OPINION

SHEA, Justice.

This case is before the court following the consolidation of two petitions for writ of certiorari. The petitioner, Melvyn M. Gelch (Gelch), seeks a review of two decisions of the State Board of Elections certifying Vincent A. Cianci, Jr. (Cianci), as a qualified candidate in the special mayoral election. The special election was being held to fill the unexpired term of the office of mayor that was forfeited when Cianci, the incumbent mayor, was convicted of a felony. We hold that according to the Providence Home Rule Charter of 1980 (charter), when the office is vacated because the incumbent is convicted of a felony, the entire four-year term of office must be vacated, thereby prohibiting the incumbent from seeking to fill the unexpired portion of the term.

I

On April 23, 1984, Cianci was convicted of the felony of assault with a dangerous weapon after pleading nolo contendere in the Superior Court. He was sentenced to five years at the Adult Correctional Institutions (ACI). The execution of the sentence was suspended, and Cianci was placed on probation for five years. On April 25, 1984, Cianci resigned the office of mayor of Providence and the city council declared the office vacant pursuant to § 206(a) of the charter.

Cianci filed with the Providence Board of Canvassers a declaration of his candidacy and his nomination papers for the office of mayor of Providence for the special election to fill the unexpired term from which he resigned. Gelch objected to Cianci's candidacy before the board of canvassers pursuant to G.L. 1956 (1981 Reenactment) § 17-16-16. Gelch's objection was based on G.L. 1956 (1981 Reenactment) § 13-6-2, a state law that deals with the loss of civil rights by persons sentenced to imprisonment for more than one year. The board of canvassers denied the objection and certified Vincent A. Cianci, Jr., a qualified candidate for the special mayoral election. Gelch appealed this decision to the State Board of Elections.

The board of elections affirmed the decision of the board of canvassers. Gelch filed a petition for writ of certiorari with this court, seeking a review of the state board's decision. Gelch subsequently amended his earlier objection with the board of canvassers to include an argument based on the charter.

The board of canvassers declined to rule on the applicability of § 206 of the charter, claiming that it lacked jurisdiction. Gelch then took a second appeal to the board of elections.

The board of elections ruled that Cianci was an eligible candidate under the charter. Gelch filed a second petition for writ of certiorari with this court, requesting a review of the second decision of the board of elections. On June 25, 1984, this court entered an order issuing writs of certiorari, consolidating them for hearing, and staying the special election until July 31, 1984.

After hearing arguments, an order of this court was entered declaring Cianci ineligible to be a candidate in that special election. Gelch v. State Board of Elections, Nos. 84-320-M.P. and 84-330-M.P. (R.I., filed July 6, 1984). We now write to detail our reasoning.

Gelch first claimed that the United States Constitution allows the state to place qualifications on a convicted felon's right to hold public office. He then asserted that Rhode Island's Constitution merely sets minimum qualifications on a person's right to hold public office, thereby allowing the General Assembly to establish further qualifications. Finally, Gelch asserted that the charter requires that the entire four-year term of office be vacated when an incumbent is convicted of a felony, making Cianci an ineligible candidate in the special election being held to fill his unexpired term.

II

A threshold issue is whether Gelch has standing to object to Cianci's candidacy. He contends that as a qualified elector in the city of Providence he has standing pursuant to § 17-16-16. This statute provides for the filing of "written objections * * * to the eligibility of the candidate * * *." A reasonable interpretation of this statute is that qualified electors of Providence have standing to object to a candidate's eligibility. This conclusion is reached in light of this court's past holdings conferring standing liberally when matters of substantial public interest are involved. Blackstone Valley Chamber of Commerce v. Public Utilities Commission, R.I., 452 A.2d 931, 933 (1982). We conclude that petitioner Gelch has standing to object to Cianci's eligibility as a candidate.

III A [11] FEDERAL CONSTITUTION

States have the discretion to establish certain conditions under which the right of suffrage may be exercised and the right to hold public office determined. Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections, 360 U.S. 45, 50, 79 S.Ct. 985, 989, 3 L.Ed.2d 1072, 1076 (1959). This power of the state, of course, must be exercised within the bounds of the Federal Constitution. It must be free of the discrimination that the United States Constitution condemns.

Limitations on the right of a person who has been convicted of a felony to vote and to hold public office have been explicitly recognized by the United States Supreme Court. Richardson v. Ramirez, 418 U.S. 24, 54, 94 S.Ct. 2655, 2671, 41 L.Ed.2d 551, 571 (1974). The Court in Richardson noted that whereas the equal-protection clause puts many inhibitions on the power of the state to limit the franchise, section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution expressly allows the states the power to disenfranchise convicted felons. The Court held that the disenfranchisement of a convicted felon by the state need not undergo the typical equal-protection analysis that other qualifications on the right to vote and to hold public office must undergo under section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment because of the express exception contained in section 2. A decision by the state therefore to disenfranchise a person or to disqualify a person who has been convicted of a felony from seeking public office does not violate the equal-protection clause of the Federal Constitution.

Cianci claimed that his First Amendment rights would be violated by denying him access to the ballot, thereby requiring the state to prove a compelling interest to warrant the denial. U.S. Const. amend. I. Although it is clear that the candidacy for public office is one of the rights included within the scope of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, Cummings v. Godin, 119 R.I. 325, 335, 377 A.2d 1071, 1076 (1977), the disqualification of a convicted felon by a state is specifically allowed under section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment. The First Amendment, only applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 666, 45 S.Ct. 625, 630, 69 L.Ed. 1138, 1145 (1925), therefore gives Cianci no further protection than that established by the Fourteenth Amendment. We find, therefore, that his claim of a First Amendment violation is without merit.

B [15] STATE CONSTITUTION

Cianci contended that Rhode Island's Constitution bars any legislative restriction on the right of a citizen to be a candidate for public office beyond the constitutional requirement that all candidates be qualified electors. This contention cannot be sustained.

Shortly after the turn of the century, this court in Payne Butler v. Providence Gas Company, 31 R.I. 295, 316-17, 77 A. 145, 154 (1910), pointed out that a state constitution, unlike its federal counterpart, does not constitute a grant of enumerated powers to the State Legislature. Instead, a state constitution merely acts as a limitation "upon the complete power with which the legislative department of the state was vested in its creation." Thus, in dealing with the Federal Constitution, one searches for a grant of legislative power. However, when a state constitution is in issue, the search is centered on the presence, if any, of a constitutional limitation on the legislative power. Such a limitation must be "created and imposed by express words or arise by necessary implication." Id. at 317, 77 A. at 154. Similar sentiments have been expressed in Nugent v. City of East Providence, 103 R.I. 518, 525, 238 A.2d 758, 766 (1968), and Henry v. Cherry Webb, 30 R.I. 13, 29-30, 73 A. 97, 104 (1909). The relevant constitutional provision in this case is article XXXIX of the amendments to the Rhode Island Constitution, which provides: "No person shall hold any civil office unless he be a qualified elector for such office."

This article of amendment, adopted by the electorate in November 1973, replaced section I of article IX, which had been a part of the state's constitution since its adoption in 1842. Section I had specified that "no person shall be eligible to hold any civil office (except the office of school committee) unless he be a qualified elector for such office." The parenthetical phrase, "except the office of school committee," written prior to women's suffrage, permitted women to hold office only on the school committee. With women's suffrage, this parenthetical phrase became mere surplusage. The phrase was finally eliminated in 1973 with the adoption of article XXXIX.

Article XXXIX of the amendments to the Rhode Island Constitution was adopted following the conclusion of a limited constitutional convention held pursuant to P.L. 1973, ch. 98. In Bailey v. Baronian, 120 R.I. 389, 392-93, 394 A.2d 1338, 1340 (1978), we noted that the 1973 convention dealt with four areas of concern, one of which was the revision of the election laws. In the Bailey case we referred to comments made by various delegates once the so-called suffrage proposal emerged from the committee on elections to the floor. As a result of the exchange on the floor, the proposal was referred back to committee and later reemerged reflecting the changes suggested by two delegates. Here also, in determining the reach of article XXXIX, we shall refer to the activities of the 1973 Constitutional Convention.

On September 12, 1973, proposal 7 was presented. It was entitled "Qualification for Office" and was referred to the Committee on Elections. Subsequently, on September 25, 1973, the committee presented proposal 7 in its original form to the full committee. In explaining the proposal, the chairman of the Committee on Elections remarked, "[W]hat this does Mr. Chairman, very simply, is drop the parenthetical expression contained in article IX, section 1 which said originally, 'no person shall be eligible for any civil office (except the office of school committee) unless he is qualified and elected to such office.'" The chairman further explained that the 1842 provision preceded women's suffrage and had permitted women to serve on municipal school committees. After this explanation the proposal was referred unanimously to the convention's Committee on Style and Drafting. On October 2, 1973, the committee, through its chairman, brought proposal 7 to the floor and moved its passage. In doing so, the chairman told delegates that in adopting this provision "clearly the intent in mind is that a person who is outside his ward or district shall not hold office." It is clear that at no time did the drafters of the proposal that was ultimately adopted as article XXXIX ever contemplate the eligibility of a public officer, such as Cianci, to seek election for the unexpired portion of his term after having forfeited that office as a result of a felony conviction. In fact, the only specific provision of the constitution purporting to deal with the disqualification of a public official is to be found in section 2 of article IX, which disqualifies an individual "from holding any office to which he may have been elected if he be convicted of having offered, or procured any other person to offer, any bribe to secure his election, or the election of any other person."

Nothing in article IX or XXXIX purports in any way to limit or restrict the plenary power of the Legislature to prescribe any other qualifications or disqualifications or conditions for the holding of public office. The General Assembly has exercised this power to establish reasonable requirements on a candidate's ability to gain access to the ballot. Candidates for office must be registered to vote thirty days prior to filing a declaration of candidacy. Conrad v. Narragansett Board of Canvassers, R.I., 420 A.2d 50, 52 (1980); Rawlinson v. Board of Canvassers, R.I., 420 A.2d 52, 53 (1980). Declarations of candidacy must be filed within established time limits. General Laws 1956 (1981 Reenactment) § 17-14-1, as amended by P.L. 1983, ch. 58, § 1 and § 17-16-1, as amended by P.L. 1983, ch. 58, § 2. Nomination papers must be submitted containing the required number of valid signatures of eligible voters. Section 17-14-7, as amended by P.L. 1982, ch. 160, § 1 and § 17-16-8, as amended by P.L. 1982, ch. 160, § 2. All of these requirements represent additional reasonable qualifications established by the General Assembly for a person to become an eligible candidate. Consequently, the General Assembly was well within its inherent power, unrestricted by constitutional limitations, when it ratified and adopted the provisions set forth in the Providence city charter of 1980.

C [22] PROVIDENCE HOME RULE CHARTER OF 1980

In 1981 the General Assembly ratified and enacted the Providence Home Rule Charter that had been approved on November 4, 1980, by the voters in the city of Providence in accordance with article XXVIII of amendments to the Rhode Island Constitution. The General Assembly thereby enacted certain provisions of the charter that limited the right of a convicted felon to continue to hold public office.

Gelch argued that according to the charter Cianci was ineligible to fill the vacancy created in the remainder of the term to which he was elected and which he subsequently forfeited. According to his interpretation of the charter, the four-year term of office is part of the office of mayor that Cianci forfeited. When he forfeited the office, Gelch asserted, Cianci forfeited it for the full four-year term and therefore cannot be reelected to that term. Cianci's position was that he was an eligible mayoral candidate because the charter contains no provision that expressly disqualified him from the special election. Alternatively, Cianci argued that the vacancy created a new term of office for which he was a qualified candidate. Finally, Cianci contended that the voters would be denied their right to vote for or against him if he were declared ineligible.

Sections 202 and 206 of the charter are pertinent to an analysis of the issue of Cianci's eligibility to run for mayor. Section 202, which deals with the date of election and the terms of office, states:

"The mayor * * * shall * * * be elected for a term of four (4) years at a general city election to be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, A.D. 1982, and each fourth year thereafter. * * * The term of office of the mayor * * * shall begin on the first Monday in January next following * * * [his or her] election, and * * * [he or she] shall hold office until his or her successor is elected and qualified; provided, however, that no such office becomes vacant before the end of the term * * * pursuant to section 206 of this article."

Section 206(a) deals with vacancies in elective offices and states that

"a vacancy in a city elective office shall be declared to exist by the city council in the event the incumbent thereof: * * *

(4) Resigns;

(5) Is convicted of a felony * * *."

The conditions of § 206(a) have been met. Cianci was convicted of a felony while serving in the office of mayor. Thereafter, the city council declared the office vacant. Once the office of mayor was declared vacant, § 206(b) became operative. The applicable portion of that section states:

"If a vacancy occurs in the office of mayor * * * more than one hundred eighty (180) days before the time of holding the next succeeding regular city election, the city council shall call a special election for the purpose of filling such vacancy for the remainder of such person's term * * *."

The city council called a special election to fill the unexpired term of office forfeited by the former mayor because of his felony conviction.

The question before this court is Cianci's eligibility under the charter to be a candidate in the special election to elect a successor as mayor of Providence for the unexpired remainder of the term he forfeited. The charter does not expressly address this issue, so we must construe its meaning by determining the intent of the charter commission in drafting, and the General Assembly in enacting, this provision. Resolution of this issue necessitates a determination of the meaning of "vacancy * * * in the office of mayor" and "term of office of the mayor," as this language is used in §§ 202 and 206 of the charter.

One of the elements of the "office of mayor" is the fixed term for which the officer is elected. The charter has fixed the "term of office of the mayor" at four years. The current term of office began in January 1983 and will continue to exist despite a vacancy in the office of mayor until a successor is elected and qualified for the new term beginning in January 1987. A removal of an officer for disqualification does not operate to divide the term or create a new and distinct one. Day v. Sharp, 128 Tenn. 340, 346, 161 S.W. 994, 996 (1913).

When Cianci forfeited the "office" of mayor, he was not merely divested of his present right to be mayor and to exercise the powers of the office of mayor. He was also disqualified from serving the rest of the four-year term to which he was elected because the "office" is an entity and the "term of office" is a part of that entity. A person who forfeits the office of mayor pursuant to § 206 of the charter is disqualified from serving for the remainder of the current term. This disqualification remains in effect despite the special election and continues until the end of the current four-year term. "The object of the removal of a public officer for official misconduct is not to punish the officer, but to improve the public service, and to free the public from an unfit officer." Timothy v. Howse, 134 Tenn. 67, 78, 183 S.W. 510, 513 (1915).

Cianci's tenure in office was part of the current term. When he forfeited the office, he forfeited it for the remainder of the current term. Section 206(b) of the charter intended this result because it states that the reason for the special election is to fill "the remainder of such person's term." Consequently, Cianci could not be reelected during that term. Generally, "a removal from office bars the removed officer from an election or appointment to fill the vacancy for the unexpired term, but * * * it does not disqualify him to take some other office or to be elected or appointed to a new term of the same office." Recall Bennett Committee v. Bennett, 196 Or. 299, 326, 249 P.2d 479, 492 (1952). "The remainder of the existing term is, including its incidents and rights, * * * all the removal can act on or affect." Thompson v. Crump, 134 Tenn. 121, 132-33, 183 S.W. 505, 508 (1915).

The word "vacancy" generally has no technical meaning, other than "empty" and "unoccupied," as applied to an office without an incumbent. People v. Osborne, 7 Colo. 605, 612, 4 P. 1074, 1078 (1884); Hooper v. Almand, 196 Ga. 52, 59, 25 S.E.2d 778, 782 (1943); Paull v. Pierce, 68 N.J. Super. 521, 528, 172 A.2d 721, 725 (1961). "Vacancy" refers not to the incumbent but to the term or to the office. Hooper v. Almand, 196 Ga. at 59, 25 S.E.2d at 783; see also Hendrick v. Keating, 120 Conn. 427, 431, 181 A. 340, 341 (1935). The office of mayor of Providence was left vacant because it was not occupied by an incumbent who had the right to continue therein until the next general election.

The "office of mayor" is a public office, and the term "public office" has been defined to include the idea of tenure, duration, emolument, powers, and duties. Metcalf Eddy v. Mitchell, 269 U.S. 514, 520, 46 S.Ct. 172, 173, 70 L.Ed. 384, 390 (1926); United States v. Hartwell, 73 U.S. (6 Wall.) 385, 393, 18 L.Ed. 830, 832 (1867); People v. Duane, 121 N.Y. 367, 375, 24 N.E. 845, 847 (1890); Wise v. City of Knoxville, 194 Tenn. 90, 93, 250 S.W.2d 29, 31 (1952). Three principal tests for determining what constitutes a public office have already been decided in this state: (1) whether the sovereignty, either directly through legislative enactment or executive appointment, or indirectly as through a municipal charter, is the source of the authority; (2) whether the duties pertaining to the position are of a public character, that is, due to the community in its political capacity; and (3) whether the tenure is fixed and permanent for a definite period by law, unless forfeited for neglect of duty or malfeasance, or subject to termination at the will of others without the assignment of cause. Opinion to the Governor, 83 R.I. 370, 374, 116 A.2d 474, 475 (1955); Adams v. McCaughey, 21 R.I. 341, 344-45, 43 A. 646, 648 (1899). The meaning of the word "office" not only includes the entitlement to a salary and the right to exercise certain powers but also includes a fixed period for which the office may be held. See Spring v. Constantino, 168 Conn. 563, 568, 362 A.2d 871, 875 (1975); Recall Bennett Committee v. Bennett, 196 Or. at 325, 249 P.2d at 491-92. "Office" is not something that is transient, occasional, or incidental. Rather, by nature it is an entity in which incumbents succeed one another, and it does not cease to exist with the termination of incumbency. City Council v. McKinley, 80 Cal.App.3d 204, 210, 145 Cal.Rptr. 461, 464 (1978).

Numerous cases from other states support this conclusion. In these cases, which are discussed below, certain officials who were removed from office or declared ineligible for office during the terms to which they had been elected or appointed sought to fill the unexpired portions of their terms. All of these cases hold that the full term or tenure of the officer was a part of and included in the office and that when removed from office, the incumbent was removed from the full term or tenure then being served.

In Coleman v. Rose, 74 Kan. 262, 86 P. 296 (1906), the defendant was elected mayor for a term of two years ending in April 1907. In September 1906 an action was brought to remove him from office for misconduct. The court ousted him from office and decreed his ineligibility for the remainder of his term. Shortly thereafter Rose became a candidate at a special election held to fill the vacancy. He was elected and assumed the office. Contempt proceedings were then instituted for violation of the ouster decree. The statute pursuant to which the defendant was removed from office provided that "for a failure or neglect of official duty in the enforcement of this act, any of the city or county officers herein referred to may be removed by civil action." Kan.Gen.Stat.Ann. § 2462 (1901). There was no statutory provision concerning the eligibility of the defendant following his removal. It was held that the defendant was guilty of contempt. After citing many cases, the court said:

"The right to exercise the functions of the office of mayor and to enjoy its privileges for the two-year term was an entity conferred on the defendant, and it was that which was taken from him in the quo warranto proceeding. The resignation or the removal of an officer during his term and the election or appointment of a successor do not divide the term nor create a new and distinct one. In such a case the successor is filling out his predecessor's term; and when the defendant reentered the office and undertook to exercise its duties he was simply serving a portion of the very term which the court had decided that he was unfit to hold. Since under the law he forfeited and was ousted from the right to occupy the office for the remainder of the term, no subsequent election or appointment could restore to him that which he was adjudged to have forfeited and lost. The electors of the city are as much bound by the law and the judgment rendered in pursuance of the law as their representatives and officers, and the special election did not warrant the defendant in ignoring or violating the judgment rendered under the law." Id. at 268, 86 P. at 298.

In Childs v. Dart, 57 Minn. 261, 59 N.W. 190 (1894), a county treasurer was removed for the misappropriation of public funds. Afterward the board of county commissioners, which had the authority to fill the vacancy, elected him to fill out the term. The question arose whether the board had the power to reinvest him with the office. The court said:

"The removal proceedings cannot be nullified or reversed in that manner. Such removal proceedings are not merely for the purpose of ousting the person holding the office; they include a charge that he has forfeited his qualification for the office for the remainder of the term. They are brought to declare a forfeiture of a civil right, his eligibility, his qualification to hold that office for the rest of that term. The proceeding is not brought for his removal from a day or a week or a month of his term, but for the whole of the remainder of his term[.] * * Nothing less is involved in the proceedings. Whether the voters at the polls could condone the offense by which he forfeited his office it is not necessary here to decide. We are of the opinion that the county commissioners could not do so." Id. at 263, 59 N.W. at 190.

In Day v. Sharp, 128 Tenn. 340, 161 S.W. 994 (1913), the defendant had been found ineligible to hold a county office. Thereafter the county court, a body equivalent to a council, elected him to the same office. In a civil proceeding the State Supreme Court held the defendant ineligible and said:

"In our opinion this question involves a consideration of what is the meaning of the word 'office' used in the constitution and statute. The word has been held, in such connection, to imply the right to exercise the functions of a public trust or employment, and to receive the fees and emoluments belonging to it, and to hold the place for the term prescribed by law." Id. at 346, 161 S.W. at 995-96.

The court held that the defendant was not eligible to serve the remainder of his original term. The ouster statute in that case provided that if the defendant was found guilty, judgment of ouster should be rendered. There was no statutory provision concerning his eligibility after ouster.

In Thompson v. Crump, supra, the court said:

"So when one is removed from an office, he is removed for the current term, and he cannot thereafter be re-elected to that term. This is so because the term is part of the office.

Accordingly, when defendants were removed from the offices of mayor and vice-mayor, they were deprived of the right to exercise certain functions and receive certain compensation, and they were deprived of that right for their terms then current. A removal from office extends to the limit of the current term, but such removal, unless a statute give it greater effect, cannot go beyond the current term because the office itself is limited by the term. If we go beyond the current term, then we have to deal with another office." 134 Tenn. at 131-32, 183 S.W. at 507.

The court in People v. Ahearn, 196 N.Y. 221, 89 N.E. 930 (1909), held that a removal conclusively determined that the officer was not legally fit to continue in public office during the term and that the removal covered the entire term. The court stated:

"Doubtless we might say, as so earnestly urged by counsel, that the strict letter of the statute would be satisfied by a removal which ousted appellant from his office for a day or an hour until some appointing power could reinstate him. But if we consider the general scope and purpose of this statute we shall be led to the conclusion that the legislature must have contemplated and intended more than this and that the language which it employed is susceptible of a construction which will carry out its purpose.

It is equally clear * * * that this purpose will be frustrated and the administration of the law turned into a farce if under it an official may be immediately reappointed and a removal turned into a mere temporary suspension. In order to avoid such a result and keeping in mind the purpose of the statute we are justified * * * in construing the removal for which it provides as meaning a permanent and lasting ouster for the entire remaining term of the incumbent from the office which he has been filling and whose obligations he has been found unable or unwilling to discharge. * * * [A]n office implies 'much more than the right to physically occupy a specified room, to exercise certain power and to receive a prescribed emolument.' So far as its beneficial aspect was concerned, appellant's office consisted of the right to enjoy certain powers, privileges, honors and emoluments for a given term, and when the statute prescribed that he should be removed it may be construed to mean that he should be removed from and deprived of all that which thus made up his office, namely, the right to enjoy these things for and during the entire term for which he had originally been selected. It is of course true, as is argued by counsel, that we do not speak of removing an official from his 'term' of office. But the right to enjoy for a certain period the privileges and profits of a given position is an important element of an office in its complete conception, and a removal from the office under the conditions here present may fairly mean a dismissal for that period from those rights and privileges." Id. at 229-30, 89 N.E. at 932-33.

Finally, under numerous decided cases, there is no merit to Cianci's argument that the voters have the right to decide whether he should be reelected to serve the remainder of his term as mayor or that the will of the voters in the special election should prevail over that of the General Assembly as expressed in the charter. "It is well established that the voters may not vote for a person not qualified to hold office." State v. Musto, 187 N.J. Super. 264, 318, 454 A.2d 449, 479 (1982); see also Stothers v. Martini, 6 N.J. 560, 566, 79 A.2d 857, 859 (1951). "While the people have 'the right to select unworthy candidates, candidates whom the Legislature fear might bring ruin to the state' * * *, the voters have no right to vote for a disqualified candidate." State v. Musto, 187 N.J. Super, at 319, 454 A.2d at 480. "The electors of the city are as much bound by the law and the judgment rendered in pursuance of the law as their representatives and officers." Coleman v. Rose, 74 Kan. at 268, 86 P. at 298. "We are a government of law, not of [persons]. And the law must be enforced as the representatives of the people intended." State v. Musto, 187 N.J. Super. at 320, 454 A.2d at 480.

The voters of Providence, by approving the charter in November 1980, and the people of the state, through the General Assembly's ratification of the charter, established a minimum qualification they wanted their elected officials to possess. The people decided that they did not want a person who has been convicted of a felony to hold a public office in the city, regardless of the identity of the individual or the nature of the office. This threshold determination of eligibility is similar to the minimum qualifications that the United States Constitution places on the candidate who seeks the presidency of the United States — that he or she be at least thirty-five years old, has been a United States resident for at least fourteen years, and be a natural-born citizen. U.S.Const. art. II, § 1. These qualifications are established and upheld regardless of who the individual is that seeks elective office. Accordingly, there is no merit to the argument that the voters have a right to decide whether Cianci should be reelected to the remainder of the term that he forfeited, regardless of his disqualification therefrom.

IV

Comment must be made concerning the dissenting opinions. Justice Murray suggests that article XXXIX of the amendments to the Rhode Island Constitution sets forth the entire qualification for election to public office and presumably the right to hold public office. She contends that article XXXIX sets as the only requirement for the holding of office that a person "be a qualified elector for such office." She then defines "qualified elector" in accordance with article XXXVIII, section 1. Justice Murray's interpretation of article XXXIX read together with article XXXVIII would inevitably force one to conclude that the voters of the city of Providence in adopting the charter, and the General Assembly in ratifying the charter, did not have the power to add any requirements to the holding of public office save those set forth in the constitution. If that is true, then § 206 (a) of the charter, which provides for a forfeiture of public office by an incumbent who commits a felony, was a nullity and of no further force and effect. Accordingly, Cianci did not forfeit the office and, save for his ill-advised resignation, would still occupy the same. Consequently, had he chosen to remain in office, no special election in the city of Providence would have been necessary. No one, not even Cianci, has pressed this argument.

As is succinctly set forth in the dissenting opinion of the Chief Justice, the General Assembly does have the power to add reasonable requirements to those that are set forth in the constitution. (Chief Justice Bevilacqua's dissenting opinion at page 1219.) It was in the exercise of this plenary power that the General Assembly ratified § 206 of the Providence Home Rule Charter to provide for a vacancy or forfeiture in office by an incumbent who has committed a felony. Such power to this moment has been unquestioned, even by Cianci. The power to declare a forfeiture in a public office must of necessity include the power to determine whether the individual who forfeits the office is eligible to succeed himself during the term of said office.

Both the Chief Justice and Justice Murray are of the opinion that it is inappropriate for this court to determine by interpretation the intent of the framers of the charter in promulgating it and the General Assembly in ratifying it. The Chief Justice appropriately cites Kastal v. Hickory House, Inc., 95 R.I. 366, 369, 187 A.2d 262, 264 (1963), for the proposition that "only where the Legislature sounds an uncertain trumpet may the court move in to clarify the call." We accept fully the wisdom of that statement of the principle. However, in this instance, § 206 of the charter does sound an uncertain call. Having provided for a forfeiture of public office on the part of one who commits a felony, and then having provided for a special election to fill the vacancy thus caused, the charter is silent upon the eligibility of such incumbent, to run in the special election. It is this uncertain call that requires this court to determine the intention of the framers. We have often stated that in the interpretation of legislative intent, every effort should be exercised in order to avoid unjust, absurd, or unreasonable consequences. Coletta v. State, 106 R.I. 764, 263 A.2d 681 (1970); Wilkinson v. Harrington, 104 R.I. 224, 243 A.2d 745 (1968); Town of Scituate v. O'Rourke, 103 R.I. 499, 239 A.2d 176 (1968). In the case at bar, the Providence city charter, as ratified by the General Assembly, provided for the forfeiture of an office on the part of an incumbent who had been convicted of a felony. Section 206 of the charter then provides for a special election to fill the office. It would indeed be unreasonable and absurd to interpret the forfeiture in such a way as to allow the convicted person forthwith to succeed himself by virtue of a special election. Section 206 (a) of the charter would be rendered nugatory in the event that one who forfeits the office could immediately refill it in the special election brought about by his or her own conviction. Again, this court has clearly declared on numerous occasions that it will not ascribe to the General Assembly an intent to enact legislation that is inefficacious or nugatory. Kingsley v. Miller, 120 R.I. 372, 388 A.2d 357 (1978); Town of Scituate v. O'Rourke 103 R.I. 499, 239 A.2d 176 (1978); Ewing v. Frank, 103 R.I. 96, 234 A.2d 840 (1967). In this case, as in Kingsley v. Miller, "the legislative purpose, though imperfectly expressed, is clear." 120 R.I. at 376, 388 A.2d at 360.

Justice Murray's reliance on a statement in Bailey v. Baronian, 120 R.I. 389, 398, 394 A.2d 1338, 1342 (1978), relative to the Legislature's inability to "limit a provision of the Constitution" also merits a response. In doing so, we refer to the context in which that statement appeared. Bailey was challenging the actions of the Providence Board of Canvassers in striking his name from the voting list because of a larceny conviction in the State of Michigan for which he was sentenced to a two-to-five-year prison term. The sole issue in Bailey was whether the disenfranchisement provision found in section 1 of article XXXVIII of the amendments to the Rhode Island Constitution was applicable to out-of-state convictions emanating from the other forty-nine states or the federal judicial system.

After noting the absence of any clear indication of the intent of the drafters of the 1973 amendment as well as the lack of any precedential opinion of this court, the Bailey court referred to the diversity of judicial opinion on the issue. Some courts had taken the position that only a conviction obtained in their respective jurisdictions would come within the reach of a disenfranchisement provision. Others applied their own law to determine if the out-of-state conviction would amount to a felony under the law of the disenfranchisement jurisdiction. The majority of jurisdictions had ruled that a conviction anywhere would disqualify one otherwise eligible to vote. Bailey, in contending that the loss-of-the-right-to-vote proviso in article XXXVIII was restricted to felonies committed in Rhode Island, had argued that § 13-6-2 of the General Laws, which disenfranchises an individual who has been sentenced to imprisonment in the ACI for more than a year, limited constitutional disenfranchisement in Rhode Island to those who had served more than a year at the ACI. In rejecting this argument, the Bailey court at one point did respond: "But this argument misses the mark. No act of the General Assembly can 'limit' a provision of the constitution." Id. at 398, 394 A.2d 1338.

Before us, Cianci focuses on the statement regarding limitation and seeks to use it as a legal basis for his claim that he was entitled to be a candidate at the special election because he remained a qualified voter notwithstanding the imposition of the suspended prison sentence. However, he ignores the fact that when the Bailey court spoke of legislative impotence, it did so after earlier referring to the absence of any clear indication of the intent of the framers of the suffrage amendment as well as the lack of any precedential decision of this court relating to the issue presented by Bailey. In fact, the court in Bailey described his limitation theory as "anomalous, illogical, and unjust," pointing out that it would be difficult to believe that the 1973 framers of article XXXVIII intended that one guilty of an innocuous felony — such as engaging in a prearranged fight in another state, a felony in Rhode Island under the provisions of § 11-12-8 of the General Laws — would forfeit his right to vote, but a husband who had been convicted of murdering his wife in an adjoining state would be permitted to take up residence in Rhode Island where he would be entitled to appear at the polls and vote.

In substance, the dictum in Bailey was designed to emphasize that it was the task of this court to interpret the disenfranchisement provisions of section 1 of article XXXVIII of the Rhode Island Constitution. In performing that task, the court was not limited by an act of the General Assembly that dealt with a related subject. In enacting § 13-6-2 of the General Laws, the General Assembly had not passed legislation in execution of the constitutional provision but had merely acted to implement a portion of the ban set forth in the constitution. The statute did not purport to inhibit or limit the reach of the constitutional provision for disenfranchisement as it might apply to one convicted in another jurisdiction. We pointed out by this dictum that had the General Assembly attempted to do so, it would have been acting beyond its powers. In the case at bar we deal with a charter provision enacted by the General Assembly that in no way conflicts with or attempts to limit any provisions of the Constitution of this state.

For the reasons previously set forth, we conclude that the framers of the charter in promulgating it, the voters of the city of Providence in adopting it, and the General Assembly in ratifying it clearly intended to work a forfeiture upon one who holds elective office and, while so doing, is convicted of a felony. This forfeiture could be meaningful and efficacious only if the person so convicted is made ineligible to serve in said office for the remainder of the term for which he was initially elected. Any other interpretation would lead to a ludicrous result.

V

We hold therefore that the office of mayor is an entity and that the term of office is a part of the entity. If an elected official in the city of Providence is removed from office, the removal is for the remainder of the term to which he or she was elected. The office was to be held for a full four-year term — the disqualification therefore is for the same period. Under the charter, and based upon the above reasoning and foregoing authorities, Vincent A. Cianci, Jr., was not legally qualified to be a candidate in the special election held to fill the vacancy in the office of mayor of Providence for the unexpired term.

For the reasons stated, on June 25, 1984, we entered an order granting the petitions for certiorari and on July 6, 1984, we entered an order quashing the decisions below. We now order the papers in the case remanded to the board of elections with our decision endorsed thereon.