covered under its general liability policy and requested National Union to defend against the counterclaims. Almost one year later, National Union denied both the claim for coverage and the request that National Union defend against the counterclaims. National Union gave two reasons for the denial: 1) because the alleged property damage occurred prior to the effective coverage date; and 2) because the kind of damage involved was not covered under the terms of the policy. National Union has since conceded that the damage occurred during the coverage period. The parties agree that the two issues presented by this case are: 1) whether KPL's claims agains. Green are covered under the terms of the policy; and 2) whether National Union had a duty to defend against KPL's counterclaims against Green.

II. THE DUTY OF AN INSURER TO DEFEND

III. THE ISSUE OF COVERAGE

The policy in dispute is a standard form comprehensive general liability (hereinafter "CGL") policy. Stipulation of Facts ¶ 3. The policy broadly covers:

all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of

A. bodily injury or

B. property damage

to which this insurance applies, caused by an occurrence. . . .

Stipulation of Facts, Exhibit 2. National Union contends that there was no "occurrence" within the meaning of the contract and, even if there were an occurrence, several exclusions in the policy operate to eliminate coverage for this "occurrence."

A. DEFINITION OF OCCURRENCE

First, National Union contends that the settling of the dam is not an "occurrence" because the settling of the dam was not an "accident." The policy defines "occurrence" as "an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, which results in . . . property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured." An "accident" has long been recognized to include events other than just those "happening suddenly and violently." J. Appleman, 7A Insurance Law and Practice § 4492 (1979). "Damage within the coverage of a liability insurance policy may include that resulting from the insured's negligence. . . ." Taylor-Morley-Simon, Inc. v. Michigan Mutual Ins. Co., 645 F. Supp. 596, 599-600 (E.D.Mo. 1986). An "accident," as that term is used in standard CGL policies "means that which happens by chance or fortuitously, without intention or design, and which is unexpected, unusual and unforeseen. . . ." Missouri Terrazzo Co. v. Iowa National Mutual Ins. Co., 566 F. Supp. 546, 552 (E.D.Mo. 1983).

Although Kansas courts have not squarely addressed the issue, the Kansas Supreme Court, interpreting the standard definition of "occurrence," held that "[u]nder this policy, coverage is avoided only when an act results in intentional injury." Spruill, 512 P.2d at 408. In a case similar to the present one, the Minnesota Supreme Court held that damages caused by the settling of a building resulting from negligent construction constituted an "occurrence" within the terms of the policy. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co. v. Terrace Enterprises, Inc., 260 N.W.2d 450 (Minn. 1978). That court reasoned that because the builder's conduct was not reckless or intentional, the settling came within the policy definition of "occurence" which included an event "neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the insured." Id. at 452453.

In the present case, the settling of the dam was not caused by the reckless or intentional conduct of Green, Terracon, or Schwab/Eaton. Indeed, it was not caused by the conduct of Green at all; it was caused by the condition of the soil incorporated into the dam. Green used that soil due to the faulty test results returned by Terracon and Schwab/Eaton. It is beyond peradventure that Green did not "expect or intend" that Terracon and Schwab/Eaton return inaccurate soil tests, nor did Green "expect or intend" that the soil would not meet contract specifications. Hence, the settling of the dam was an "occurrence" within the meaning of the policy.

B. THE POLICY EXCLUSIONS

National Union also relies upon exclusions (n) and (p) and exclusions VI(A)(2)(d)(iii) and VI(A)(3) in the Broad Form Comprehensive General Liability endorsement. For the reasons stated below, each of these arguments is rejected.

1. THE "SISTERSHIP" EXCLUSION

National Union contends that paragraph (p) excludes coverage for the damage to the dam. Paragraph (p) excludes coverage for:

damages claimed for the withdrawal, inspection, repair, replacement, or loss of use of the named insured's products or work completed by or for the named insured or of any property of which such products or work form a part, if such products, work or property are withdrawn from the market or from use because of any known or suspected defect or deficiency therein.

This exclusion is referred to as the "sistership exclusion." L. Frumer and M. Friedman, 3B Products Liability § 58.03[4]. "On its face this exclusion might seem applicable. . . . The history and purpose of the exclusion reveal, however, that it has no applicability in the present case." Honeycomb Systems, Inc. v. Admiral Ins. Co., 567 F. Supp. 1400, 1406 (D.Me. 1983). The Honeycomb court, faced with the very exclusion which is in dispute here, explained the significance of the sistership exclusion: exclusion:

[It] is designed to limit the insurer's exposure in cases where, because of the actual failure of the insured's product, similar products are withdrawn from use to prevent the failure of these other products, which have not yet failed but are suspected of containing the same defect. The exclusion does not apply to the product that failed, only to the "sister" products.

2. THE "INJURY TO PRODUCT" AND "INJURY TO WORK" EXCLUSIONS

Paragraph (n) excludes coverage for "property damage to the named insured's products arising out of such products or any part of such products." Some courts have held that real property, such as a building, is not a "product" within the meaning of the standard form CGL policy. Johnson v. National Union Fire Ins. Co., 56 Misc.2d 983, 289 N.Y.S.2d 852 (Sup.Ct. 1968), aff'd, 33 A.D.2d 924, 309 N.Y.S.2d 110 (N.Y.App.Div. 197 0); Kissel v. Aetna Cas. Sur. Co., 380 S.W.2d 497 (Mo.Ct.App. 1964). Other courts have held that the definition of "product" does include a building contractor's work product. Westman Industrial Co. v. Hartford Insurance Group, 51 Wn. App. 72, 751 P.2d 1242 (1988); Indiana Ins. Co. v. De Zutti, 408 N.E.2d 1275 (Ind. 1980); J.G.A. Construction Corporation v. Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co., 66 A.D.2d 315, 414 N YS.2d 385 (1979).

The "injury to product" and "injury to work" exclusions are standard exclusions intended to limit two kinds of coverage which in recent years have been added to CGL policies. The standard CGL policies now automatically include products hazard insurance and completed operations insurance. L. Frumer, supra, § 58.01 at p. 58-4. The former is to protect the insured from liability for damages caused by his defective products, and the latter is to protect him from liability for damages caused by his faulty or defective work. Id. at p. 58-5. While the standard CGL is designed to protect the insured from claims arising out of a defective product or faulty work, the product or work itself is not an item usually covered. Damage to the product caused by a defect in the product and damage to the work due to faulty work are normally excluded from coverage by the "injury to product" and "injury to work" exclusions, respectively. Paragraph (n) is the standard "injury to product" exclusion.

Clearly, the definition of "product," as it is used in the "injury to product" exclusion, should mirror the definition of "product" employed with respect to the products hazard coverage because of the close relationship between the products hazard coverage and the "injury to product" exclusion. Because products hazard coverage is intended to cover an insured's liability for defective products, a "product," within the meaning of the standard CGL and in the absence of any definition to the contrary, should include any item "manufactured, sold, handled or distributed by the named insured" for which an insured might be liable on a products liability theory. Accord Friestad v. Travelers Indem. Co., 260 Pa. Super. 178, 393 A.2d 1212, 1217 (1978) ("[I]t is more preferable by far to define the products hazard in terms of products liability law, and apply the exclusion only when a product, rather than a service, is the cause in fact of damages or injury to a third person."). Thus, it becomes necessary to determine what constitutes a "product" for purposes of products liability law in order to determine what constitutes a "product" within the meaning of an "injury to product" exclusion.

Generally, products liability has been restricted to the sale of chattels. L. Frumer, et al., 1A Products Liability § 3.03[4][b][ii]. A modern trend has been to extend products liability to builders engaged in the mass production of homes. Id. Despite this trend, however, there is no authority for the proposition that a contractor who builds a structure such as a dam may be held liable under a theory of products liability. Because a dam is not a "product" for purposes of products liability law, it is similarly not a "product" within the meaning of an CGL "injury to product" exclusion. This conclusion is buttressed by the insurance industry's own definition (which itself is strong evidence of the parties' intent): "The 1986 CGL form defines product so as not to include real property." Fire Casualty Surety Bulletins, Prf-15 (Rearranged February, 1989).

On the other hand, such a structure is "work," within the meaning of the "injury to work" exclusion. Paragraph VI(A)(3) of the Broad Form endorsement excludes coverage for "property damage to work performed by the named insured arising out of such work or any portion thereof, or out of such materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection therewith." In B.A. Green Construction Co. v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 213 Kan. 393, 517 P.2d 563 (1973), the Kansas Supreme Court held that an entire library was the contractor's "work" within the meaning of a similar "injury to work" exclusion. Given the Kansas courts' broad interpretation of the word "work", the dam in the present case is clearly Green's "work" within the meaning of paragraph VI(A)(3).

Although damage to the dam arising out of the work performed by Green is indisputably excluded from coverage by paragraph VI(A)(3), Green argues that damage to the dam arising out of the work performed by others is not excluded from coverage. National Union has conceded that "the broad form endorsement may, in some circumstances, provide liability coverage where liability for the named insured arises out of work performed by a subcontractor." National Union's Suggestions In Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment at 9-10. National Union has simultaneously taken the contrary position that the Broad Form endorsement's deletion of the phrase "or on behalf of" is insignificant and has urged the Court to follow those courts which have held that the Broad Form endorsement "injury to work" exclusion is no less broad than the standard "injury to work" exclusion.

Several courts have concluded that the Broad Form endorsement "injury to work" exclusion narrows the broad standard "injury to work" exclusion. Maryland Cas. Co. v. Reeder, 221 Cal.App.3d 961, 270 Cal.Rptr. 719 (1990); Fireguard Sprinkler Systems, Inc. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 864 F.2d 648 (9th Cir. 1988); W.E. O'Neil Construction Co. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co., 721 F. Supp. 984 (N.D.Ill. 1989); Mid-United Contractors, Inc. v. Providence Lloyds Ins. Co., 754 S.W.2d 824 (Tex.Ct.App. 1988). Other courts, however, have held that the Broad Form endorsement "injury to work" exclusion does not narrow the scope of the standard "injury to work" exclusion. Knutson Construction v. St. Paul Fire Marine Ins., 396 N.W.2d 229 (Minn. 1986); Vari Builders, Inc. v. U.S. Fidelity and Guar. Co., 523 A.2d 549 (Del.Super.Ct. 1986). Those courts have attached no significance to the policy drafter's omission of the phrase "or on behalf of." As the Ninth Circuit noted, such an interpretation "does not square with the language of the endorsement: it ignores the careful drafting that characterizes insurance policies." Fireguard, 864 F.2d at 653.

Not only is this not sound contract interpretation, the resulting interpretation — that the Broad Form endorsement exclusion is no narrower than the standard exclusion — is directly at odds with the insurance industry's own interpretation of the phrase. According to the August, 1982, Fire Casualty Surety Bulletins (FC S Bulletins):

[T]he exclusion eliminates coverage for property damage to work performed by the named insured if the property damage arises out of the named insured's work or any portion of it.

Thus, an insured has coverage for his completed work when the damage arises out of work performed by someone other than the named insured, such as a subcontractor. . . . The usual Completed Operations coverage (no Broad Form Property Damage endorsement attached) flatly excludes property damage to work performed by or on behalf of the named insured arising out of the work. Under the usual coverage, then, the insured has no insurance whatsoever for damage to a subcontractor's work or for damage to his own work resulting from a subcontractor's work. Therein lie the advantages of Broad Form Property Damage coverage including Completed Operations. Consequently, if an insured does not anticipate using subcontractors, the value of purchasing Broad Form Property Damage coverage with Completed Operations is questionable, in view of the additional premium required for it.

FC S Bulletins Epb-7, -8 (August, 1982) (quoted in Fireguard, 864 F.2d at 652). More recently, the FC S Bulletins has stated:

When an insured purchases broad form property damage (including completed operations) coverage, one effect is that exclusion ( o) is deleted and replaced by an exclusion of "property damage to work performed by the named insured arising out of such work or any portion thereof, or out of such materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection therewith." This is a deletion of the wording "or on behalf of" from exclusion ( o).

The meaning of this deletion is to restrict the exclusion's operation to property damage to the insured's own work that arises out of the insured's own work. By this interpretation, a general contractor would be covered for damages to work performed by itself or any other contractor if the damage arose out of another contractor's work on the project. And, even if damage arose out of the insured's own work, the insured would be covered for damage to work performed by any contractor other than itself.

FC S Bulletins, Prf-12 (Rearranged February, 1989). As the Fireguard court stated, the industry's interpretation of the exclusion "is strong evidence of the intent of the parties." Id. The Court agrees with Green that the better-reasoned cases are those, like Fireguard, which give effect to the carefully drafted language of the Broad Form endorsement. Paragraph VI(A)(3) does not exclude coverage to Green for any liability Green incurred for damage to its work arising out of work performed on its behalf.

3. The "Faulty Workmanship" Exclusion

Finally, in a belatedly filed brief, National Union raises another exclusion in the Broad Form endorsement in an attempt to defeat coverage. Paragraph VI(A)(2)(d)(iii) excludes coverage for "that particular part of any property,. . ., the restoration, repair or replacement of which has been made or is necessary by reason of faulty workmanship thereon by or on behalf of the insured." National Union contends that the exclusion applies here and defeats coverage. Green has argued, however, that paragraph VI(A)(2) does not apply to completed operations claims.

Because paragraph VI(A)(3) applies to completed operations, it is doubtful that paragraphs VI(A)(1) or (2) were also intended to cover completed operations. If paragraph VI(A)(2) were to apply to completed operations, then it would conflict with paragraph VI(A)(3). Paragraph (A)(3) modifies the standard "injury to work" exclusion, narrowing the standard exclusion so that only damage arising out of the insured's own work is excluded. National Union's interpretation of paragraph (A)(2) would reinstate the standard "injury to work" exclusion and thus conflict with the parties' intent underlying paragraph (A)(3).

Because the policy is ambiguous with respect to whether paragraph (A)(2) applies to completed operations, it must be construed in favor of the insured not to cover completed operations. American Media, Inc. v. Home Indem. Co., 232 Kan. 737, 658 P.2d 1015, 1018 (1983) ("Where terms of a policy of insurance are ambiguous or uncertain, conflicting or susceptible of more than one construction, the construction most favorable to the insured must prevail."). The insurance industry itself has recognized this ambiguity and has clarified the 1986 CGL policy so that the so-called "faulty workmanship" exclusion explicitly "does not apply to property damage included in the . . . completed operations hazard." FC S Bulletins, Prf-15 (February 1989). Moreover, this construction avoids any conflict between paragraphs (A)(2) and (A)(3). Of course, even if paragraph (A)(2) were construed to apply to completed operations, the policy would nevertheless have to be construed in favor of coverage because of the conflict such an interpretation would create between paragraphs (A)(2) and (A)(3). American Media, 658 P.2d at 1018.

VI. CONCLUSION

For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the policy in question does provide coverage to Green and that National Union had a duty to defend Green in the litigation with KPL. Accordingly, it is hereby.

ORDERED that Green Construction Company's motion for summary judgment is GRANTED on Counts I, II, and IV and National Union's motion for summary judgment is DENIED. It is further

ORDERED that Count III is DISMISSED AS MOOT. It is further

ORDERED that a hearing on the amount of attorney's fees owed by National Union to Green Construction shall be held on August 28, 1991, at 10:00 a.m. at the United States Courthouse, Courtroom No. 8, 811 Grand Avenue, Kansas City, Missouri. The parties are directed to confer and stipulate as to the reasonable hourly rate and hours expended in the underlying litigation. Plaintiff Green Construction shall file on or before August 9, 1991, any suggestions addressing the question of attorney's fees, including any attorney's fees in the present litigation which may be recoverable as a part of this action. National Union shall then have to and including August 16, 1991, in which to file any suggestions in opposition. Green Construction shall have to and including August 23, 1991, in which to file any reply suggestions. It is further

ADJUDGED, DECLARED AND DECREED:

1) that National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh is and was liable and bound to defend Green Construction Company against all claims, demands, and liability in connection with the counterclaims asserted against Green by Kansas Power Light Company in the case Green Construction Company vs. Kansas Power Light Company, No. 87-2070-S filed in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas and now pending before the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit;

2) that National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh is liable and bound to pay any and all amounts which Green Construction Company may be responsible or liable in connection with the above-mentioned litigation;

3) that National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh is liable and bound to reimburse Green Construction Company for all reasonable amounts expended or paid by it which are attributable to, or associated with, defense of the Kansas Power Light Company's counterclaims in the above-mentioned litigation.

IT IS SO ORDERED.