H. Dustin Fillmore III, Charles W. Fillmore, Fort Worth, Jonathan F. Mitchell, for Petitioners.

Aimee Vidaurri, San Antonio, Peyton Craig, Daniel McNeel Lane Jr., for Respondent.

James Sullivan, Jeffrey Oldham, for Amicus Curiae Abbott, Greg.

Jeffrey C. Mateer, Austin, David J. Hacker, Kelly J. Shackelford, Plano, for Amici Curiae Texas Values, Texas Pastor Council.

Gene Hamilton, Heather Gebelin Hacker, Andrew B. Stephens, for Amicus Curiae America First Legal Foundation.

Matthew Krause, Douglas Bryan Hughes, for Amicus Curiae Members of the Texas State Legislature.

Justice Huddle delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice Hecht, Justice Lehrmann, Justice Boyd, Justice Busby, Justice Bland, and Justice Young joined.

The petitioners in this case allege that the San Antonio City Council voted to prohibit the opening of a Chick-fil-A in the San Antonio airport based, at least in part, on Chick-fil-A's contributions to religious organizations that councilmembers found objectionable. Some months later, Texas enacted the "Save Chick-fil-A law." The statute prohibits a governmental entity from taking any adverse action against any person based wholly or partly on the person's membership in, affiliation with, or support of a religious organization. Petitioners, who are would-be customers of the airport Chick-fil-A, sued the City, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, plus costs and attorney's fees.

The City raised two jurisdictional challenges: governmental immunity and lack of standing. The trial court denied both, but the court of appeals reversed on governmental-immunity grounds and dismissed the case. We hold that petitioners’ live pleading does not demonstrate a waiver of governmental immunity. But because the pleading does not affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand to allow petitioners an opportunity to replead.

I. Background

In March 2019, the San Antonio City Council considered whether to approve a proposed concession agreement pursuant to which concessionaire Paradies Lagardère would contract with various vendors who would operate in the San Antonio International Airport. The agreement as initially proposed contemplated the installation of a Chick-fil-A in a 985-square-foot space near Gate A6.

This proposal drew opposition at the March 21, 2019 City Council meeting. According to the petition, Councilmember Roberto Treviño objected to the concession agreement's inclusion of Chick-fil-A and "announced that he wanted Chick-fil-A banned from the San Antonio airport." He elaborated: "The inclusion of Chick-fil-A as a national brand tenant is something I cannot support. The heart of the LGBTQ community is in District One and the community has come together to voice its disapproval of this proposal because it includes a company with a legacy of anti-LGBTQ behavior." It is alleged that Treviño "moved to approve the agreement with Paradies Lagardère, but with an amendment [that] would direct the city's staff to work with Paradies Lagardère in replacing Chick-fil-A with another vendor."

The petition also alleges that, at that same meeting, Councilmember Manny Pelaez seconded Treviño's motion, citing Chick-fil-A's history of "funding anti-LGBTQ organizations." Petitioners allege Pelaez "explicitly stated that he wanted Chick-fil-A banned from the airport because of its donations to certain religious organizations." The petition quotes Pelaez as having said: "I want to make [ ] sure that when people traverse our airport, the first thing that they see is a San Antonio that is welcoming, and that they not see a symbol that for many people is a symbol of hate."

The petition alleges that some councilmembers opposed the effort to exclude Chick-fil-A from the airport. But, after debate, "the council voted 6-4, with one abstention, to approve the contract with Councilmember Treviño's amendment to ban Chick-fil-A from the airport."

The Texas Legislature responded later that year by passing Senate Bill 1978, popularly known as the "Save Chick-fil-A law." Codified at Chapter 2400 of the Government Code, the statute prohibits a governmental entity from taking "any adverse action against any person based wholly or partly on the person's membership in, affiliation with, or contribution, donation, or other support provided to a religious organization." TEX. GOV'T CODE § 2400.002. Section 2400.001 defines "adverse action" to mean "any action taken by a governmental entity" to, among other things, "withhold, reduce, exclude, terminate, or otherwise deny" the following:

• any grant, contract, subcontract, cooperative agreement, loan, scholarship, license, registration, accreditation, employment, or other similar status from or to a person; or

• access to a property, educational institution, speech forum, or charitable fund-raising campaign from or to a person.

Id. § 2400.001(1)(A), (F).

Under the heading "Relief Available," the statute provides:

A person may assert an actual or threatened violation of Section 2400.002 as a claim or defense in a judicial or administrative proceeding and obtain: (1) injunctive relief; (2) declaratory relief; and (3) court costs and reasonable attorney's fees.

Id. § 2400.003(a). And Section 2400.004, entitled "Immunity Waived," provides:

A person who alleges a violation of Section 2400.002 may sue the governmental entity for the relief provided under Section 2400.003. Sovereign or governmental immunity, as applicable, is waived and abolished to the extent of liability for that relief.

Id. § 2400.004.

Chapter 2400 was signed into law in June 2019 and took effect September 1, 2019. Act of May 23, 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., ch. 666, 2019 Tex. Gen. Laws 1939 (current version at TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 2400.001 –.005). Four days later, petitioners, who are five individuals residing in Bexar, Kendall, and Comal County, sued the City and Paradies in Bexar County district court, asserting a violation of Section 2400.002. Petitioners allege that they have standing because they "use[ ] the San Antonio airport for travel and would patronize Chick-fil-A if the city had not banned it from the airport."

Petitioners allege "[t]he city of San Antonio is violating section 2400.002 by banning Chick-fil-A from its airport." They further allege: "The city's continued exclusion of Chick-fil-A is based ‘wholly or partly’ on Chick-fil-A's past and present contributions, donations, and support for certain religious organizations, including the Salvation Army and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, which it provides through [ ] WinShape, its charitable foundation."

The petition requests the following relief:

• a declaration that the City violated and continues to violate Section 2400.002 by banning Chick-fil-A from the San Antonio airport;

• a temporary and permanent injunction that prevents the City from excluding Chick-fil-A from the San Antonio airport;

• a temporary and permanent injunction that compels the City to install a Chick-fil-A restaurant in the San Antonio airport, consistent with the proposal submitted by Paradies before the Treviño amendment;

• a temporary and permanent injunction that prohibits the City from taking any adverse action against Chick-fil-A or any other person or entity based wholly or partly on that person or entity's support for religious organizations that oppose homosexual behavior;

• all costs of suit and reasonable attorney's fees; and

• all other appropriate relief.

To support their request for a temporary injunction, petitioners allege they "will suffer probable, imminent, and irreparable injury absent a temporary injunction." They add that "[t]he plaintiffs have a probable right to relief because Councilmember Treviño and Pelaez's statements show that the city's exclusion of Chick-fil-A from the San Antonio airport is at least ‘partly’ based on Chick-fil-A's donations to a religious organization."

The City sought dismissal based on governmental immunity and lack of standing. The City argues, first, that Chapter 2400 does not reach the City's March 21, 2019 conduct—the City Council's vote to amend the concession agreement to exclude Chick-fil-A—because Chapter 2400 was not in effect at the time, and the petition alleges no facts to support the notion that the City violated Section 2400.002 on or after its September 1, 2019 effective date. The City's standing challenge is premised on its contention that petitioners have suffered no injury in fact because being deprived of the ability to buy Chick-fil-A products at the airport is not a concrete, particularized injury, either actual or imminent.

Petitioners dispute the City's contention that Section 2400.004 authorizes lawsuits only by the person who has suffered adverse action at the hands of the governmental entity. They argue that, under Section 2400.004, a person need only "allege" a violation to sue, regardless of whether that person was the victim of the adverse action. They argue, in the alternative, that if a concrete, particularized injury must be shown, theirs qualify. With respect to the statute's temporal reach, petitioners acknowledge that Chapter 2400 did not take effect until September 1, 2019, and is not retroactive. They agree therefore that the City Council's March 21, 2019 vote did not violate Chapter 2400. Rather, they argue the City's exclusion of Chick-fil-A was "ongoing" and that they seek relief solely for the City's actions on or after September 1, 2019.

After a hearing, the trial court denied the City's jurisdictional challenges, and the City appealed. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014(a)(8). The Fourth Court of Appeals reversed the trial court's order denying the City's plea to the jurisdiction and rendered judgment dismissing the case for lack of jurisdiction. 612 S.W.3d 503, 505 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2020). The court of appeals rejected petitioners’ argument that immunity was waived. Id. at 507–08. It concluded that, although petitioners purported to be seeking only prospective relief, the only plausible remedy for petitioners’ claims was invalidation of the previously enacted concession agreement. Id. at 507. The court of appeals further held that petitioners’ pleading was incurably defective and thus dismissed the case without providing them an opportunity to replead. Id. at 508. The court of appeals did not address standing.

In this Court, petitioners ask us to address standing and governmental immunity. They argue that they have demonstrated a waiver of immunity by alleging a violation of Section 2400.002 and seeking declaratory and injunctive relief under Section 2400.003. Petitioners also assert that Chapter 2400 confers standing and, therefore, their argument goes, they need not demonstrate a concrete, particularized injury. Petitioners argue alternatively that even if these standing requirements did apply, they are satisfied here because they have suffered or are at imminent risk of suffering a concrete and particularized injury that is traceable to the City's conduct and will be redressed by a favorable decision.

II. Governmental Immunity

A. General Principles

We begin with immunity, the basis for the court of appeals’ decision. Governmental immunity protects the State's political subdivisions, including its cities, against suits and legal liability. Hillman v. Nueces County , 579 S.W.3d 354, 357 (Tex. 2019) ; Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor , 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003). Governmental immunity therefore bars suit against the City of San Antonio unless the Legislature has waived the City's immunity. Chambers–Liberty Cntys. Navigation Dist. v. State , 575 S.W.3d 339, 344 (Tex. 2019). Cities retain immunity unless the Legislature clearly and unambiguously waives it. See Tooke v. City of Mexia , 197 S.W.3d 325, 330 (Tex. 2006) ("[A] statute that waives the State's immunity must do so beyond doubt...." (quoting Taylor , 106 S.W.3d at 697 )). We defer to the Legislature in waiving immunity because it is in a better position to weigh the conflicting public policy interests associated with subjecting the government to liability. See Wasson Ints., Ltd. v. City of Jacksonville , 489 S.W.3d 427, 432–33 (Tex. 2016).

Governmental immunity encompasses two related but distinct concepts: "immunity from liability, which bars enforcement of a judgment against a governmental entity, and immunity from suit, which bars suit against the entity altogether." Tooke , 197 S.W.3d at 332. A statute can waive immunity from suit, immunity from liability, or both. State v. Lueck , 290 S.W.3d 876, 880 (Tex. 2009). Only immunity from suit implicates a court's subject-matter jurisdiction. Hillman , 579 S.W.3d at 357. Thus, immunity from suit is properly raised in a plea to the jurisdiction while immunity from liability is not. Taylor , 106 S.W.3d at 696 ("Unlike immunity from suit, immunity from liability does not affect a court's jurisdiction to hear a case and cannot be raised in a plea to the jurisdiction.").

In some instances, though, the Legislature has waived immunity from suit "to the extent of liability," which merges the two. See, e.g., Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda , 133 S.W.3d 217, 224 (Tex. 2004) ("The Tort Claims Act creates a unique statutory scheme in which the two immunities are co-extensive: ‘Sovereign immunity to suit is waived and abolished to the extent of liability created by this chapter.’ " (quoting TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.025(a) )). These immunity waivers collapse the jurisdictional and merits inquiries to some degree. See Alamo Heights Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Clark , 544 S.W.3d 755, 784 (Tex. 2018). When a statute waives immunity from suit to the extent of liability, it directs the inquiry to the statute's elements and may require a court to consider those elements at both the jurisdictional and merits stages. See Lueck , 290 S.W.3d at 883 (holding that certain elements of the Whistleblower Act "can be considered to determine both jurisdiction and liability").

When immunity is waived for an alleged violation of a statute, at the jurisdictional stage, a plaintiff must "actually allege" a violation of the statute. Id. at 881. "Mere reference" to the statute's elements in the pleading is not enough. Tex. Dep't of Crim. Just. v. Miller , 51 S.W.3d 583, 587 (Tex. 2001). A plaintiff "actually alleges" violation of a statute "by pleading facts that state a claim thereunder." Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia , 372 S.W.3d 629, 636 (Tex. 2012) ; see also Reynosa v. Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. , 57 S.W.3d 442, 444 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. denied) ("The plaintiff has the burden to allege facts that affirmatively demonstrate the lack of governmental immunity and, hence, the court's jurisdiction to hear the cause."). Requiring the plaintiff's pleading to stand on more than bare allegations to trigger immunity protects the use of pleas to the jurisdiction, a longstanding "procedural vehicle to challenge subject matter jurisdiction" that has been used in our "trial courts for over a century and a half." Lueck , 290 S.W.3d at 884 (quoting Miranda , 133 S.W.3d at 232 ).

"When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we determine if the pleader has alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate the court's jurisdiction to hear the cause." Miranda , 133 S.W.3d at 226. If the pleading does not contain sufficient facts to demonstrate the court's jurisdiction but also does not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects, the plaintiffs are given an opportunity to amend. Id. at 226–27. But if the pleading affirmatively negates jurisdiction, then the plea to the jurisdiction should be granted without the opportunity to amend. Id. at 227 ; see also Tex. A&M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu , 233 S.W.3d 835, 840 (Tex. 2007) ("[A] pleader must be given an opportunity to amend in response to a plea to the jurisdiction only if it is possible to cure the pleading defect.").

B. Analysis

As noted, Chapter 2400 explicitly waives sovereign and governmental immunity when a person "alleges" a violation of Section 2400.002. The relevant provision states:

A person who alleges a violation of Section 2400.002 may sue the governmental entity for the relief provided under Section 2400.003. Sovereign or governmental immunity, as applicable, is waived and abolished to the extent of liability for that relief.

TEX. GOV'T CODE § 2400.004.

Petitioners allege the City "is violating" Section 2400.002. In the "Factual Allegations" section of their pleading, petitioners describe at length the history of Chick-fil-A's commitment to Christian organizations and the public statements of Chick-fil-A's then-COO, Dan Cathy. The petition also details the efforts by "activists" to attack Chick-fil-A "because it gives money to Christian organizations that accept the Bible as the Word of God." Petitioners then describe in detail the process by which the City ultimately approved the amended concession agreement for the San Antonio airport that would replace Chick-fil-A with another vendor, including multiple quotes from councilmembers on both sides of the debate. All of the factual allegations describing actions by the City relate to conduct that occurred at the March 21, 2019 City Council meeting, well before the statute's September 1, 2019 effective date.

There is an assertion that the City's alleged violation is continuing in nature. Under the heading "Cause of Action," petitioners allege:

The city of San Antonio is violating section 2400.002 by banning Chick-fil-A from its airport. The city's continued exclusion of Chick-fil-A is based "wholly or partly" on Chick-fil-A's past and present contributions, donations, and support for certain religious organizations, including the Salvation Army and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes.... [Emphasis added.]

But the petition alleges no facts to support this assertion; it nowhere describes any "action" by the City after September 1, 2019, that could constitute a violation, as the statute requires. See id. § 2400.001(1) (defining "adverse action" as "any action taken by a governmental entity" to, among other things, withhold, exclude, or deny a contract or access to a property (emphasis added)). At oral argument, petitioners asserted that the City is taking actions to implement the agreement approved by the City Council and urged us to conclude that is sufficient to invoke Section 2400.004 ’s waiver of immunity. But petitioners conceded that they have not alleged facts describing any actions relating to the agreement's implementation. Indeed, they concede that, without the benefit of discovery, petitioners do not know what those actions may be.

Petitioners argue they are not required, at this stage of the litigation, to allege facts sufficient to demonstrate a waiver of immunity because Section 2400.004 permits any person to "sue the governmental entity for the relief provided under Section 2400.003" merely by alleging in conclusory fashion that the governmental entity committed "a violation of Section 2400.002." See id. § 2400.004 ("A person who alleges a violation of Section 2400.002 may sue the governmental entity for the relief provided under Section 2400.003."). But under our precedents applying similar immunity-waiver language in other statutes, such a bare assertion of a violation is insufficient. To invoke a waiver of immunity, petitioners must allege facts to support their claim that the City has violated Chapter 2400. See Lueck , 290 S.W.3d at 884 ; Miranda , 133 S.W.3d at 230.

Lueck is instructive because the Whistleblower Act's immunity provision is virtually identical to Section 2400.004 : it states that "[a] public employee who alleges a violation of this chapter may sue the employing state or local governmental entity for the relief provided by this chapter" and that "[s]overeign immunity is waived and abolished to the extent of liability for the relief allowed under this chapter for a violation of this chapter." TEX. GOV'T CODE § 554.0035. A violation of the Whistleblower Act occurs when a governmental entity takes an adverse personnel action against a public employee who in good faith reports "a violation of law" by the employer or another employee to "an appropriate law enforcement authority." Id. § 554.002(a). In Lueck , the plaintiff sued the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) for allegedly firing him in violation of the Whistleblower Act. 290 S.W.3d at 879. Lueck was tasked with coordinating with a private vendor to develop the agency's Statewide Traffic Analysis and Reporting System (STARS), a program designed to collect, analyze, and report traffic data. Id. After a billing dispute with the vendor caused TxDOT to suspend work on STARS, Lueck sent an email to his supervisor warning him not to terminate the contract with the vendor because, without STARS, TxDOT "is not capable of handling this data and will, therefore, never be in compliance" with state and federal law. Id. TxDOT terminated the contract and fired Lueck on the basis that he knew the vendor had overcharged TxDOT. Id.

Lueck's petition alleged that the email to his supervisor constituted a report of a violation of law to an appropriate law enforcement authority because it reported that TxDOT would violate state and federal law if TxDOT did not resolve the dispute with the vendor. TxDOT filed a plea to the jurisdiction on immunity grounds, arguing that Lueck's report did not invoke the Whistleblower Act's waiver of immunity because he (1) did not actually report a violation of law and (2) sent his report to his supervisor rather than an appropriate law enforcement authority. Id. at 880. Lueck countered that his allegations of a Whistleblower Act violation, standing alone, triggered the statute's waiver of immunity. Id. at 879–80.

We cautioned that, when a statute waives immunity for one who "alleges a violation" of the statute, it is not enough for the pleading to have "merely referenced the chapter" to invoke a waiver. Id. at 882. Rather, we held that the Whistleblower Act's immunity provision required Lueck to "actually allege a violation" of the statute, meaning the statute's underlying elements were relevant to determining whether immunity had been waived. Id. at 881. Lueck's pleading affirmatively demonstrated that he did not allege a violation of the statute because his report detailed regulatory non-compliance, not a violation of law, and was sent to his supervisor, not a law enforcement authority. Id. at 885–86. We explained that, although a plaintiff does not have to "prove his claim" at the jurisdictional stage, "bare allegations" are not enough to waive immunity when immunity is predicated on "alleg[ing] a violation" of a statute. Id. at 884. Otherwise, any superficial reference to the statute in a pleading would be sufficient to waive immunity, a result the Legislature did not intend. Garcia , 372 S.W.3d at 637.

The Texas Tort Claims Act (TTCA) also contains an immunity-waiver provision like Chapter 2400. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.025(a) ("Sovereign immunity to suit is waived and abolished to the extent of liability created by this chapter."). Our cases interpreting the TTCA similarly look to the statute's underlying elements in determining whether immunity has been waived. See, e.g., Miranda , 133 S.W.3d at 225. In Miranda , a woman sustained injuries after a tree limb fell on her at a state park. Id. at 220. The Mirandas sued the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department for negligence and gross negligence. Id. at 220–21. The Department filed a plea to the jurisdiction based on sovereign immunity. Id. at 221.

We noted that the TTCA waives sovereign immunity for claims arising from premises defects and incorporates the limitations on liability articulated in the recreational use statute under Chapter 75. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.058 ("To the extent that Chapter 75 limits the liability of a governmental unit under circumstances in which the governmental unit would be liable under [the TTCA], Chapter 75 controls."). Because the Mirandas were camping and picnicking at the time of the incident, we looked to the recreational use statute to determine whether immunity was waived under the TTCA. Miranda , 133 S.W.3d at 225. The recreational use statute limits the Department's duty for premises defects to that owed to a trespasser, and thus sovereign immunity was waived only if the governmental entity was grossly negligent. Id. We explained that for immunity to be waived the Mirandas had to "allege sufficient facts to establish that the Department was grossly negligent." Id. at 230. Turning to the pleadings, we held that the Mirandas met that standard by detailing several factual allegations, including that Miranda was struck by a falling tree branch that severely injured her; that the unpruned and uninspected tree branches created a dangerous, defective condition; and that the Department knew of the dangers of the tree branches but failed to make the premises safe or warn her of the danger. Id. Consistent with Lueck and Miranda , to waive immunity, a plaintiff must plead sufficient facts to actually allege a violation of Chapter 2400. The immunity provision in Section 2400.004 directs the inquiry to Section 2400.002, which prohibits "adverse actions" based in part on support of a religious organization. TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 2400.002, .004. And Section 2400.001 defines "adverse action" to require an "action" by the governmental entity. Id. § 2400.001(1). Thus, to invoke Section 2400.004 ’s waiver of immunity, a plaintiff must plead facts describing actions that constitute the prohibited "adverse action" the governmental entity took based on a person's membership in, affiliation with, or support provided to a religious organization.

Here, petitioners do not plead sufficient facts to "actually allege a violation" of Chapter 2400 because they fail to point to any specific "action" the City took on or after September 1, 2019, that could constitute an "adverse action" under Section 2400.002. See Lueck , 290 S.W.3d at 881. The City Council's vote to adopt the Treviño amendment and thereby exclude Chick-fil-A from the airport cannot constitute an adverse action because all agree it occurred six months before Chapter 2400 took effect. Because there is no factual allegation to support petitioners’ assertion that the City has taken actions that could constitute an adverse action after the statute's effective date, the petition is insufficient to invoke Section 2400.004 ’s waiver of immunity. See id. at 884.

Our concurring colleagues concede that the petition alleges no adverse action by the City after Chapter 2400's effective date. Yet, in their view, petitioners have sufficiently alleged a credible threat of a violation because the City Council's vote and other conduct pre-dating Chapter 2400's effective date constitute "forward-looking direction" from the City Council, which allows "a permissible assumption" that the City would violate Chapter 2400 after it became effective. Post at 401 (Blacklock, J., concurring in the judgment). The concurrence relies on In re Abbott , 601 S.W.3d 802 (Tex. 2020), in which we held that judges challenging an executive order lacked standing. We reasoned that although "[a] plaintiff does not need to be arrested and prosecuted before suing to challenge the constitutionality of a criminal law," he does have to allege, among other things, that a credible threat of prosecution exists. Id. at 812. We question the relevance of Abbott ’s standing analysis to this immunity issue. But, more importantly, we do not think the City's March 2019 conduct standing alone permits a reasonable inference that there exists a "credible threat" of a post-September 1, 2019 adverse action against Chick-fil-A by the City. Indeed, the contrary is true. Rather than assume the City would violate Chapter 2400, we presume the City would comply with Chapter 2400, until the contrary is shown. See Avelo Mortg., LLC v. Infinity Cap., LLC , 366 S.W.3d 258, 263 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) ("In the absence of evidence to the contrary, it is presumed that ... a public official discharges his duty or performs an act required by law in accordance with the law."); Sanchez v. Tex. Indus., Inc. , 485 S.W.2d 385, 387 (Tex. App.—Waco 1972, writ ref'd n.r.e.) ("The law presumes, until the contrary is shown, that every public official will discharge the duties imposed upon him by the law."). Because petitioners have not alleged a violation of Chapter 2400—and we cannot assume one—we hold that petitioners have not invoked a waiver of governmental immunity.

The question then becomes whether petitioners are entitled to an opportunity to amend. Texas courts allow parties to replead unless their pleadings demonstrate incurable defects. See Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Sefzik , 355 S.W.3d 618, 623 (Tex. 2011) ("When this Court upholds a plea to the jurisdiction on sovereign immunity grounds, we allow the plaintiff the opportunity to replead if the defect can be cured."); City of Waco v. Kirwan , 298 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex. 2009) ("The allegations found in the pleadings may either affirmatively demonstrate or negate the court's jurisdiction. If the pleadings do neither, it is an issue of pleading sufficiency and the plaintiff should be given an opportunity to amend the pleadings." (citations omitted)); Miranda , 133 S.W.3d at 226–27 ("If the pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court[’]s jurisdiction but do not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency and the plaintiffs should be afforded the opportunity to amend."). Texas law does not favor striking defective pleadings without providing plaintiffs an opportunity to replead. KSNG Architects, Inc. v. Beasley , 109 S.W.3d 894, 898 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.) ; see also Robinson v. Alief Indep. Sch. Dist. , 298 S.W.3d 321, 328 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) ("[T]he general rule expresses a preference to allow a plaintiff the opportunity to amend...."). Thus, so long as petitioners’ pleading does not affirmatively demonstrate the absence of jurisdiction, they should be given an opportunity to amend.

Petitioners’ pleading does not allege sufficient facts to support their assertion that the City took an adverse action on or after September 1, 2019. But neither does the petition affirmatively negate jurisdiction. Thus, the pleading here differs from that in Lueck , where the plaintiff's petition affirmatively showed that his "report" was not reporting a violation of law to an appropriate law enforcement authority and, therefore, he could not allege a violation of the Whistleblower Act. 290 S.W.3d at 885. Because petitioners’ pleading does not contain sufficient facts to demonstrate either the court's jurisdiction or incurable defects, petitioners should be given an opportunity to amend. Miranda , 133 S.W.3d at 227. This conclusion does not mean petitioners will be required to marshal evidence and prove their claim to invoke the waiver of immunity. They need only plead facts supporting the elements of the statutory cause of action—here, facts describing the "actions" the City took that constitute an alleged violation of Section 2400.002. See Garcia , 372 S.W.3d at 637.

III. Standing

Petitioners urge us to reach standing, which was raised in the trial court but not addressed by the court of appeals. The City argued in its Rule 91a motion that the petitioners lack standing because (1) they do not fall within the class of plaintiffs whom the Legislature has authorized to sue and (2) their injury is not a concrete, particularized injury, either actual or imminent. See Data Foundry, Inc. v. City of Austin , 620 S.W.3d 692, 696 (Tex. 2021) ("To maintain standing, a plaintiff must show: (1) an injury in fact that is both concrete and particularized and actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) that the injury is fairly traceable to the defendant's challenged action; and (3) that it is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision."); see also Tex. Bd. of Chiropractic Exam'rs v. Tex. Med. Ass'n , 616 S.W.3d 558, 567 (Tex. 2021) (discussing the proper use of the term "standing"); Pike v. Tex. EMC Mgmt., LLC , 610 S.W.3d 763, 773–74 & nn.2–6 (Tex. 2020) (same).

Petitioners argue first that they have standing based on Section 2400.004. See TEX. GOV'T CODE § 2400.004 ("A person who alleges a violation of Section 2400.002 may sue the governmental entity for the relief provided under Section 2400.003."). They contend that because the Legislature created this private right of action and they fall within the class of persons authorized to sue, they need not plead an injury in fact. In their view, it matters not that petitioners themselves were not the parties excluded from the San Antonio airport. Petitioners further argue that, even if they are required to satisfy the usual standing elements, those elements are met here because "the denial of a preferred eating option at the airport" is a sufficiently concrete and particularized injury.

In response, the City notes that the U.S. Supreme Court recently rejected a similar argument. See TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez , ––– U.S. ––––, 141 S. Ct. 2190, 2205, 210 L.Ed.2d 568 (2021) ("Congress's creation of a statutory prohibition or obligation and a cause of action does not relieve courts of their responsibility to independently decide whether a plaintiff has suffered a concrete harm...."). Because we have "adopted the federal requirements for standing," Data Foundry , 620 S.W.3d at 696, the City argues that petitioners’ standing argument necessarily fails in Texas courts. The City further counters that petitioners’ injuries are insufficiently concrete.

Because we hold that petitioners have not demonstrated a waiver of governmental immunity and should have the opportunity to replead, we decline petitioners’ invitation to address standing at this stage. Standing should be determined based on a plaintiff's live pleading, and it would be premature for us to weigh in on the City's standing arguments before petitioners have repleaded. See Jasek v. Tex. Dep't of Fam. & Protective Servs. , 348 S.W.3d 523, 527 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, no pet.) ("[A]nalysis of whether a party has standing begins with the plaintiff's live pleadings."). On remand, the trial court and the court of appeals may have an opportunity to address the important questions raised on the issue with the benefit of full briefing and argument. See City of Fort Worth v. Rylie , 602 S.W.3d 459, 469 (Tex. 2020) ("Because the question presents an important issue of first impression in this Court, we decline to address the question in the first instance and defer instead for the court of appeals to address it after full briefing and argument by the parties."); Wasson Ints. , 489 S.W.3d at 439 (remanding case for "court of appeals to address [unaddressed] questions in the first instance").

IV. Conclusion

Government Code Section 2400.004 requires more than conclusory references to the statute's elements. To invoke the waiver of immunity, a plaintiff must plead sufficient facts to actually allege a violation of Section 2400.002. We hold that petitioners’ pleading does not allege sufficient facts to invoke Chapter 2400's waiver of governmental immunity. But because the pleading also does not affirmatively negate jurisdiction, petitioners are entitled to an opportunity to replead. Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment dismissing the case for lack of jurisdiction and remand to the trial court to give them that opportunity.

Justice Blacklock filed an opinion concurring in the judgment, in which Justice Devine joined.

Justice Blacklock, joined by Justice Devine, concurring in the judgment.

I disagree with the Court's opinion, which concludes that the plaintiffs failed to state a claim under Chapter 2400 of the Government Code. I ultimately agree, however, with the Court's judgment, which reverses the dismissal of plaintiffs’ claims and remands the case for repleading. I therefore respectfully concur in the judgment.

The San Antonio city council voted in March 2019 to exclude Chick-fil-A from the San Antonio airport because of Chick-fil-A's religious views on marriage and its support for religious organizations whose beliefs about marriage differ from the city council's. In response, the Legislature enacted Chapter 2400 of the Government Code, colloquially known as the "Save Chick-fil-A law," which took effect on September 1, 2019. The plaintiffs in this case immediately sued the City of San Antonio, employing Chapter 2400 just as its supporters seem to have intended—to "save Chick-fil-A," at least at the San Antonio airport.

According to the Court, the plaintiffs cannot plead a violation of Chapter 2400 by pointing to the city council's vote to exclude Chick-fil-A. The problem for the plaintiffs, as the Court sees it, is that Chapter 2400 did not go into effect until after the vote. All agree, of course, that the vote itself cannot have violated a law that did not exist when the vote was taken. The problem for the Court's approach, as I see it, is that the city council's vote was not an isolated act of discrimination that had come and gone by the time Chapter 2400 went into effect. Instead, the vote established a forward-looking policy under which city staff were directed to pursue the exclusion of Chick-fil-A from the airport's concessions contract. See Plaintiffs’ Original Pet. & Application for Temp. Injunction ¶ 40. This unambiguous instruction from the city council gave all involved—including the plaintiffs and the courts—sufficient reason to believe the City would, after the effective date of Chapter 2400, continue to carry out its announced policy of excluding Chick-fil-A. Any acts in furtherance of that exclusionary goal would surely qualify as a violation of Chapter 2400, which broadly prohibits "any adverse action" against "any person" to "withhold, reduce, exclude, terminate, or otherwise deny any ... contract" based "wholly or partly" on the person's "contribution, donation, or other support provided to a religious organization." TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 2400.001(1)(A), .002.

I agree with the Court that governmental immunity bars this lawsuit unless the plaintiffs "actually allege[ ]" a violation of Chapter 2400. Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia , 372 S.W.3d 629, 636 (Tex. 2012). This means pleading facts that fully state a viable claim under the statute creating the immunity-waiving right of action. Bare recitation of statutory buzzwords is not enough. Thus, I agree that the plaintiffs can "actually allege[ ]" a violation of Chapter 2400 only "by pleading facts that state a claim thereunder." Id. I disagree, however, with the Court's conclusion that the plaintiffs’ petition does not state an actionable claim under Chapter 2400.

The Court is correct that the petition points to no particular action by the City to pursue its exclusionary policy after the effective date of Chapter 2400. But the absence of such an allegation does not doom the petition. We typically do not require plaintiffs seeking injunctions against unlawful government policies to plead facts demonstrating that the policy has already been carried out. See In re Abbott , 601 S.W.3d 802, 812 (Tex. 2020) ("A plaintiff does not need to be arrested and prosecuted before suing to challenge the constitutionality of a criminal law."). To the contrary, we require plaintiffs to plead not a past act of enforcement under the challenged law but only that "there exists a credible threat of prosecution thereunder." Id. (emphasis added) (quoting Babbitt v. Farm Workers Nat'l Union , 442 U.S. 289, 298, 99 S.Ct. 2301, 60 L.Ed.2d 895 (1979) ). This requirement flows from the nature of the injunctive relief available in such cases. Courts cannot order the government not to do something it has already done, but they can order it not to continue doing such things in the future. It follows that plaintiffs seeking prospective injunctions, as these plaintiffs do, must allege a credible threat of the future enforcement they want enjoined.

Chapter 2400 goes out of its way to incorporate this well-known framework for pre-enforcement challenges to threatened government action. In addition to outlawing "adverse action" on the basis of religion, it also authorizes suits in response to a "threatened violation" of its prohibition on adverse action. TEX. GOV'T CODE § 2400.003(a).

The petition credibly alleges that the exclusionary, discriminatory effects of the city council's vote would continue to be felt after Chapter 2400 went into effect. True, the petition assumes that City employees are busy following the city council's instructions to pursue, by contract, the exclusion of Chick-fil-A. But surely this is a permissible assumption. The city council made its desires quite clear and voted to give forward-looking direction to the city staff. The City—not the plaintiffs—is the party in possession of information about how the City is carrying out the city council's instruction. The plaintiffs’ only obligation is to plead facts establishing a credible threat the City will continue to carry out its announced policy. This petition easily clears that hurdle.

If the City had adopted an ordinance permanently outlawing Chick-fil-A at the airport because of its beliefs, we would not require a plaintiff challenging the ordinance to plead facts demonstrating that the City had already taken concrete steps toward carrying out its new ordinance. Instead, we would require only the pleading of a credible threat of future enforcement of the ordinance. I fail to see how this case is any different. Of course, in this case the City announced its exclusionary policy by contract, not by ordinance. But that makes no difference. Modern governments often advance their preferred policies by contract just as surely as by statute or ordinance. When those policies violate the law, prospective protection in the courts should be equally available no matter the caption on the offending government document. Cf. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena , 515 U.S. 200, 213, 115 S.Ct. 2097, 132 L.Ed.2d 158 (1995) (holding that policies covering government contracting are subject to equal-protection review).

Although I disagree with the Court's opinion for the reasons stated, I nevertheless concur in its judgment reversing the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ claims and remanding the case for repleading.