WHITE, J.

This is a suit under Michigan's Environmental Response Act (MERA) (Act 307), MCL 299.601 et seq.; MSA 13.32(1) et seq., which arose after fuel oil stored in an above-ground tank connected to a residential furnace leaked, resulting in groundwater and soil contamination. The issue is whether defendant Porter Heckman, Inc., a plumbing and heating repair business that serviced the furnace, was an "operator" of a facility or an "arrange[r] for disposal" of a hazardous substance under the MERA, such that it may be held liable for contribution toward response costs incurred to remediate the contamination. The circuit court concluded that defendant neither operated the facility nor arranged for disposal of the fuel oil and granted defendant's motion for partial summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). Farm Bureau appeals, and we affirm.

I

Farm Bureau Insurance Company (plaintiff) is the insurer and subrogee of the Carricos, who own property in Columbiaville, Michigan. The Carrico home on that property is heated by a furnace that uses oil; the oil is stored in an outdoor, above-ground storage tank that is connected to the furnace by a pipe. The tank holds approximately 200 to 250 gallons of fuel oil. Around the bottom of the fuel storage tank there is a spigot-like portion that connects to a small steel canister (the filter unit), within which sits a filter to trap impurities. This filter unit, like the fuel storage tank, is outdoors and is connected to the pipe that goes into the Carrico house and furnace.

In its complaint, plaintiff, as the Carricos' subrogee, sought legal and equitable relief and alleged common-law negligence, malpractice, nuisance, violations of Michigan's Environmental Protection Act, and violations of the MERA. It alleged that defendant was in the business of supplying fuel to and servicing heating oil tanks and that at all times relevant to this action the Carricos contracted with defendant to supply and service their above-ground heating oil tank. Plaintiff's complaint further alleged that on January 7, 1991, defendant made a service call to the Carrico home in response to a complaint that the house was not being heated, and that, after discovering that the stoppage was due to ice that had formed in a filter bowl (i.e., the filter unit) attached to the heating oil tank, defendant's agent cleared the ice and installed a new filter, but did not install a new filter unit. The complaint alleged that because of ice expansion and corrosion of the filter unit, a hole had developed at the bottom of the filter bowl, which caused fuel oil to leak onto the ground, and that the leak caused extensive contamination of the Carricos' and an adjacent neighbor's properties. Plaintiff alleged that the contamination threatened the environment, including a lake around which many people live, and that it had been forced to spend large amounts of money to determine the extent of the contamination, which was not yet clear.

Defendant's answer denied that it engaged in the business of supplying fuel. The answer admitted that on January 7, 1991, defendant replaced "the fuel filter which had become inoperative due to accumulation of water or condensation" within the heating oil tank, but that defendant did not replace the canister/filter unit because it was intact, was not leaking, and was functioning properly. Defendant denied that on January 7, 1991, the filter unit had a hole in it causing oil to leak out. Defendant's answer included a host of affirmative defenses.

Defendant filed a third-party complaint against the Carricos, alleging that the Carricos were liable to defendant for all or part of the claims asserted against defendant, that the Carricos owed duties to owners of adjacent property that they breached by failing to inspect, test, or properly maintain heating equipment and its component parts, and that they failed to mitigate damages or take immediate corrective action.

In response to an interrogatory asking if the allegedly defective equipment had been examined, plaintiff responded that a corrosion engineer and a mechanical engineer had examined the unit in June and July 1991 and April 10, 1992, and opined that the release occurred through a pin-size hole in the bottom of the filter canister. Plaintiff's answers also stated that the defect in the filter unit manifested itself when the tank "needed to be refilled earlier than normal. It was at that time, February 19, 1991, that the leak was found." In response to an interrogatory asking plaintiff to state in detail what representations, if any, were made by defendant concerning mechanical repairs made, plaintiff responded that it had three invoices from defendant. Subsequent answers stated details about the three invoices. The first one was dated December 20, 1990, at which time no heat was being produced and defendant replaced the blower motor and v-belt; the second one was dated January 7, 1991, at which time no heat was being produced and defendant reset the electrodes and replaced a frozen fuel filter; and the third one was dated February 19, 1991, when defendant replaced the oil pump.

In subsequent interrogatories, plaintiff was asked to list all firms making fuel oil deliveries to the Carricos' premises from January 1, 1989, through the date of the interrogatories. The Carricos answered by naming only Clark Fuel Oil. Plaintiff was also asked to state the date the furnace, tank, and component parts were purchased, along with the supplier and manufacturer, to which the Carricos responded, "I do not know when the furnace was purchased, it was in the house when I bought the house."

Defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10), with respect to plaintiff's MERA claim only, arguing it could not be joined for purposes of contribution under the act because it did not fall within any of the classes of potentially responsible persons set forth at MCL 299.612; MSA 13.32(12), quoted infra. Defendant attached to its motion an affidavit of Larry Porter, defendant's president and co-owner, which averred that at all pertinent times defendant's business generally included plumbing repair, heating and cooling, and the sale of water-conditioning equipment; that defendant at no time undertook to provide the Carricos with fuel oil or any other hazardous substance for consumption or heating purposes; that defendant at no relevant time arranged for disposal, treatment, or transport or engaged in the business of transporting fuel oil or any other similar hazardous substance; and that defendant at no relevant time had possession, ownership, or a possessory interest in either the Carrico or Smithson property.

Plaintiff's response to defendant's motion for summary disposition argued that a genuine issue of material fact existed regarding whether defendant may be liable as having "otherwise arranged for disposal" of the heating oil under the MERA, MCL 299.612(1)(d); MSA 13.32(12)(1)(d), quoted infra, and set forth the following factual statement:

Around the first of January 1991, the Carricos noticed that the furnace which heated their residential dwelling at 721 Lakeshore Drive, Columbiaville, Michigan was not functioning. The furnace utilizes fuel oil for heat generation. The Carricos contacted Porter Heckman, a company involved in the repair of furnace [sic] to come out and fix the problem. Unbeknownst to the Carricos, the canister [filter unit] housing the filter system attached to the fuel oil tank was damaged due to the freezing or excess water in the system. On January 7, 1991, Porter Heckman's repair person replaced a frozen fuel filter on the Carrico's fuel oil tank. The repair person did not inspect nor [sic] replace the damaged canister housing. The water build up in the canister housing caused corrosion to the interior of the canister allowing fuel oil to flow out of the fuel oil tank. The leak was detected around February 19, 1991.

Since discovery of the release, the Carricos and Farm Bureau have had to retain the services of environmental consultants to investigate the extent of the contamination caused by the release. During an initial excavation phase, approximately 420 cubic yards of soil were removed. Further investigations are continuing to fully define the extent of the remaining soil and groundwater [contamination] at the Carrico residence.

In its response to defendant's motion, plaintiff noted that there was no dispute that there had been a release of a hazardous substance at the Carricos' residence, which was a "facility" under the act, or that plaintiff had incurred response costs.

The Smithsons, who are not parties to this appeal, also opposed defendant's motion, arguing that defendant was either an "operator" under MCL 299.612(1)(b), (c); MSA 13.32(12)(1)(b), (c), or "otherwise arranged for disposal" under MCL 299.612(1)(d); MSA 13.32(12)(1)(d).

The parties relied on cases interpreting the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq. The MERA is similar in intent to, and patterned after, the CERCLA; both provide for the identification of environmental contamination and for response activity to remediate it. Flanders Industries, Inc, v Michigan, 203 Mich. App. 15, 21; 512 N.W.2d 328 (1993). Both acts impose strict liability for cleanup costs on persons who fall within one of the enumerated categories of potentially responsible persons. MCL 299.612; MSA 13.32(12); 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a). See Michigan Environmental Law Deskbook, vol I, § 6.43, pp 6-32, 6-33, and § 6-44, Kelley v Thomas Solvent Co, 727 F. Supp. 1532, 1539 (WD Mich, 1989), and Nurad, Inc v William E Hooper Sons Co, 966 F.2d 837, 841 (CA 4, 1992).

After hearing extensive argument from counsel at the hearing regarding defendant's motion, the circuit court stated its conclusions from the bench:

The question presented in this particular motion simply refers to the Michigan Environment [sic] Response Act 307, in particular MCLA 299.601 et seq., whether Porter and Heckman is liable under that Act.

Porter and Heckman claim that the intent of the statute is to place liability upon the owner or operator of the property where [sic] hazardous substance has been released or becomes otherwise located, claiming they didn't transport the contaminants and they don't have an ownership interest in the contaminated property. Porter and Heckman argue that the Act does not apply to them.

Plaintiffs respond that the Act should be expansively construed to place the burden of clean-up on the parties responsible, for that party to arrange for the disposal.

. . [N]umerous cases have been submitted, most of them . . . deal with the Federal CERCLA Act which is similar to the state Act with some differences and they're the ones that interpret, they're the ones that are being relied upon by Counsel and this Court to interpret the state Act.

In this particular situation, a release occurred of hazardous substances, that's not in dispute. Furthermore, the home of the Plaintiffs can be classified as a facility under the Act. The language, or otherwise arranged for the disposal, is not defined in the Act. While the Courts outside Michigan have interpreted the disputed language in different situations, it's up to this Court to determine how the language of the Michigan Act applies, not the Federal Act.

Porter and Heckman came to the Plaintiff's residence to make repairs. It is alleged that these repairs were defective, thus causing contamination.

At this point, based upon the case law submitted and the arguments submitted, the Court does not see that there was any disposal conducted by Porter and Heckman. The Court does not see that they arranged for the disposal of any property, or any contaminants. The Court does not see that they were the operator of this particular valve, and at this point based upon the argument and the cases submitted, the Court has indicated the Court will grant the motion for partial summary disposition in regards to Act 307.

An order granting defendant's motion for partial summary disposition was entered for the reasons stated on the record. This appeal ensued.

II

To establish a prima facie case under the CERCLA, a plaintiff must show that (1) a release of hazardous substances has occurred, (2) at a facility, (3) causing a plaintiff to incur response costs, and (4) the defendant is a responsible party. CPC Int'l, Inc v Aerojet-General Corp, 777 F. Supp. 549, 570 (WD Mich, 1991), aff'd in part and rev'd in part on other grounds 59 F.3d 584 (CA 6, 1995); 3550 Stevens Creek Associates v Barclays Bank of California, 915 F.2d 1355 (CA 9, 1990); Hastings Bldg Products, Inc v Nat'l Aluminum Corp, 815 F. Supp. 228 (WD Mich, 1993) (stating that "[p]rivate suits under CERCLA are those which are brought against responsible parties in order to gain reimbursement for response costs"); Warwick Administrative Group v Avon Products, Inc, 820 F. Supp. 116 (SD NY, 1993), aff'd in part, reversed in part, and remanded sub nom United States v Cordova Chemcial Co of Michigan, 59 F.3d 584 (CA 6, 1995).

The MERA sets forth five categories of potentially responsible persons. MCL 299.612; MSA 13.32(12) states in pertinent part:

(1) Notwithstanding any other provision or rule of law and subject only to the defenses set forth in sections 12a and 12b, if there is a release or threatened release from a facility that causes the incurrence of response activity costs, the following persons shall be liable under his section:

(a) The owner or operator of the facility.

(b) The owner or operator of the facility at the time of disposal of a hazardous substance.

(c) The owner or operator of the facility since the time of disposal of a hazardous substance not included in subdivision (a) or (b).

(d) A person that by contract, agreement, or otherwise arranged for disposal or treatment, or arranged with a transporter for transport for disposal or treatment, of a hazardous substance owned or possessed by the person, by any other person, at the facility owned or operated by another person and containing the hazardous substance.

(e) A person that accepts or accepted any hazardous substance for transport to the facility selected by that person.

The term "person" is defined as:

"Person" means an individual, sole proprietorship, partnership, joint venture, trust, firm, joint stock company, corporation . . . or any other legal entity. [MCL 299.603(w); MSA 13.32(3)(w).]

The terms "owner," "operator," and "facility" are defined in pertinent part as:

"Owner" means a person that owns a facility. Owner does not include [six exceptions are listed, none of which is at issue here]. [MCL 299.603(u); MSA 13.32(3)(u).]

"Operator" means a person that is in control of or responsible for the operation of a facility. Operator does not include any of the following [six exceptions are listed, none of which is alleged to apply here]. [MCL 299.603(t); MSA 13.32(3)(t).]

"Facility" means any area, place, or property where a hazardous substance has been released, deposited, stored, disposed of, or otherwise comes to be located. [MCL 299.603(m); MSA 13.32(3)(m).]

The CERCLA'S provisions are analogous.

III

Plaintiff's first argument on appeal is that defendant is liable under the MERA as an "owner or operator of the facility," MCL 299.612(1)(a); MSA 13.32(12)(1)(a), and that to establish "operator" liability it is the authority to control the facility that houses the hazardous substance that must be established, and not the authority to control the hazardous substance. We first observe that plaintiff did not assert that defendant was an owner or operator in its brief in response to defendant's motion; the brief argued only in favor of arranger liability. Counsel briefly addressed the operator issue during argument, referring to it as "Mr. Smithson's argument," and volunteering that the focus should be on the system and not the hazardous substance. The circuit court ruled on this issue only because it was raised by the Smithsons. In any event, we are not persuaded that defendant is an owner or operator under the statute.

It is undisputed that defendant has never had an ownership interest in the property or the facility. The question is whether defendant is an operator under the statute. Because the scope of "operator" liability under MCL 299.612(b) or (c); MSA 13.32(12)(1)(b) or (c) has not been addressed by a Michigan state court, we look to federal case law interpreting similar issues under the CERCLA for guidance. See Haworth, Inc v Wickes Mfg Co, 210 Mich. App. 222, 227-228; 532 N.W.2d 903 (1995), and Flanders, supra at 21.

Plaintiff first observes that "operator" has been defined as one with authority to control. This is correct. Nurad, supra at 841-844. We also accept plaintiff's contention that the focus is not simply on the authority to control the hazardous substance, but the facility. The Nurad court focused on "authority to control the operations involving the disposal of hazardous substances." The Nurad court determined that the district court erred in finding that the "facility" was confined to the underground storage tanks (USTS) where hazardous substances had been stored, but also rejected the plaintiff's argument that the entire site was the "facility." Id. at 842-843. The court noted that, under § 9601(9), the only area where hazardous substances had "come to be located" was in and around the storage tanks:

The fact that those tenants may have had control over a building that was adjacent to the USTS is irrelevant under the statute; a defendant operates a "facility" only if it has authority to control the area where the hazardous substances were located. Thus, while liability under § 9607(a)(2) is strict, it nonetheless extends only to those who have authority over the area where hazardous substances are stored. The statute places accountability in the hands of those capable of abating further environmental harm, while Nurad's proposed definition of "facility" would rope in parties who were powerless to act. [ Id. at 843 (citation omitted).]

Under Nurad, we conclude that while the focus is on the facility, an "operator" of the facility must have authority to control the operations or decisions involving the disposal of the hazardous substance. That defendant here was called to service the Carricos' furnace, which was not producing heat, and at that time allegedly did not detect a pinhole in the filter bowl when checking the filter unit, does not render defendant a person with authority to control the Carricos' furnace system and fuel storage tank. One who services a system does not automatically control the operation of the system.

Plaintiff also cites Kaiser Aluminum Chemical Corp v Catellus Development Corp, 976 F.2d 1338, 1341 (CA 9, 1992), for the proposition that "operator" liability attaches to the party that had "authority to control the cause of the contamination at the time the hazardous substances were released into the environment." In Kaiser, Catellus' predecessor sold land to the City of Richmond. The City of Richmond hired an excavator, Ferry, to excavate and grade a portion of the land for a proposed housing development. Id. at 1339. The City of Richmond later sued Catellus to recover part of the cost of removing contaminated soil from the property, and Catellus filed a third-party complaint against Ferry for contribution under the CERCLA. Id. at 1340. Catellus alleged that Ferry performed excavation, dredging, filling, grading, and other construction and demolition operations on the property in 1982. Catellus alleged that in the course of these operations, Ferry mixed substances, which plaintiff alleged were contaminants, with soil and other fill materials, and then dispersed the resulting mixture throughout portions of the property. Id. at 1342, n 6.

The district court concluded that Ferry was not a person who could be held liable under § 9607(a) and dismissed Catellus' complaint for failure to state a claim. Id. at 1342. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, concluding that Catellus alleged facts sufficient to state a claim against Ferry under § 9607(a)(2), on the ground that Ferry was the operator of a facility, i.e., the development site, at which it disposed of hazardous substances. Noting that the activity that produced the contamination — the excavation and grading of the development site — occurred during the construction process, the court concluded that "Catellus's allegations of Ferry's operations on the property tend to show that Ferry had sufficient control over this phase of development to be an `operator' under section 9607(a)(2)." Id.

The Kaiser court also discussed the potential "operator" liability of contractors, and interpreted a case involving contractor liability, Edward Hines Lumber Co v Vulcan Materials Co, 861 F.2d 155 (CA 7, 1988), as reiterating the "well-settled rule that `operator' liability under section 9607(a)(2) only attaches if the defendant had authority to control the cause of the contamination at the time the hazardous substances were released into the environment." Kaiser, supra at 1341, citing Nurad, supra at 842.

In Hines, the owner of a plant at which wood was preserved brought suit against a contractor, Osmose, who had designed and built another wood-treatment plant, trained the plaintiff's employees to operate the machinery, licensed the plaintiff to use its trademark in connection with treated wood, and supplied the plaintiff with the toxic chemical. The plaintiff promised to buy from Osmose its next five years' requirements of chromated copper arsenate, which makes wood suitable for prolonged exposure to the elements if treated properly. Id. at 156. The plaintiff also gave Osmose "full and immediate access to the plant and to all chemical processes and products located thereon or produced thereby for the purposes of insuring quality control according to the OSMOSE standards." Id. Osmose promised to construct a system that would prevent the escape of the toxic preservative, and built the plant on a concrete platform, which would better trap any leaking chemicals. The plaintiff operated this plant for two years until 1978 and then sold it to another corporation. In 1981, toxic substances, including chromated copper arsenate, were found in the groundwater. The Environmental Protection Agency asked the plaintiff and the successor corporation to remove the chemicals, and the plaintiff then filed suit seeking contribution from suppliers of wood-preserving chemicals, including Osmose. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment in Osmose's favor, expressing reasoning that is instructive in the instant case:

Osmose designed and built the plant, furnished the toxic chemical, trained Hines's employees, and reserved a right to inspect ongoing operations. This must be enough, Hines submits, to make Osmose an "operator" within the meaning of the Superfund Act. It is easy to see the attraction of sweeping Osmose into the category of responsible persons. Since the facts and inferences must be taken favorably to Hines, the party resisting the motion for summary judgment, we must assume that Osmose came up with a defective design, did not build the plant to standard, trained Hines's employees poorly in how to control the toxic chemicals, and hid all of this from the management at Hines and its successor Mid-South so that they omitted steps that could have rectified the problem sooner and cheaper. . . . The prospect of liability under CERCLA would induce a firm in Osmose's position to take greater care in design, construction, and training, all of which would be beneficial. . . .

It is not our function to design rules of liability from the ground up, however. We are enforcing a statute rather than modifying rules of common law. Osmose surely was not an "owner" of the Mena site, so it is potentially liable only if it was an "operator." The statute does not fix liability on slipshod architects, clumsy engineers, poor construction contractors, or negligent suppliers of on-the-job training — and the fact that Osmose might have been all four rolled into one does not change matters. The liability falls on owners and operators; architects, engineers, construction contractors, and instructors must chip in only to the extent that they have agreed to do so by contract. To the point that courts could achieve "more" of the legislative objectives by adding to the lists of those responsible, it is enough to respond that statutes have not only ends but also limits. [861 F.2d 157 (emphasis added).]

We conclude that neither Kaiser nor Hines supports plaintiff's position. As in Nurad, the defendants in Kaiser and Hines were required to have authority to control the operation or process by which the contamination occurred. The Kaiser court determined that operator liability may attach by virtue of the defendant's extensive operations on the property showing sufficient control over the construction process during which the contamination occurred. In fact, the defendant actually performed the operations that caused the contamination. In Hines, the court looked to the defendant's lack of control of the work at the plant and its day-to-day operations.

Defendant's involvement and authority in the instant case is not comparable. For purposes of this appeal, we accept as true plaintiff's version of the facts, i.e., that a leak existed when defendant serviced the filter system on January 7. Defendant is not, however, rendered an operator simply because it failed to take action that might have prevented the contamination. Hines makes this clear. Defendant is in the business of plumbing and heating. The Carricos called defendant to service their furnace system. Defendant's authority, which was temporary and very short-term, extended to inspecting and repairing the furnace in response to the January 7 and February 18 or 19 calls. There is no evidence of a written contract or agreement granting defendant general authority to operate and control the furnace system or fuel oil. Defendant's authority and control were not that of an operator, but of a service company called to inspect and repair in response to a specific complaint. Further, there is no evidence that any operation of the system by defendant caused the leak and contamination or that defendant had control over the system as the oil was leaking and causing the contamination.

Plaintiff next cites United States v Northeastern Pharmaceutical Chemical Co, Inc (NEPACCO), 810 F.2d 726 (CA 8, 1986), for the proposition that a defendant need not own or possess the hazardous substance at issue to be liable under the CERCLA. Although this case does assert the proposition plaintiff relies on, that in order to be an owner or operator, one need not own or possess the hazardous substance involved, it does not support plaintiff, in that the court required that authority to control the disposal and handling of the hazardous substance be shown before extending liability. Id. at 743.

Plaintiff also cites United States v Consolidated Rail Corp, 729 F. Supp. 1461 (D Del, 1990), a case involving § 9607(a)(2) and (3), where several of the defendants, after being sued by the United States under the CERCLA, sought indemnification or contribution from a third-party defendant, Burke-Parsons-Bowlby Corp. (BPB). The court rejected the third-party plaintiffs' arguments, and granted BPB's motion for summary judgment, concluding that BPB was not an operator of the involved facility under § 9607(a)(2):

"[T]he term `owner or operator' means . . . any person who owned, operated, or otherwise controlled activities at such facility. . . ." Only those who "actually operate or exercise control over the facility that creates an environmental risk can be held liable under CERCLA for the costs of reducing that risk." Edward Hines Lumber Co v Vulcan Materials Co, 685 F. Supp. 651, 657 (ND Ill, 1988) [aff'd 861 F.2d 155 (CA 7, 1988)].

Although interpreted broadly, the statute requires that a person be actively participating in the management of the facility to be held liable for the disposal of hazardous wastes. [ 729 F. Supp. 1467-1468.]

This case provides no additional support for plaintiff's position.

Defendant cites Stilloe v Almy Bros, Inc, 782 F. Supp. 731 (ND NY, 1992), for the proposition that in order for "operator" liability to attach, there must be a nexus between a defendant and the hazardous substance, or control thereof. We agree.

In Stilloe, the plaintiff property owner had brought suit under the CERCLA, alleging that the defendant New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) was an "operator" of a facility and thus a potentially responsible party. The DEC moved for summary judgment, arguing that it was entitled to immunity and its only connection to the hazardous waste site at issue resulted from its remedial cleanup efforts. The district court initially denied the DEC's motion to dismiss, relying heavily on a statement in CPC Int'l, Inc v Aerojet-General Corp (Aerojet), 731 F. Supp. 783 (WD Mich, 1989), also a case involving a governmental defendant that invoked immunity, that "where a party assumes control of an activity and then fails to perform, that party should bear the responsibility for any pollution which results." 782 F. Supp. 733, citing Aerojet, supra at 788.

On reconsideration, the Stilloe court abandoned its adherence to Aerojet:

Having now had the opportunity to review the facts of Aerojet in light of [several subsequent decisions], this court finds that DEC's activities are sufficiently different from those of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources ("MDNR") in Aerojet to render that decision inapposite. In Aerojet, MDNR entered into a contract with the owner of a hazardous waste site under which MDNR assumed responsibility to operate groundwater purge wells to help reduce pollution and improve waste disposal at the site. See Stilloe, 759 F Supp at 102-03. In Aerojet, this contract provided the nexus between the owner of the property and MDNR by establishing an ongoing relationship. Here there is no such nexus. Nor do Stilloe or Almy Brothers allege that DEC took control of the site for any reason other than to perform its statutory responsibility to clean up the site. Accordingly, the court now concludes that Aerojet does not provide a basis for holding that under the circumstances of this case DEC is an operator within the meaning of CERCLA. [ 782 F. Supp. 733.]

The Stilloe court dismissed the DEC on reconsideration, noting that the DEC's handling of hazardous waste barrels during cleanup activities, which barrels broke open while being moved, did not, standing alone, rise to the level of "operator" activity:

[N]either Stilloe nor Almy Brothers allege that DEC had any nexus to the site other than by reason of its remedial clean-up activities. . . .

Even if . . . DEC's physical handling of the hazardous waste during its clean-up activities resulted in damage to plaintiff, this activity, without more, does not convert DEC into an operator within the meaning of CERCLA. Stilloe as well as Almy Brothers may very well have claims against DEC, but they are not CERCLA claims. Rather, any claims that they might have against DEC for its handling of the clean-up effort are state law tort claims which section 107(d)(2) specifically does not preclude. [ 782 F. Supp. 736.]

Although involving a governmental immunity arguments, the Stilloe court's decision on reconsideration is instructive. Where the defendant's nexus to the site of the hazardous substance is attenuated or limited — e.g., there is no ongoing contractual relationship between the defendant and the property owner, or the activity being performed is limited in nature — the requisite authority to control is not established, and operator liability may not be imposed.

We agree with defendant that Nurad, Stilloe, NEPACCO, Catellus, and Aerojet require that in order for operator status to apply, a defendant must have had authority to control the operations or decisions involving the disposal of the hazardous substance, or assumed responsibility or control over the disposition of the hazardous substance, and we conclude that these cases do not support imposition of operator liability on defendant under the MERA. The only connection defendant is alleged to have with the Carricos' fuel tank is having been called to repair it. Plaintiff presented no evidence from which one could infer that defendant had any authority to control, manage, or operate the fuel tank as contemplated under the MERA. Defendant was not involved in the purchase, sale, manufacture, transportation, or processing of the heating oil, nor did defendant possess the requisite authority to control the heating oil or the fuel tank. Defendant's activities in this case were limited to taking action to remedy specific problems when called to do so and are too remote to rise to the level of operator liability. Even assuming that defendant was negligent in failing to discover a leak, and that by failing to take further action defendant failed to prevent the contamination, defendant still did not operate the facility.

We conclude that cases interpreting the MERA's analog, the CERCLA, do not support extension of liability to defendant under the circumstances presented here. A defendant's involvement or activities vis-à-vis the hazardous substance at issue must rise to a certain level to invoke operator liability. Absent either actual ownership or possession of a facility, a nexus must exist between the defendant and the facility by which the defendant has assumed responsibility for, or managed, or had authority to control, or controlled, the operations involving the disposition or handling of the hazardous substance. We conclude that defendant's repair activities on the Carricos' furnace system do not rise to that level and that the circuit court properly dismissed claims of operator liability.

IV

Plaintiff last argues defendant is liable as one who "otherwise arranged for disposal" of a hazardous substance, i.e., the fuel oil that leaked from the Carricos' fuel storage tank. Plaintiff relies on Florida Power Light Co v Allis Chalmers Corp, 893 F.2d 1313, 1318 (CA 11, 1990), for the proposition that such liability may be imposed on persons without active involvement in the timing, manner, or location of the hazardous waste disposal.

In Florida Power, the plaintiff purchaser and recycler of PCB-contaminated electrical transformers brought suit for contribution against manufacturers of the transformers, alleging that the manufacturers "arranged for" the disposal of hazardous substances under § 9607(a)(3). Id. at 1317. The plaintiff had, after purchase, utilized the transformers in the course of business for about forty years and then sold them to a third company as scrap. Id. at 1315. During that company's reclamation process, its site was contaminated. The court noted:

Whether an "arrangement for" disposal exists depends on the facts of each case. If a party merely sells a product, without additional evidence that the transaction includes an "arrangement" for the ultimate disposal of a hazardous substance, CERCLA liability would not be imposed. [ Id. at 1317.]

The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment to the manufacturers, noting that the plaintiffs had not met their burden of demonstrating that the transactions involved were anything more than a sale, and that nothing in the record supported an inference that the manufacturers arranged for the disposal of hazardous waste by selling the transformers. Id. at 1319. While active involvement in the disposal is not essential, as in Florida Power, plaintiff here failed to otherwise establish arranger liability.

Plaintiff's reliance on NEPACCO, Consolidated Rail, and Burlington Northern R Co v Woods Industries, Inc, 815 F. Supp. 1384 (ED Wash, 1993), is also misplaced. Although the NEPACCO court did note that actual ownership or possession of the hazardous substance is not a requisite to "arranger" liability, 810 F.2d 743, it expressly stated that authority to control the handling and disposal of the hazardous substance "is critical under the [CERCLA] statutory scheme." Plaintiff cites Consolidated Rail as supporting the proposition that "arranger" liability is imposed on parties responsible for disposal whether or not they generated the hazardous substances, but ignores that the court in that case relied on NEPACCO's "authority to control" test:

The inquiry under section 9607(a)(3) turns on the determination of who made the crucial decision to dispose of hazardous substances under the Act, and thus falls within the class of responsible persons described in section 9607(a)(3). "It is the authority to control the handling and disposal of hazardous substances that is critical under the statutory scheme." NEPACCO, 810 F.2d at 743. [ 729 F. Supp. 1469 (additional citations omitted).]

Although the Burlington Northern court did state, as plaintiff argues, that ownership of the hazardous substance is not an essential element under § 9607(a)(3), the test the court relied on and applied was the "authority to control" test of NEPACCO. 815 F. Supp. 1392.

Another case plaintiff cites for the proposition that one need not have ownership or possession of the hazardous substance to be liable under the CERCLA, United States v Aceto Agricultural Chemicals Corp, 872 F.2d 1373 (CA 8, 1989), does not support "arranger" liability here. The plaintiffs in Aceto alleged that six defendants were liable under the CERCLA because they "arranged for" the disposal of a hazardous substance by contract, agreement, or otherwise when they contracted with Aidex Corporation, which operated a pesticide formulation facility, to formulate (mix) their technical grade pesticides into commercial grade pesticides. Id. at 1375, 1378. The plaintiffs alleged that the generation of wastes containing hazardous substances was an inherent part of the formulation process, that the defendants retained ownership of their pesticides throughout the formulation and packaging process, and that Aidex in fact generated such wastes and disposed of them on the Aidex site. Id. at 1378. The district court held that the plaintiffs' allegations were sufficient to hold the defendants liable as having "arranged for" the disposal of hazardous substances.

On appeal, the defendants argued that Aidex was hired to formulate, and not to "dispose," and that Aidex, not they, owned the hazardous waste and made the decisions regarding how it would be disposed of or treated, and by whom. Id. at 1379. The defendants also argued that the plain meaning of the statute requires an intent to dispose of some waste, or, at the very least, the authority to control the disposal process, and that plaintiffs alleged neither. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the defendants' arguments, and affirmed the denial of the defendants' motion to dismiss, noting that there was no transfer of ownership of the hazardous substances, because the defendants retained ownership throughout:

Aidex is performing a process on products owned by defendants for defendants' benefit and at their direction; waste is generated and disposed of contemporaneously with the process. . . .

Defendants nonetheless contend they should escape liability because they had no authority to control Aidex's operations, and our NEPACCO decision states "[i]t is the authority to control the handling and disposal of hazardous substances that is critical under the statutory scheme." In NEPACCO, we were confronted with the argument that only individuals who owned or possessed hazardous substances could be liable under CERCLA. We rejected that notion and imposed liability, in addition, on those who had the authority to control the disposal, even without ownership or possession. Defendants in this case, of course, actually owned the hazardous substances, as well as the work in process. NEPACCO does not mandate dismissal of plaintiffs' complaint under these circumstances. [872 F.2d 1381-1382 (citations omitted; emphasis in original).]

Thus, the Aceto defendants' liability was predicated on their having retained ownership of the hazardous substance, a situation not present in the instant case.

We conclude that defendant did not "arrange for disposal" of the heating oil. Plaintiff presented no evidence that defendant's repair of the Carricos' furnace system included any arrangement or representations other than those pertinent to repair, nor did plaintiff present evidence from which it could be inferred that defendant had authority to control the handling and disposal of the hazardous substance. Further, there is no evidence that defendant disposed of or arranged for the disposal of any substance.

Additionally, defendant's supplemental brief on appeal cites a case decided during the pendency of this appeal, United States v Cello-Foil Products, Inc, 848 F. Supp. 1352, 1356 (WD Mich, 1994), rev'd 100 F.3d 1227 (CA 6, 1996), which "tests the periphery of the meaning of `otherwise arranged for disposal.'" In Cello-Foil, a producer of solvents, Thomas Solvents, sold solvents to the defendants and delivered them to the defendants in fifty-five-gallon drums, generally charging its customers, including the defendants, a deposit, which was returned when the drums were returned. 848 F. Supp. 1355. The returned drums were generally taken to a facility of Thomas Solvents, where they were inspected, and then either sent for reconditioning or refilled. Those that were refilled were sometimes rinsed before being refilled, and the rinse dumped on the ground. Id. at 1355-1356. The district court rejected the government's argument that the defendants' agreement to return drums for their deposit to Thomas Solvents was an arrangement for disposal of the solvents. The Cello-Foil court held that the "arranged for" provisions in both the CERCLA and the MERA are inapplicable absent a showing that the defendant intended to dispose of the hazardous substance. Id. at 1357. The court found persuasive the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals' analysis of the words "arranged for" — that the words "imply intentional actions." 848 F. Supp. 1357-1358, citing Amcast Industrial Corp. v. Detrex Corp, 2 F.3d 746, 751 (CA 7, 1993) (Posner, J.). The court also noted that the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals and the District Court for the Western District of Michigan had recognized the principle that arranger liability is dependent upon intentional conduct. 848 F. Supp. 1357-1358, citing AM Int'l, Inc v Int'l Forging Equipment Corp, 982 F.2d 989, 999 (CA 6, 1993), and Kelley v Arco Industries Corp, 739 F. Supp. 354, 358 (WD Mich, 1990). On appeal, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, noting that although the district court correctly incorporated a state-of-mind requirement into the "otherwise arranged for disposal" concept, the court had employed an overly restrictive view regarding what is necessary to prove intent, state of mind, or purpose by assuming that intent could not be inferred from the indirect action of the parties and had overlooked genuine issues of material fact.

Here, the record is devoid of any evidence tending to show that defendant intended to dispose of the heating oil. Cello-Foil and the authority cited therein bolsters our conclusion that plaintiff failed to establish that defendant "otherwise arranged for disposal" of the hazardous substance. The circuit court, properly granted summary disposition with regard to this claim.

We decline to address plaintiff's argument that a claim of negligent workmanship creates a separate cause of action under the MERA, because the issue lacks apparent merit and was neither briefed nor argued below.

Finally, we observe that defendant's summary disposition motion and this appeal address only defendant's liability under the MERA. Plaintiff's numerous remaining claims against defendant, alleging negligence and other theories, remain.

Affirmed.