STEIN, J.

Lipsitz Green Scime Cambria LLP, Buffalo (John A. Collins of counsel), for appellants.

Timothy A. Ball, Corporation Counsel, Buffalo (David M. Lee of counsel), for respondents.

OPINION OF THE COURT

STEIN, J.

In this appeal, we are asked to determine whether a police officer who is entitled to receive benefits under General Municipal Law § 207–c for a duty-related injury is barred from bringing a claim against his or her employer under General Municipal Law § 205–e. We conclude that, where the municipal employer has elected not to provide coverage pursuant to the Workers' Compensation Law, a police officer who suffers a line-of-duty injury caused by the employer's statutory or regulatory violations may pursue a section 205–e claim.

I.

Respondent City of Buffalo (the City) employed claimant James R. Diegelman as a police officer from 1968 until 1995. On August 9, 2012, he was diagnosed with mesothelioma, a cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. Claimant and his wife, Andrea M. Diegelman (hereinafter claimants), allege that exposure to asbestos occurred during his employment at properties owned by the City and respondent Board of Education, and used by the Police Department. Claimants commenced this proceeding seeking permission to serve a late notice of claim on the City. In

opposition, the City argued, among other things, that leave should be denied on the ground that the claim was patently without merit because General Municipal Law § 207–c provides the exclusive remedy for the alleged work-related injuries.

Supreme Court granted claimants' application for permission to serve a late notice of claim on the City. The City appealed, and the Appellate Division reversed on the law and denied the application (129 A.D.3d 1527, 11 N.Y.S.3d 762 [4th Dept.2015] ). The Appellate Division agreed with the City that the claim was barred by General Municipal Law § 207–c and, thus, held that claimants' application should be denied because "leave to file a late notice of claim is not appropriate for a patently meritless claim" (129 A.D.3d at 1527, 11 N.Y.S.3d 762 [internal quotation marks and citation omitted] ). This Court granted claimants' motion for leave to appeal (26 N.Y.3d 913, 2015 WL 8691713 [2015] ).

II.

This appeal turns on the interplay of General Municipal Law §§ 205–e and 207–c, and the Workers' Compensation Law. "In addition to any other right of action or recovery under any other provision of law," section 205–e permits police officers to bring tort claims for injuries sustained "while in the discharge or performance at any time or place of any duty imposed by ... superior officer[s]" where such injuries occur "directly or indirectly as a result of any neglect, omission, willful or culpable negligence of any person or persons in failing to comply with the requirements of any of the statutes, ordinances, rules, orders and requirements of the federal, state, county, village, town or city governments" (General Municipal Law § 205–e [1 ] ). Separately, section 207–c"provides for the payment of the full amount of regular salary or wages," along with payment for medical treatment and hospital care, "to a police officer or other covered municipal employee who is injured ‘in the performance of his [or her] duties' or is taken ill ‘as a result of the performance of [such] duties' " (Matter of Theroux v. Reilly, 1 N.Y.3d 232, 239, 771 N.Y.S.2d 43, 803 N.E.2d 364 [2003], quoting General Municipal Law § 207–c [1 ] ). The Workers' Compensation Law is, of course, " ‘the State's most general and comprehensive social program, enacted to provide all injured employees with some scheduled compensation and medical expenses, regardless of fault for ordinary and unqualified employment duties' " (Theroux, 1 N.Y.3d at 242, 771 N.Y.S.2d 43, 803 N.E.2d 364, quoting Matter of Balcerak v. County of Nassau, 94 N.Y.2d 253, 259, 701 N.Y.S.2d 700, 723 N.E.2d 555 [1999] ; accord. Auqui v. Seven Thirty One Ltd. Partnership, 22 N.Y.3d 246, 255–256, 980 N.Y.S.2d 345, 3 N.E.3d 682 [2013] ).

It is well settled that workers' compensation benefits are generally the "sole and exclusive remedy of an employee against his [or her] employer for injuries in the course of employment," and that the receipt of such benefits "precludes suits against an employer for injuries in the course of employment" (Weiner v. City of New York, 19 N.Y.3d 852, 854, 947 N.Y.S.2d 404, 970 N.E.2d 427 [2012] ). Thus, the right of action contained in section 205–e is subject to a proviso that "nothing in th[at] section shall be deemed to expand or restrict any right afforded to or limitation imposed upon an employer, an employee or his or her representative by virtue of any provisions of the workers' compensation law" (General Municipal Law § 205–e [1 ] ). In other words, the proviso prohibits "recipients of workers' compensation benefits [from] su[ing] their employers in tort under section 205–[e]" (Weiner, 19 N.Y.3d at 855, 947 N.Y.S.2d 404, 970 N.E.2d 427 ).

Inasmuch as the City of Buffalo, like many other large municipalities, has elected not to provide workers' compensation benefits to its police officers (see generally Matter of Leone v. Oneida County Sheriff's Dept., 80 N.Y.2d 850, 851, 587 N.Y.S.2d 591, 600 N.E.2d 222 [1992] ), claimants argue that the proviso in section 205–e (1) is inapplicable to this action. They maintain that the Appellate Division erred in extending the proviso's bar on suits to cover not just recipients of workers' compensation benefits but, also, recipients of General Municipal Law § 207–c benefits. The City responds that section 207–c"is essentially a super workers' compensation scheme for police officers" and, thus, workers' compensation exclusivity rules should apply to police officers who receive section 207–c benefits, regardless of whether they are entitled to benefits under the Workers' Compensation Law.

Workers' Compensation Law § 30(3) provides that "any salary or wages paid ..., or the cost of any medical treatment or hospital care provided [,] ... under and pursuant to the provisions of section [207–c] shall be credited against any award of [workers'] compensation." As this Court has previously recognized, the purpose of Workers' Compensation Law § 30(3) is to "avoid duplication of benefits" inasmuch as there is some overlap between workers' compensation benefits and section 207–c benefits (Leone, 80 N.Y.2d at 852, 587 N.Y.S.2d 591, 600 N.E.2d 222 ). However, workers' compensation benefits and General Municipal Law § 207–cbenefits are neither equivalent nor "mutually exclusive" such that the payments of benefits under one statute forecloses payment under the other statute (Matter of McKay v. Town of W. Seneca, 51 A.D.2d 373, 378, 381 N.Y.S.2d 892 [3d Dept.1976, Mahoney, J., dissenting], rev'd on dissenting op. of Mahoney, J., 41 N.Y.2d 931, 394 N.Y.S.2d 637, 363 N.E.2d 361 [1977] ; see Leone, 80 N.Y.2d at 851–852, 587 N.Y.S.2d 591, 600 N.E.2d 222 ). Rather, the two statutory compensation systems are independent of each other and, contrary to the City's argument that section 207–c is essentially a super workers' compensation scheme, the Workers' Compensation Law "features a more lenient and more inclusive standard of covered activity than is intended to be covered and compensated in a General Municipal Law § 207–c benefits universe" (Balcerak, 94 N.Y.2d at 261, 701 N.Y.S.2d 700, 723 N.E.2d 555 ).

In enacting the two statutes, "the Legislature chose different eligibility standards

—‘arising out of and in the course of employment’ for workers' compensation benefits; ‘in the performance of his [or her] duties' for section 207–c benefits" (Theroux, 1 N.Y.3d at 242, 771 N.Y.S.2d 43, 803 N.E.2d 364 ). Pursuant to those differing standards, "police ... officers may be eligible for Workers' Compensation benefits as a result of circumstances that might not entitle them to General Municipal Law § 207–c benefits" (Balcerak, 94 N.Y.2d at 260, 701 N.Y.S.2d 700, 723 N.E.2d 555 ). Specifically, "[w]orkers' compensation benefits are intended to be dispensed regardless of fault, for any injury arising out of and in the course of one's employment ... [,] [while] [s]ection 207–c benefits ... are more expansive, but apply to a narrower class of work-related injury, relative to the performance of law enforcement duties" (Auqui, 22 N.Y.3d at 256, 980 N.Y.S.2d 345, 3 N.E.3d 682 ). Moreover, separate bodies are charged with determining entitlement to benefits under the Workers' Compensation Law and General Municipal Law § 207–c, in proceedings involving "significantly distinct" burdens and procedures (id. at 256–257, 980 N.Y.S.2d 345, 3 N.E.3d 682 ; accord. Balcerak, 94 N.Y.2d at 261, 701 N.Y.S.2d 700, 723 N.E.2d 555 ). Indeed, we have repeatedly explained that, because "the issue involving the entitlement to benefits in the General Municipal Law setting is not ... the same one decided in a Workers' Compensation determination" (Balcerak, 94 N.Y.2d at 261, 701 N.Y.S.2d 700, 723 N.E.2d 555 ), a finding by the Workers' Compensation Board that an injury is work-related cannot be given collateral estoppel effect against a municipality that denies an application for section 207–c benefits (see Auqui, 22 N.Y.3d at 256–257, 980 N.Y.S.2d 345, 3 N.E.3d 682 ; Theroux, 1 N.Y.3d at 242, 771 N.Y.S.2d 43, 803 N.E.2d 364 ; Balcerak, 94 N.Y.2d at 256–257, 701 N.Y.S.2d 700, 723 N.E.2d 555 ).

Therefore, we reject the City's argument, also adopted by the dissent, that General Municipal Law § 207–c benefits can be equated to workers' compensation benefits for purposes of interpreting the proviso contained in General Municipal Law § 205–e. The language of section 205–e prohibits only recipients of workers' compensation benefits from commencing suit against their employers; it does not, by its terms, bar the commencement of suits by recipients of section 207–c benefits —which we have repeatedly recognized to be separate and distinct from workers' compensation benefits. In fact, section 205–e states that the right contained therein is "[i]n addition to any other right of action or recovery under any other provision of law" (General Municipal Law § 205–e [1 ] ). If the legislature had intended the proviso in section 205–e to extend to suits by recipients of section 207–c benefits, "it easily could have and surely would have written the statute to say so" (Theroux, 1 N.Y.3d at 240, 771 N.Y.S.2d 43, 803 N.E.2d 364 ). As we recently explained in interpreting section 205–e in Gammons v. City of New York, we "cannot by implication supply in a statute a provision which it is reasonable to suppose the Legislature intended intentionally to omit

because the failure of the Legislature to include a matter within the scope of an act may be construed as an indication that its exclusion was intended" (24 N.Y.3d 562, 570, 2 N.Y.S.3d 45, 25 N.E.3d 958 [2014] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; see McKinney's Cons. Laws of N.Y., Book 1, Statutes § 74). In other words, "[w]e may not create a limitation that the Legislature did not enact" (Theroux, 1 N.Y.3d at 240, 771 N.Y.S.2d 43, 803 N.E.2d 364 ).

III.

Extending the bar on suits by recipients of workers' compensation benefits in General Municipal Law § 205–e to the recipients of section 207–c benefits—as the City and the dissent urge us to do—would not only be inconsistent with the language of section 205–e itself, it would also be contrary to a number of our prior cases acknowledging that the legislature's purpose in enacting section 205–e and subsequently amending it was to "abrogate judicial decisions [of this Court] interpreting" the right provided in " General Municipal Law § 205–e restrictively" (Gammons v. City of New York, 24 N.Y.3d at 568, 2 N.Y.S.3d 45, 25 N.E.3d 958 ; see Williams v. City of New York, 2 N.Y.3d 352, 363–364, 779 N.Y.S.2d 449, 811 N.E.2d 1103 [2004] ; Giuffrida v. Citibank Corp., 100 N.Y.2d 72, 76–79, 760 N.Y.S.2d 397, 790 N.E.2d 772 [2003] ; Gonzalez v. Iocovello, 93 N.Y.2d 539, 548–549, 693 N.Y.S.2d 486, 715 N.E.2d 489 [1999] ; Schiavone v. City of New York, 92 N.Y.2d 308, 313, 680 N.Y.S.2d 445, 703 N.E.2d 256 [1998] ). " General Municipal Law § 205–e was originally enacted in 1989 for the express purpose of ‘mitigat[ing] the effect of the common law "fireman's rule" ’ as applied to police officers" (Schiavone, 92 N.Y.2d at 313, 680 N.Y.S.2d 445, 703 N.E.2d 256, quoting Mem. of State Exec. Dept., L. 1989, ch. 346, 1989 McKinney's Session Laws of N.Y. at 2140). Section 205–e"conferred on police officers the same benefits that section 205–a [had been enacted to] offer[ ] firefighters, namely, a cause of action for line-of-duty injuries caused by statutory or regulatory violations" (Giuffrida, 100 N.Y.2d at 77, 760 N.Y.S.2d 397, 790 N.E.2d 772 ). Because "some courts initially held that section 205–e did not apply retroactively," the statute was first amended in 1990 to " ‘ensure that causes of action not time-barred or finally adjudicated can be brought under the new law’ " (Schiavone, 92 N.Y.2d at 313, 680 N.Y.S.2d 445, 703 N.E.2d 256, quoting Mem. of State Exec. Dept., L. 1990, ch. 762, 1990 McKinney's Session Laws of N.Y. at 2494, 2495). The 1990 amendment also declared the statute to be remedial in nature (see id. ).

In 1992, "the Legislature acted once again, this time in response to court decisions that restricted a police officer's cause of action under General Municipal Law § 205–e to situations where the officer's injuries resulted from ‘violations pertaining to the safe maintenance and control of premises' " (Giuffrida, 100 N.Y.2d at 77, 760 N.Y.S.2d 397, 790 N.E.2d 772, quoting L. 1992, ch. 474, § 1). That amendment clarified "that an officer would have a right of action for injuries sustained ‘in the discharge or performance at any time or place of any duty imposed [by law, etc.]’ " (Schiavone, 92 N.Y.2d at 314, 680 N.Y.S.2d 445, 703 N.E.2d 256 [emphasis omitted], quoting General Municipal Law § 205–e [1 ] ).

The final substantive amendment took place in 1996, again in response to court decisions that interpreted section 205–e restrictively. Specifically, the 1996 amendment added subdivision (3) to section 205–e"to permit liability even in cases where the injury is due to a violation of a codified common-law duty, constitut[ing]

another rejection of a judicial decision holding otherwise" (Gammons, 24 N.Y.3d at 568–569, 2 N.Y.S.3d 45, 25 N.E.3d 958 ; see Gonzalez, 93 N.Y.2d at 549, 693 N.Y.S.2d 486, 715 N.E.2d 489 ). In addition, the 1996 amendment provided that a claim lies under section 205–e even if the violation did not increase the dangers inherent in a police officer's job (see Giuffrida, 100 N.Y.2d at 78, 760 N.Y.S.2d 397, 790 N.E.2d 772 ). That amendment was also accompanied by an express statement of "Legislative intent" indicating that it was

"intended to ensure once and for all that section 205–e of the [G]eneral [M]unicipal [L]aw is applied by the courts in accordance with its original legislative intent to offer an umbrella of protection for police officers, who, in the course of their many and varied duties, are injured by the negligence of anyone who violates any relevant statute, ordinance, code, rule and/or regulation" (L. 1996, ch. 703, § 1).

As we explained in Williams, this "series of amendments to section 205–e teaches us that we should apply this provision ‘expansively’ so as to favor recovery by police officers whenever possible " (2 N.Y.3d at 364, 779 N.Y.S.2d 449, 811 N.E.2d 1103 [emphasis added]; see Gammons, 24 N.Y.3d at 569, 2 N.Y.S.3d 45, 25 N.E.3d 958 ).

Moreover, the same 1996 enactment that amended General Municipal Law § 205–e also created General Obligations Law § 11–106, which "created a distinct right of action for police officers and firefighters injured by the negligence or intentional conduct of any person, except an employer or co-employee " (Gonzalez, 93 N.Y.2d at 549, 693 N.Y.S.2d 486, 715 N.E.2d 489 ), thereby largely abolishing the firefighter's rule (see Giuffrida, 100 N.Y.2d at 78, 760 N.Y.S.2d 397, 790 N.E.2d 772 ), but maintaining the common-law bar on tort claims against employers and co-employees (see Williams, 2 N.Y.3d at 363, 779 N.Y.S.2d 449, 811 N.E.2d 1103 ). This Court has long rejected the position of the dissent that the enactment of General Obligations Law § 11–106 evinced a legislative intent to prohibit tort claims against municipal employers; rather, we recognized shortly after that provision was enacted that the legislative history of the 1996 amendment made clear "that the employer exemption in General Obligations Law § 11–106 should not be incorporated into ‘the unambiguous terms' of General Municipal Law § 205–e" (Gonzalez, 93 N.Y.2d at 549, 693 N.Y.S.2d 486, 715 N.E.2d 489 [emphasis added], quoting Sponsor's Mem. in Support, Bill Jacket, L. 1996, ch. 703 at 8, 1996 N.Y. Legis. Ann. at 529). Subsequently, we explained that "while a police officer can assert a common-law tort claim against the general public, liability against a fellow officer or employer can only be based on the statutory right of action in General Municipal Law § 205–e" (Williams, 2 N.Y.3d at 363, 779 N.Y.S.2d 449, 811 N.E.2d 1103 ). Particularly because a police officer's right to sue his or her employer is now derived solely from section 205–e, adoption of the City's restrictive interpretation of the statute would contravene the well-settled canon of statutory construction that remedial statutes—such as section 205–e (see Schiavone, 92 N.Y.2d at 313, 680 N.Y.S.2d 445, 703 N.E.2d 256 )—"should be construed broadly so as to effectuate their purpose"

(Matter of Scanlan v. Buffalo Pub. School Sys., 90 N.Y.2d 662, 676, 665 N.Y.S.2d 51, 687 N.E.2d 1334 [1997] ).

Finally, the City's construction of the statute is inconsistent with the legislative history of the 1996 amendment, which reveals that the New York State Conference of Mayors and Municipal Officials, as well as the Mayors of New York City and Rochester individually, specifically objected to the bill based upon their recognition that General Municipal Law § 205–e, as amended, would permit police officers to sue their employers despite receiving generous benefits under section 207–c, thereby greatly expanding the liability of cities such as Buffalo that do not provide workers' compensation benefits for their police officers (see Letter from Edward C. Farrell, July 10, 1996, Bill Jacket, L. 1996, ch. 703 at 28–29; Letter from William A. Johnson, Jr., Oct. 8, 1996, Bill Jacket, L. 1996, ch. 703 at 48; Letter from Rudolph W. Giuliani, July 8, 1996, Bill Jacket, L. 1996, ch. 703 at 33). In signing the bill, however, Governor Pataki observed that those municipalities, "by not providing workers' compensation[,] ... have avoided and will continue to avoid substantial costs" (Governor's Approval Mem., Bill Jacket, L. 1996, ch. 703 at 13, 1996 N.Y. Legis. Ann. at 532). In other words, the legislative history demonstrates that the Governor, the legislature and the affected municipalities were aware at the time of the enactment of the 1996 amendment that a municipality that does not provide workers' compensation could be sued by police officers despite their receipt of section 207–c benefits. IV.

In short, we conclude that General Municipal Law § 205–e, when construed "in an unforced and natural manner" (Theroux, 1 N.Y.3d at 240, 771 N.Y.S.2d 43, 803 N.E.2d 364 ), cannot be read to bar suits by recipients of General Municipal Law § 207–c benefits when those police officers are employed by municipalities that have elected not to provide workers' compensation coverage. The contrary interpretation urged by the City and the dissent is inconsistent with the plain words of the statute, as well as the express statement of legislative intent and the legislative history of the statute. The City's interpretation also conflicts with our prior decisions recognizing that the statute should be applied expansively and disregards the distinctions between workers' compensation benefits and section 207–c benefits long recognized by this Court. Claimants' remaining argument is unpreserved.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs, and the matter remitted to that court for consideration of issues raised but not determined on the appeal to that court.

PIGOTT, J. (dissenting).

Section 205–e of the General Municipal Law —the provision under which plaintiff seeks to impose liability against his municipal employer—was passed by the legislature in 1989 (see L. 1989, ch. 346, § 1). That section was enacted, in large part, in response to this Court's decision in Santangelo v. State of New York , 71 N.Y.2d 393, 526 N.Y.S.2d 812, 521 N.E.2d 770 (1988), where we held that on-duty police officers were not entitled to recover for injuries sustained in the line of duty as a result of the negligence of third parties (see Senate Introducer's Mem. in Support, Bill Jacket, L. 1989, ch. 346 at 5, 1989 N.Y. Legis. Ann. at 180; see also Letter from Dean G. Skelos to Executive Chamber, June 30, 1989, Bill Jacket, L. 1989, ch. 346 at 6). The statute provides that, so long as the injured officer could show that the third party failed to comply with the requirements

of any statute, ordinance, rule or order of a government entity, the injured officer could bring a negligence cause of action against the third party.

When enacting section 205–e, the legislature recognized that permitting officers to bring negligence actions against third parties could result in fiscal savings to the municipal employer. Since the injured police officers (living in municipalities with a population of less than one million) were already entitled to receive their salaries and payment of their medical bills and hospital fees pursuant to General Municipal Law § 207–c, the municipality could now file a lien and recoup those costs from the third-party wrongdoer (see Senate Introducer's Mem. in Support, Bill Jacket, L. 1989, ch. 346 at 5, 1989 N.Y. Legis. Ann. at 180).

Nowhere in the legislative history of the enactment of section 205–e did the legislature indicate that it intended for the injured employee to commence a lawsuit against the municipal employer providing section 207–c benefits. Indeed, appellate courts routinely recognized that section 207–c benefits were the injured police officer's exclusive remedy against his or her municipal employer (see e.g. Nieves v. City of Yonkers, 268 A.D.2d 412, 701 N.Y.S.2d 629 [2d Dept.2000] ; Damiani v. City of Buffalo, 198 A.D.2d 814, 603 N.Y.S.2d 1006 [4th Dept.1993] ).

While elected officials expressed a fear during debate concerning the 1996 amendments that section 205–e could be viewed as giving injured officers a viable cause of action against their municipal employer, the legislature made clear that the common-law bar on tort claims against municipal employers remained (see General Obligations Law § 11–106 ), thereby evidencing its continued intention to prohibit such suits. Further, the legislature did not alter the language of section 205–e in any way to indicate a change in the statute's original intent, which was to provide municipal employers paying 207–c benefits a fiscal savings, not subject them to liability. In the more than 25 years since the enactment of 205–e, an injured police officer suing his or her municipal employer has remained anathema.

The majority spends much of its time distinguishing workers' compensation from section 207–c benefits. But that analysis begs the question: Why would an injured officer receiving section 207–c benefits, as opposed to workers' compensation, be entitled to sue his or her employer? Indeed, this Court has recognized that section 207–c benefits are expansive (even more so than workers' compensation benefits). Injured officers receive their full amount of regular salary or wages, and the municipality is "liable for all medical treatment and hospital care necessitated by the injury or illness," which payments "continue

[even] after the employee's retirement, and are bestowed in addition to any retirement allowance or pension" (Matter of Theroux v. Reilly, 1 N.Y.3d 232, 239, 771 N.Y.S.2d 43, 803 N.E.2d 364 [2003] ). The fact that section 207–c provides different benefits than workers' compensation, however, does not authorize an officer to bring a lawsuit against his or her municipal employer. The more expansive benefits available under section 207–c compels just the opposite conclusion.

The legislative history of section 205–e provides no explanation for the distinction the majority attempts to make between workers' compensation and 207–c benefits because there is none. In my view, injured officers are no more entitled to commence an action against their municipal employer pursuant to section 205–e when they are receiving section 207–c benefits than if they were receiving benefits under workers' compensation. Therefore, I dissent.

Chief Judge DiFIORE and Judges RIVERA, ABDUS–SALAAM, FAHEY and GARCIA concur; Judge PIGOTT dissents and votes to affirm in an opinion.

Order reversed, with costs, and matter remitted to the Appellate Division, Fourth Department, for consideration of the facts and issues raised but not determined on the appeal to that court.