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holding that, despite a recent decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia, which reached a different holding, the prior decision of this Court, although now incorrect, was still binding on this Court and the trial court in subsequent proceedings in the same case
Summary of this case from I. A. Grp., Ltd. v. RMNANDCO, Inc.Opinion
A94A2714.
DECIDED MARCH 17, 1995. CERT. APPLIED FOR.
Medical malpractice. Fulton Superior Court. Before Judge Alverson, Senior Judge.
Alston Bird, G. Conley Ingram, Robert D. McCallum, Jr., Bernard Taylor, Rogers Hardin, C. B. Rogers, for appellant.
Bird, Ballard Still, William Q. Bird, Robert K. Finnell, for appellees.
This is the second appearance of this case in this court. In Walker v. Fulton-DeKalb Hosp. Auth., 200 Ga. App. 750 ( 409 S.E.2d 529) (1991), we affirmed the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the Fulton-DeKalb Hospital Authority d/b/a Grady Memorial Hospital ("Grady"). The Supreme Court denied the Walkers' application for certiorari. 202 Ga. App. 907.
Over two years later, Sharon and David Walker filed a motion to set aside the judgment on the ground that Grady had fraudulently obtained summary judgment by concealing from them (and from the court) that its contingency reserve fund plan had been amended and that it purportedly waived the charitable immunity defense. Grady denied any fraudulent concealment, and it moved to dismiss the Walkers' motion to set aside or, alternatively, for summary judgment. The trial court denied Grady's motion. Grady's claim of attorney-client privilege with respect to certain information sought to be discovered by the Walkers was also rejected. The trial court certified both orders for immediate review, and we granted Grady's application for interlocutory appeal.
It is undisputed that Grady has had some sort of self-insurance or contingency reserve program to protect its assets against malpractice claims since 1975 and that it has no commercial insurance coverage for such claims. Deposits from Grady's operating budget to the fund are made under a trust agreement with a bank. The plan adopted in 1975 was designated a self-insurance plan.
In 1987, the Supreme Court decided in Ponder v. Fulton-DeKalb Hosp. Auth., 256 Ga. 833 ( 353 S.E.2d 515) (1987), that because payments from the fund would deplete Grady's charitable assets, Grady's self-insurance plan did not amount to "liability insurance" and Grady had not waived its charitable immunity when it adopted the plan. Id. at 835. In 1987, after the decision in Ponder, Grady adopted a new plan, the "Fulton-DeKalb Hospital Authority Contingency Reserve Fund." It continued to have many of the same provisions, but it also contained a new, limited waiver of charitable immunity. That waiver provided that it was applicable "only to claims and suits as to which the claimant or plaintiff specifically acknowledges applicability of this limited waiver provision and alleges or asserts that the suit or claim is brought pursuant to the provisions of this section." The plan expressly reserved all other immunities and provided that it "is not, and shall not be construed as, a general waiver of the charitable immunity doctrine. . . ." In Walker I (decided after the adoption of the contingency reserve fund plan), this court affirmed the trial court's grant of summary judgment to Grady on three grounds: sovereign immunity, charitable immunity, and statutory immunity.
The new plan also changed the payment limits for any single occurrence and for the overall annual total payable for all occurrences. Those changes are not material to this appeal.
Even if the trial court's grant of summary judgment to Grady was based only upon charitable immunity, this court had the power to affirm the judgment below on either of the two alternative grounds under the principle that a trial court's judgment right for any reason will be affirmed. See Langford v. Royal Indem. Co., 208 Ga. App. 128, 134 (3) (e) ( 430 S.E.2d 98) (1993); Scott v. Hamilton Dorsey Alston Co., 206 Ga. App. 504, 505 (2) ( 426 S.E.2d 55) (1992). Therefore, even accepting appellee's contention and assuming Grady's charitable immunity was waived under the 1987 contingency reserve plan, if summary judgment in favor of Grady was proper either on sovereign immunity or statutory immunity grounds, it served no purpose to set aside the judgment based on the ground that charitable immunity had been waived because of the fraud alleged by the Walkers. In this case, therefore, the Walkers had the burden of showing that Grady was not entitled to summary judgment on any of the bases upon which the decision in Walker I rests. If the Walkers did not carry this burden, their motion was unavailing, even if correct as to the charitable immunity ground, and the trial court should have granted Grady's motion to dismiss it. We therefore first address the two alternative grounds.
Contrary to the Walkers' argument that this court's holdings as to sovereign immunity and statutory immunity are dicta, "`where there are two grounds, upon either of which the judgment of the trial court can be rested, and the appellate court sustains both, the ruling on neither is obiter, but each is the judgment of the court and of equal validity with the other.' [Cits.]" Dooly v. Gates, 194 Ga. 787, 793 ( 22 S.E.2d 730) (1942).
1. OCGA § 9-11-60 (h) provides that "[t]he law of the case rule is abolished; . . . provided, however, that any ruling by the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeals in a case shall be binding in all subsequent proceedings in that case in the lower court and in the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeals as the case may be." If the decision of an appellate court thereafter becomes "incorrect" because the law changes — either because of subsequent case law or because of later-enacted statutes — it may not be binding precedent for other situations. However, between the parties to the original decision it remains binding. See Braner v. Southern Trust Ins. Co., 255 Ga. 117, 122 ( 335 S.E.2d 547) (1985); Gober v. Hosp. Auth. c., 191 Ga. App. 498, 499 (2) ( 382 S.E.2d 106) (1989). Any other practice would result in constant relitigation of issues as the law continually evolves.
Although the Supreme Court's recent decision in Thomas v. Hosp. Auth. of Clarke County, 264 Ga. 40 ( 440 S.E.2d 195) (1994), holding that hospital authorities are not entitled to sovereign immunity, is now "the law" as to this issue for all other litigants, it can have no effect on these parties because of the earlier contrary affirmance of summary judgment on this issue in Walker I. It is binding on this court as well as the trial court. The Walkers therefore may not successfully contend that Grady was not entitled to assert the defense of sovereign immunity in 1990. The Walkers may contend this defense has been waived, but they have the burden of establishing such a waiver. "`Sovereign immunity is not an affirmative defense that must be established by the party seeking its protection. Instead, immunity from suit is a privilege . . . and the waiver must be established by the party seeking to benefit from the waiver.' . . . [Cit.]" City of Lawrenceville v. Macko, 211 Ga. App. 312, 314 (1) ( 439 S.E.2d 95) (1993).
We find they have not carried this burden. The language of the 1987 plan makes clear that Grady expressly reserved all immunities to which it was entitled, except for a limited waiver of charitable immunity. It specifically and expressly provided that the plan was "not, and shall not be construed as, a general waiver of the charitable immunity doctrine [or] a waiver of . . . any other immunity as to any claim or suit against a covered person. . . ." Contrary to the Walkers' argument, the waiver of sovereign immunity in another plan adopted by Grady after the trial court granted summary judgment in Walker I does not apply to them. A subsequent waiver is inapplicable to this action because a "waiver of sovereign immunity occurs at the time that the action arises." Donaldson v. Dept. of Transp., 262 Ga. 49, 53 (3) ( 414 S.E.2d 638) (1992).
The entire premise of the dissent is also based upon the applicability to this case of the later, second revision of the plan, which was adopted in 1990, after the Supreme Court overruled Med. Center Hosp. Auth. v. Andrews, 250 Ga. 424 ( 297 S.E.2d 28) (1982). Although the dissent refers to this plan as the "post- Ponder plan," the plan adopted in reaction to the Ponder decision was adopted in 1987. That is the plan applicable here, and not the 1990 plan. By the time the 1990 plan was adopted, summary judgment had been granted by the trial court and a notice of appeal had been filed.
We note also that, having decided that "the plan" waived all immunities, the dissent nevertheless fails also to address the issue then created by Grady's disclosure to the Walkers that a plan was in effect, and the Walkers' subsequent failure to conduct further discovery that would have revealed its exact terms.
The Walkers' reliance upon Litterilla v. Hosp. Auth. of Fulton County, 262 Ga. 34 ( 413 S.E.2d 718) (1992), in support of their contention that a self-insurance plan is sufficient to waive sovereign immunity, is similarly misplaced. First, Litterilla had not yet been decided when this court affirmed the trial court's grant of summary judgment to Grady. Second, Litterilla is distinguished on its facts. The hospital in that case had purchased an "umbrella" liability policy to supplement its self-insurance plan, and the Supreme Court held that "the Umbrella Liability Policy together with the trust fund created by the Hospital . . . constitutes `liability insurance protection' within the meaning of the constitutional provision [regarding waiver in effect at the time] and therefore acts as a waiver of sovereign immunity." Id. at 36. Moreover, in Logue v. Wright, 260 Ga. 206 ( 392 S.E.2d 235) (1990), the Georgia Supreme Court held that counties are not authorized to waive sovereign immunity by creating such self-insurance plans because "under the statutes dealing with liability insurance for government employees and officials, only state self-insurance plans will waive sovereign immunity." Id. at 209. Therefore, under the authority of Logue, Grady's plan cannot operate to waive sovereign immunity.
This court so held in Culberson v. Fulton-DeKalb Hosp. Auth., 201 Ga. App. 347, 348 (1) (b) ( 411 S.E.2d 75) (1991). But see Thomas v. Hosp. Auth. of Clarke County, supra, 264 Ga. 40, 41 ("hospital authorities, because they are neither the state nor a department or agency of the state, are not entitled to the defense of sovereign immunity"). We have held, infra, that Thomas does not apply here.
Because the Walkers had the burden of establishing waiver of the defense of statutory immunity and failed to do so, the prior grant of summary judgment on the statutory immunity ground, affirmed by this court in Walker I, may safely stand. It is therefore unnecessary to consider the other two grounds. The trial court erred in denying Grady's motion to dismiss or for summary judgment.
2. It follows that we need not address Grady's contention that the trial court erred in ruling that the documents sought to be discovered by the Walkers were privileged.
Judgment reversed. Birdsong, P. J., McMurray, P. J., Andrews, Johnson and Ruffin, JJ., concur. Beasley, C. J., Pope, P. J., and Blackburn, J., dissent.
DECIDED MARCH 17, 1995 — CERT. APPLIED FOR.
After Ponder was decided in 1987, the Authority established a new trust fund in which millions of dollars were set aside for the purpose of paying negligence claims. Nonetheless, representatives of the Authority stated under oath in the years 1988 through 1990 that the Authority had no assets set aside from their operating funds, that nothing had changed since Ponder, and that it had no documents relating to any type of self-insurance plan.
Unlike the majority, I believe the existence of a new, post- Ponder trust fund established for the purpose of defending and paying negligence claims (and the Authority's alleged fraud in failing to disclose it) is relevant to the Authority's defenses based on sovereign and statutory immunity as well as charitable immunity. Accordingly, I believe the Authority's motions for dismissal and summary judgment were properly denied.
The new, post- Ponder plan waived sovereign immunity in addition to charitable immunity. The chairman of the Authority's board at the time the new plan was adopted testified that the Authority intended to waive both charitable and sovereign immunity to allow patients to bring claims up to a certain limit. (Indeed, what purpose would it serve to waive charitable immunity without waiving sovereign immunity?) It is true that the initial version of the plan expressly waived only charitable immunity. But at that time, the Authority was not entitled to rely on sovereign immunity under Med. Center Hosp. Auth. v. Andrews, 250 Ga. 424 ( 297 S.E.2d 28) (1982). When the Georgia Supreme Court overruled Andrews and held that hospital authorities were entitled to rely on a sovereign immunity defense (see Self v. City of Atlanta, 259 Ga. 78 ( 377 S.E.2d 674) (1989)), the Authority actually revised the plan to clarify the scope of its waiver: "One of the purposes and intent of the Authority in establishing this Fund is to provide a limited waiver of its charitable and sovereign immunity defenses." Moreover, the revised plan explicitly stated that January 1, 1988 would be the effective date of the waiver, and that it would be applicable to claims and suits "arising out of occurrences which take place on, or subsequent to, January 1, 1988."
In Bagley v. Fulton-DeKalb Hosp. Auth., 216 Ga. App. 537 ( 455 S.E.2d 325) (1995) we recently held that, based on the evidence presented to us, it did not appear that the post- Ponder plan was intended to be retroactively applied to incidents happening in 1984 or 1986. ( Ponder was decided in 1987.) Contrary to the Authority's suggestion, however, this does not mean that a 1990 revision to the post- Ponder plan — a revision which the plan drafters explicitly made applicable to any occurrence after January 1, 1988 — cannot be applied by its terms to an occurrence, such as this one, which happened after January 1, 1988.
Because the plan waives sovereign as well as charitable immunity, the alleged fraud goes to prior rulings with respect to both defenses.
The Authority's allegedly fraudulent withholding of the plan is also relevant to the statutory immunity defense, as the statutory immunity referred to in Walker I is simply a form of charitable immunity which is waived by a general waiver of charitable immunity. See OCGA § 51-1-29.1.
In short, it appears that the trial court's initial grant of summary judgment and our holdings in Walker I were all based on an incorrect set of facts provided by the Authority — that the Ponder plan was still the only plan in effect. Thus, the holdings resulting from the alleged fraud should not preclude consideration of whether the Authority's conduct does in fact constitute fraud sufficient to warrant setting aside the earlier judgment under OCGA § 9-11-60 (d) (2).
I am authorized to state that Chief Judge Beasley and Judge Blackburn join in this dissent.