EDWARD M. CHEN, United States District Judge

Reuben D. Nathan, Nathan & Associates, APC, Newport Beach, CA, John Glugoski, Matthew Righetti, Michael C. Righetti, Righetti Glugoski, P.C., San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff.

Clint S. Engleson, Timothy Lloyd Johnson, Jonathan Hisataka Liu, Spencer C. Skeen, Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak and Stewart, P.C., San Diego, CA, for Defendant.

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION

Docket No. 17

EDWARD M. CHEN, United States District Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

On August 8, 2018, Plaintiff filed the First Amended Complaint ("FAC"). Docket No. 16 ("FAC"). Defendant filed a Motion to Compel Arbitration on August 30, 2018. Docket No. 17 ("Mot."). Both parties were heard on the matter on October 25, 2018.

II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

This is the second motion to compel arbitration filed in this case. Rather than respond to the first motion to compel arbitration, Plaintiff filed her FAC, raising for the first time a PAGA claim. Compare Compl., with FAC. Plaintiff has since conceded that her PAGA claim is barred by the statute of limitations. Docket No. 18 ("Opp.") at 23–24.

Plaintiff's claims arise under the Federal Labor Standards § 16(b); California Labor Code §§ 226.7(a), 512(a), 226(a), 201 - 203, 221 - 224 et seq. , 2699 ; and California Business and Professions Code § 17200 et seq. FAC. Plaintiff argues that she and other class members are entitled to premium wages for overtime pay based on a regular rate with commission and bonuses. Id. ¶ 9. Plaintiff contends that Defendant denied her, and other class members, minimum wages owed to her and others based on overtime work laws, wages upon discharge, and compensation for meals and rest breaks. Id. Similarly, Plaintiff argues that Defendant failed to keep accurate payroll and wage statements in accordance with California law. Id.

Plaintiff worked as an employee of Defendant from December 2015 to June 2016. Id. ¶ 14. Her role was that of a mortgage specialist in Orange County, California. Id. She contends that in that position she regularly worked over eight hours a day without overtime pay or compensation for rest breaks. Id.

After Plaintiff filed the FAC, Defendant moved to compel arbitration and to dismiss the action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure rules 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(1). Mot. The basis for this motion is an arbitration agreement in Plaintiff's employment contract. Id. at 10.

Plaintiff opposes the motion to compel arbitration on several grounds. She claims that Defendant waived its right to arbitrate. She argues that the actual agreement is not valid because the express language of the agreement required a signature from the Executive Vice President, which was not satisfied. Opp. at 12. Plaintiff also contends that California law rather than Illinois law governs the contract despite a choice of law provision in the contract. Id. at 14–15. Defendant does not address this contention in its papers.

Plaintiff also challenges the arbitration agreement based on unconscionability. She asserts that the arbitration agreement is procedurally unconscionable because it is a contract of adhesion, and because Plaintiff did not receive a copy of the AAA rules which govern the arbitration agreement. Id. at 22–24.

Plaintiff further contends that the arbitration agreement is substantively unconscionable because the agreement requires her to arbitrate the types of claims an employee is most likely to bring while allowing Defendant the option to avoid arbitration for the types of claims that an employer is most likely to bring. Similarly, she takes issue with the conscionability of the choice of law provision as it requires Plaintiff to waive unwaivable claims. Id. at 24–29. Plaintiff also challenges, as unconscionable, a fee shifting provision and the forum selection clause. Id. Finally, Plaintiff asserts that the defects in the arbitration agreement cannot be severed; therefore, if the Court finds that the contract is unconscionable, she claims that the Court cannot apply the agreement's severability clause. Id. at 30–32.

After the hearing, Plaintiff informed the Court that there is a parallel case in Sacramento County Superior Court (Tadena v. Guaranteed Rate, Inc., et al. , Case No. 32-2018-00232323 (Sac. Super. Ct. 2018) ). The Tadena case is a class action with some overlapping claims to those in the present matter.

A. The Contract

The relevant provisions of the arbitration agreement read:

V. YOUR CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS; NON-SOLICITATION

...

(d) Non-Solicitation

...

(i) Employees

During the Restricted Period, you may not, directly or indirectly, hire, solicit, or encourage any Person employed by the Company during the last 12 months of employment with the Company or during the remainder of the Restricted Period to end their employment with the Company and/or join you as a partner, agent, employee, independent contractor or otherwise in a business venture or other business relationship. During the Restricted Period, you may not supervise, manage, or oversee the work of any former employee of the Company, the identity of which you learned during your employment with the Company....

(ii) Vendors ....

VII. MANDATORY ARBITRATION AND WAIVER OF RIGHT TO SUE AND RIGHT TO FILE ANY CLASS OR COLLECTIVE ACTION.

(a) Arbitration

Any and all claims (legal or equitable), demands, disputes, or controversies between you and the Company must be resolved by arbitration in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association then in existence. Such arbitration shall take place in Chicago, Illinois, the applicable law will be the laws of the State of Illinois without regard to the conflicts of law provisions therein and the decision of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on you and the Company. Without limiting the foregoing, the following claims must be resolved by arbitration:

(i) Claims related to your compensation with the Company brought under any federal, state or local statute, law, ordinance, regulation or order or the common law of any state, including without limitation claims relating to your wages, salary increases, bonuses, commissions, overtime pay, vacation pay, or severance pay whether or not such claim is based upon a legally protected right, whether statutory, contractual or common law; and

(ii) Claims brought under any federal, state or local statute, law, ordinance, regulation or order, or the common law of any state, alleging that you were or are being subject to discrimination, retaliation, harassment, or denial of equal employment opportunity based on sex, race, color, religion, national origin, disability, age, marital status, or any other category protected by law; and/or relating to your benefits or working conditions, including without limitation, claims related to leaves of absence, Employee benefit plans, Employee health and safety, and activity protected by federal labor laws.

(b) Waiver of Right to Sue and Right to File any Action as a Class or Collective Action

With respect to any and all claims made by you, there will be no right or authority for any dispute to be brought, heard or arbitrated under this Agreement as a class or collective action, private attorney general, or in a representative capacity on behalf of any Person.

(c) Exclusions

The mandatory arbitration provisions of this agreement do not apply to: (i) any claim by you for workers compensation benefits or unemployment compensation benefits; (ii) any claim for injunctive or equitable relief, including without limitation claims related to unauthorized disclosure

of confidential information, trade secrets or intellectual property; or (iii) any action brought relating to or arising out of any non-solicitation violations.

IX. ATTORNEYS' FEES AND COSTS; INJUNCTIVE RELIEF

The Company may recover from you its attorneys' fees and costs relating to any action to enforce, defend and/or prosecute this Agreement. You acknowledge that a breach of any provision of this Agreement will cause irreparable harm to the Company and that monetary damage will be inadequate and may be difficult or impossible to ascertain. Therefore, in the event of any such breach, or threatened breach, in addition to all other remedies, the Company shall have the right to require you to fulfill your obligations by way of temporary and/or permanent injunctive relief.

X. MISCELLANEOUS

... This agreement will be effective only after it has been fully executed by you and either the Company's President and CEO or the Executive Vice President of Strategy and Integrated Operations....

To the extent a court of competent jurisdiction determines any provision is not enforceable, the parties agree that the court may modify the provision to the minimum extent necessary to make the provision enforceable. Further, any such invalid provision shall not invalidate the remaining provisions, which shall remain in full force and effect.

Docket No. 18-2 ("Plaintiff's Exhibit 1") at 13–15.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard

Arbitration agreements are "valid, irrevocable, and enforceable." 9 U.S.C. § 2. "When considering a party's request, the court is limited to determining (1) whether a valid arbitration agreement exists, and if so (2) whether the arbitration agreement encompasses the dispute at issue." Ambler v. BT Americas Inc. , 964 F.Supp.2d 1169, 1173 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (Davila, J.) (citing 9 U.S.C. §§ 2 – 4 ; Cox v. Ocean View Hotel Corp. , 533 F.3d 1114, 1119 (9th Cir. 2008) ). If there is a valid arbitration agreement and if the agreement encompasses the disputed issue, the court lacks "discretion to deny the motion and must compel arbitration." Id. "By its terms, the [FAA] leaves no place for the exercise of discretion by a district court, but instead mandates that district courts shall direct the parties to proceed to arbitration." Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd , 470 U.S. 213, 218, 105 S.Ct. 1238, 84 L.Ed.2d 158 (1985) (alteration added).

State law principles govern when making determinations regarding the validity of an arbitration agreement. Ambler , 964 F.Supp.2d at 1173–74. The grounds for determining whether an agreement is valid are the same as any contract, meaning fraud, duress, or unconscionability. Id. "[A]ny doubts as to arbitrability must be resolved in favor of coverage and ‘[a]n order to arbitrate the particular grievance should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.’ " Id. (quoting AT & T Tech., Inc. v. Commc'n Workers , 475 U.S. 643, 650, 106 S.Ct. 1415, 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986) ). Plaintiff bears the burden of showing that an arbitration agreement should not be enforced. Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Ala. v. Randolph , 531 U.S. 79, 91, 121 S.Ct. 513, 148 L.Ed.2d 373, (2000).

Neither party questioned whether the Court (as opposed to an arbitrator) may determine arbitrability. B. Waiver of Right to Arbitrate

Plaintiff argues that Defendant has waived its right to arbitrate because in a separate case, a class action overlapping with the present matter in which Plaintiff is also a class member, Defendant has moved to settle the class action rather than seek arbitration. In particular, plaintiff in Tadena v. Guaranteed Rate Inc. raises several claims that overlap with the current matter: failure to indemnify ( Labor Code § 2802 ), wage statement penalties ( Labor Code § 226 ), wage statement penalties ( Labor Code §§ 201 – 203 ), and two derivative claims under Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200, et seq. and ( Labor Code §§ 2698, et seq. ). The proposed settlement agreement in Tadena "would release all of the claims alleged in Tadena " as well as those alleged in this matter. Docket No. 34 ("Plaintiff's Supp. Brief") at 2.

Plaintiff contends that Defendant acted inconsistently with the right to arbitrate "by invoking court proceedings in Tadena in an effort to obtain a binding court judgment which it can then offensively assert against an entire class of similarly situated employees, including Turng." Id. She also argues that Defendant's decision to waive arbitration in Tadena and not inform this Court of the Tadena matter "highlights not only the inconsistency in positions, but also an attempt to manipulate judicial proceedings in bad faith." Id. at 4.

Plaintiff argues that she has been prejudiced because "Defendant has manipulated the judicial process" in failing to inform this Court of the Tadena matter, failing to inform the court in the Tadena matter of these proceedings, and failing to inform Plaintiff and her counsel, of Defendant's "inconsistent actions by including in the Tadena release the claims asserted in the Turng action." Id. It is her view that because the court in Tadena has already given preliminary approval and notices have been sent out, Plaintiff must choose between opting out of the Tadena class and pursuing claims herein, or "abdicating the fiduciary responsibilities she owes to the putative Turng class (by participating in the Tadena settlement -- even if she participates strictly to maintain her right to object) or losing her right to object in Tadena if she opts-out of the Tadena class, thereby letting Tadena wipe out viable claims that have never been alleged in Tadena and which Turng has sworn to protect in Turng ." Id.

"The right to arbitration, like any other contract right, can be waived." United States v. Park Place Assocs., Ltd. , 563 F.3d 907, 921 (9th Cir. 2009). "[W]aiver is not favored and the facts must be viewed in light of the strong federal policy supporting international arbitration agreements." Shinto Shipping Co. v. Fibrex & Shipping Co. , 572 F.2d 1328, 1330 (9th Cir. 1978) (citing Carcich v. Rederi A/B Nordie , 389 F.2d 692, 696 (2d Cir. 1968) ). "Because waiver of the right to arbitration is disfavored, ‘any party arguing waiver of arbitration bears a heavy burden of proof.’ " Fisher v. A.G. Becker Paribas Inc. , 791 F.2d 691, 694 (9th Cir. 1986) (quoting Belke v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith , 693 F.2d 1023, 1025 (11th Cir. 1982) ). "To demonstrate waiver of the right to arbitrate, a party must show: ‘(1) knowledge of an existing right to compel arbitration; (2) acts inconsistent with that existing right; and (3) prejudice to the party opposing arbitration resulting from such inconsistent acts.’ " Park Place Assocs., Ltd. , 563 F.3d at 921 (quoting Fisher , 791 F.2d at 694 ); see Aviation Data, Inc. v. Am. Express Travel Related Servs. Co. , 152 Cal. App. 4th 1522, 1537, 62 Cal.Rptr.3d 396 (2007) ("The California rule on such a litigation waiver is in accord" with the federal rule.). "[T]his court must be convinced not only that the appellee acted inconsistently with that arbitration right, but that the appellant was prejudiced by this action before we can find a waiver." Shinto Shipping Co. , 572 F.2d at 1330 (citing Erving v. Virginia Squires Basketball Club , 468 F.2d 1064, 1068 (2d Cir. 1972) ).

Defendant does not argue that it did not know it could arbitrate.

1. Inconsistent Actions

"There is no concrete test to determine whether a party has engaged in acts that are inconsistent with its right to arbitrate." Martin v. Yasuda , 829 F.3d 1118, 1125 (9th Cir. 2016). The Ninth Circuit has "stated, however, that a party's extended silence and delay in moving for arbitration may indicate a ‘conscious decision to continue to seek judicial judgment on the merits of [the] arbitrable claims,’ which would be inconsistent with a right to arbitrate." Id. (quoting Van Ness Townhouses v. Mar Indus. Corp. , 862 F.2d 754, 759 (9th Cir. 1988) ) (alteration in original). The Ninth Circuit has found "this element satisfied when a party chooses to delay his right to compel arbitration by actively litigating his case to take advantage of being in federal court." Yasuda , 829 F.3d at 1125.

Plaintiff cites to one case to support her contention that Defendant has acted inconsistently with the right to arbitrate, St. Mary's Medical Center of Evansville, Inc. v. Disco Alumni Products Co., Inc. She cites this out of circuit case for the proposition that: "Submitting a case to the district court for decision is not consistent with a desire to arbitrate." St. Mary's Med. Ctr. of Evansville, Inc. v. Disco Aluminum Prod. Co. , 969 F.2d 585, 589 (7th Cir. 1992). Disco dealt with a defendant filing a motion to dismiss or for summary judgment and after losing that motion, filed a motion to compel arbitration. Id. at 587. Defendant in Disco acted inconsistently with the right to arbitrate in the same case. However, Disco did not involve a party asserting waiver of the right to arbitrate based on a party's actions in a separate case involving other parties.

Plaintiff fails to point the Court to any cases in which allegedly inconsistent conduct in a separate case involving a different party can waive the right to arbitrate. See Lemus v. CMH Homes, Inc. , 798 F.Supp.2d 853, 859 (S.D. Tex. 2011) (noting Plaintiff's "unsuccessful argument for waiver based on Defendants' decision to litigate rather than arbitrate in a different case involving different parties."); Bischoff v. DirecTV, Inc. , 180 F.Supp.2d 1097, 1113 (C.D. Cal. 2002) ("[T]o hold that defendant can no longer assert its right to compel arbitration simply because it did not assert that right in another case is absurd. A finding that DirecTV has waived its right to arbitrate in this case because it agreed to a settlement in the Brauer case would amount to a rule that a party to millions of arbitration agreements has no choice but to arbitrate all claims arising from those agreements if even a single settlement has occurred in a case."). Moreover, in Tadena , Defendants reserved right to arbitrate stating that "[i]n the event that the [California state court] does not approve [the] Settlement Agreement, Tadena and Class Counsel agree to not oppose GRI's request to arbitrate the Action on an individual basis...." Docket 34-2 ("Plaintiff's Exhibit 1") at 39. Cf. Livingston v. Assocs. Fin., Inc. , 339 F.3d 553, 559 n.4 (7th Cir. 2003) (Even if parties did not waive issue, judicial estoppel does not apply where Associates argued for arbitration and class certification in one case and agreed to litigate a class action with arguably similar claims in another case with different parties because, among other things, they did not offer "any evidence that Associates argued in favor of litigation (and against arbitration) in that lawsuit."). Thus, its position in Tadena was not necessarily inconsistent with the position here.

2. Prejudice

Even if waiver could be asserted based on inconsistent actions in a different case, Plaintiff fails to show prejudice necessary to establish waiver. To establish prejudice, Plaintiff "must show that, as a result of the defendants having delayed seeking arbitration , they have incurred costs that they would not otherwise have incurred, that they would be forced to relitigate an issue on the merits on which they have already prevailed in court, or that the defendants have received an advantage from litigating in federal court that they would not have received in arbitration[.]" Yasuda , 829 F.3d at 1126–27 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). On the other hand, prejudice does not "include costs incurred in preparing the complaint, serving notice, or engaging in limited litigation regarding issues directly related to the complaint's filing, such as jurisdiction or venue." Id. at 1126. Plaintiff must instead establish that "as a result of the defendants having delayed seeking arbitration, they have incurred costs that they would not otherwise have incurred." Id. Plaintiff has not shown any prejudice flowing from Defendant's conduct in Tadena.

Plaintiff contends that she has been prejudiced in three ways: (1) "Defendant has sought to invoke court proceedings in Tadena in an attempt to obtain class wide court judgment to block not only all the claims in Tadena but also substantial additional claims alleged in Turng "; (2) "Defendant has manipulated the judicial process by failing to inform this Court ... in the Turng matter, and Turng and her counsel of its inconsistent actions by including in the Tadena release the claims asserted in the Turng action"; and (3) "as a proposed class representative in the Turng case, she has a fiduciary duty to protect the class she seeks to represent" but she is presented with the option of "opting out or participating in the Tadena class action." Plaintiff's Supp. Brief at 4 (emphasis in original).

Plaintiff's first argument goes to the scope of the class settlement before a different court and is not appropriate for this Court to resolve. As to the third argument, the fact that Plaintiff may be deprived of the opportunity to represent the class in this case because of the settlement in Tadena , that is a result of the Tadena case generally, not GRI's invocation of arbitration in this case.

With respect to Plaintiff's bad faith argument, she does not explain how the failure to inform the court of Defendant's inconsistent actions prejudiced her. Instances in which a party uses a delay in seeking arbitration to its advantage would show prejudice to a party; however, Plaintiff has not shown that Defendant has received an advantage in this case. See Christensen v. Dewor Developments , 33 Cal. 3d 778, 783–84, 191 Cal.Rptr. 8, 661 P.2d 1088 (1983). Furthermore, while there has been a delay in informing the Court of Tadena , Plaintiff has not suffered any burden as she has been fully heard on the waiver issue.

Moreover, Defendant has not delayed seeking arbitration in this matter. The three cases Plaintiff cites do not support a claim of prejudice resulting from a delay in seeking arbitration in other litigation. All involve delay within the same case. Cf. Yasuda , 829 F.3d at 1127–28 (finding prejudice "because the defendants failed to move for arbitration for seventeen months, the plaintiffs expended considerable money and effort in federal litigation, including conferring with opposing counsel regarding how to conduct the case on the merits, analyzing how to approach discovery and class certification, and contesting the defendants' motion to dismiss on the merits.... even if the parties exchanged the same information in court as they would have in arbitration, the process of doing so in federal court likely cost far more than determining the answer to the same question in arbitration"); Plows v. Rockwell Collins, Inc. , 812 F.Supp.2d 1063, 1068 (C.D. Cal. 2011) (Carter, J.) (finding plaintiff "would suffer prejudice if Defendant's delayed motion for arbitration was granted" because plaintiff "has responded to discovery requests that exceeded the scope of his arbitration agreement" and defendant waited over a year to move for arbitration); Dewor Developments , 33 Cal. 3d at 784, 191 Cal.Rptr. 8, 661 P.2d 1088 (finding prejudice because "[i]n addition to the fact that defendants incurred nearly $ 300 in court costs and over $ 2,000 in attorney's fees, the lengthy nature of the delays associated with plaintiffs' abortive attempt at litigation has, we are told, resulted in faded memories and lost records by subcontractors"). Ultimately, Plaintiff does not explain how the failure of Defendant to seek arbitration in Tadena prejudiced her opposition to arbitration in this case.

C. Valid Signature

Plaintiff challenges the existence of a contract containing the arbitration clause on the grounds that (1) the copy of the contract with the arbitration agreement she provided to the court does not include any signature from a representative of Defendant, and (2) Defendant's copy of the agreement has a signature from Nikolaos Anthansiou "who, at the time of signing, held neither the CEO position nor the Executive Vice President of Strategy and Integrated Operation position", which the agreement explicitly required. Opp. at 3. The employment contract does states that in order for the contract to be effective, it must have the signature of the CEO/President or the Executive Vice President of Strategy and Integrated Operations. Plaintiff's Exhibit 1 at 15.

Defendant contends that even though Mr. Anthansiou held the new title of Chief Operations Officer when he signed the contract, he was never divested of his previous role as Executive Vice President. Docket No. 19 ("Reply") at 6–7. Thus, despite Mr. Anthansiou's new title, he still had the authority to sign the employment contract. Id. Plaintiff has presented no evidence to the contrary. Hence, the Court finds Mr. Anthansiou had authority to sign under the terms of the Agreement.

As to Plaintiff's assertion the contract was not signed at all, Defendant has produced a signed copy. Plaintiff has not produced any persuasive evidence to cast doubt on the authenticity of that document. Plaintiff's copy of an unsigned copy does not negate the existence of a signed copy. Plaintiff produced no evidence of, e.g. , fraud.

In any event, California Civil Code section 3388 states "[a] party who has signed a written contract may be compelled specifically to perform it, though the other party has not signed it, if the latter has performed, or offers to perform it on his part, and the case is otherwise proper for enforcing specific performance." Cal. Civ. Code § 3388 (West).

Just as with any written agreement signed by one party, an arbitration agreement can be specifically enforced against the signing party regardless of whether the party seeking enforcement has also signed, provided that the party seeking enforcement has performed or offered to do so. [In this case, the party seeking to avoid arbitration] does not, and cannot, dispute that [the party seeking to enforce the arbitration agreement] has at all times performed all the duties required of it under the arbitration agreement. In this case, [the party seeking to enforce the arbitration agreement] has carried its burden in proving the arbitration agreement is a mutually binding agreement.

Serafin v. Balco Properties Ltd. , LLC , 235 Cal. App. 4th 165, 177, 185 Cal.Rptr.3d 151 (2015). Similarly, in Ambler v. BT Americas Inc. , a court found that plaintiff was bound by a contract where plaintiff signed the contract, but defendant did not; defendant had nevertheless accepted plaintiff's work for many years. Ambler , 964 F.Supp.2d at 1174. The court reasoned that if defendant attempted to invalidate the contract based on its lack of signature, defendant would have been estopped from doing so. Id. Therefore, the obligation was mutual: plaintiff could not get out of the contract because of the absence of defendant's signature. Id.

Here, Plaintiff does not argue that she and the Company did not perform under the contract. Thus, California Civil Code section 3388 which has been applied in the context of an employment arbitration agreement, governs even if Mr. Anthansiou had not signed. Serafin , 235 Cal. App. 4th at 177, 185 Cal.Rptr.3d 151.

Accordingly, an enforceable contract exists.

D. Choice of Law

Plaintiff challenges the choice of law provision both as it is applied in this case and facially as unconscionable. As applied here, she contends that California law governs this matter despite the existence of a choice of law provision in the contract requiring Illinois law to apply. Opp. at 14–21.

"As a threshold matter" when deciding whether a choice of law provision applies, "a court must determine whether the chosen state has a substantial relationship to the parties or their transaction, or ... whether there is any other reasonable basis for the parties' choice of law." Ruiz v. Affinity Logistics Corp. , 667 F.3d 1318, 1323 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). If there is a substantial relationship, the court must evaluate if "the chosen state's law is contrary to a fundamental policy of California." Ulbrich v. Overstock.Com, Inc. , 887 F.Supp.2d 924, 930 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (Gonzalez Rogers, J.) (citing Peleg v. Neiman Marcus Group, Inc. , 204 Cal. App. 4th 1425, 1446, 140 Cal.Rptr.3d 38 (2012) ). Finally, should the court find "a conflict between the laws, the court must then determine whether the chosen state has a materially greater interest than California." Id. "If California has a materially greater interest than the chosen state, the choice of law shall not be enforced, for the obvious reason that in such circumstances [California courts] will decline to enforce a law contrary to [California's] fundamental policy." Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court , 3 Cal.4th 459, 466, 11 Cal.Rptr.2d 330, 834 P.2d 1148 (1992) (alteration added).

Defendant makes no attempt to show that Illinois law, rather than California law, should govern. Plaintiff contends that Illinois labor code is contrary to a fundamental California policy (meaning the labor code provisions at issue here); therefore, this Court must apply California law. Opp. at 18–19. Defendant does not provide a challenge to Plaintiff's assertion that California law applies, but instead argues that the arbitration agreement applies under Illinois or California law.

As Defendant does not challenge Plaintiff's assertion that California substantive law should apply here, the Court will apply California law.

E. Unconscionability

Arbitration clauses can be invalidated based "upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract" such as unconscionability. 9 U.S.C. § 2. Under California law, for a party to claim a contract is unconscionable, it must show that it is both procedurally and substantively unconscionable. Dalton v. J. Mann Inc. , No. 16-CV-03409-EMC, 2016 WL 5909710, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 11, 2016). "A sliding scale is applied so that the more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required to come to the conclusion that the term is unenforceable, and vice versa." Serafin, LLC , 235 Cal. App. 4th at 178, 185 Cal.Rptr.3d 151. A court when evaluating procedural aspects of unconscionability focuses on oppression or surprise that results from unequal bargaining power, and while determining substantive unconscionability a court is more concerned with overly harsh or one-sided results. Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v. Moreno , 57 Cal. 4th 1109, 1133, 163 Cal.Rptr.3d 269, 311 P.3d 184 (2013).

1. Procedural Unconscionability

Procedural unconscionability refers to unequal bargaining power resulting from no real negotiation and the absence of a meaningful choice. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Superior Court , 211 Cal. App. 3d 758, 767–68, 259 Cal.Rptr. 789 (Ct. App. 1989), reh'g denied and opinion modified (July 21, 1989).

a. Defendant's Failure to Provide AAA Rules

Plaintiff argues that because Defendant did not provide Plaintiff with a copy of the AAA rules, nor was she told where to find a copy of the rules, the arbitration agreement is procedurally unconscionable. Opp. at 23. A failure to provide AAA rules that govern an arbitration agreement can sometimes amount to procedural unconscionability where the challenge to conscionability "concerned some element of the AAA rules of which she had been unaware when she signed the arbitration agreement." Baltazar v. Forever 21, Inc. , 62 Cal. 4th 1237, 1246, 200 Cal.Rptr.3d 7, 367 P.3d 6 (2016).

Courts have also found that when AAA rules are incorporated by reference, courts may "more closely scrutinize the substantive unconscionability of terms appearing only in the [AAA] rules"; however, incorporation alone does not amount to oppression. Poublon v. C.H. Robinson Co. , 846 F.3d 1251, 1262 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Baltazar , 62 Cal. 4th at 1246, 200 Cal.Rptr.3d 7, 367 P.3d 6 ) (alteration added).

In the case at bar, Plaintiff does not contend that any aspect of the AAA rules surprised her, nor does she challenge any AAA rule. Moreover, the AAA rules referenced in the arbitration agreement are readily available to the public. Ulbrich , 887 F.Supp.2d at 932–33 (recognizing that "[u]nder general California rules of contract interpretation, matters like the AAA rules can be incorporated into a contract by reference provided the incorporation is clear and the incorporated rules are readily available"). Hence, the failure to provide Plaintiff with a copy of the AAA rules does not amount to any procedural unconscionability.

b. Contract of Adhesion

Plaintiff challenges the arbitration agreement as unconscionable as it was a contract of adhesion. Opp. at 22–24. Here, the contract does appear to be "a standardized contract that is imposed and drafted by the party of superior bargaining strength and relegates to the other party only the opportunity to adhere to the contract or reject it." Dalton. , No. 16-CV-03409-EMC, 2016 WL 5909710, at *3 (quoting Higgins v. Superior Court , 140 Cal. App. 4th 1238, 1248, 45 Cal.Rptr.3d 293 (2006) ). As here, Dalton involved an employment contract. "California courts have held that oppression may be established by showing the contract was one of adhesion or by showing from the ‘totality of the circumstances surrounding the negotiation and formation of the contract’ that it was oppressive." Poublon , 846 F.3d at 1260 (citing Grand Prospect Partners, L.P. v. Ross Dress for Less, Inc. , 232 Cal. App. 4th 1332, 1348, 182 Cal.Rptr.3d 235, as modified on denial of reh'g (Feb. 9, 2015) ).

In this case, there was no right to opt out of arbitration. Docket No. 18-2 ("Turng Decl.") at 2. In Plaintiff's declaration she indicated that she was not given an "opportunity to negotiate any of the terms in the Compensation Agreement" and she was instructed by a person in the Human Resources department at GRI "to immediately sign the documents" if she hoped to be employed by GRI or she "would forego [the] employment opportunity." Id.

Defendant does not dispute that the agreement was a contract of adhesion. Instead, it argues that Plaintiff has not shown that she did not have meaningful alternatives for employment. It cites Dean Witter Reynolds v. Superior Court for the proposition that Plaintiff must show a lack of meaningful alternatives in order to establish procedural unconscionability. Id. However, Dean Witter involved opening an IRA with a bank; it did not involve an employment contract. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. , 211 Cal. App. 3d at 761, 259 Cal.Rptr. 789. The plaintiff in Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. could not show a lack of meaningful choice because there were many banking institutions that he could have used. Id. at 764, 259 Cal.Rptr. 789.

Under California law, access to employment is treated differently. In Armendariz v. Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc ., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 115, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669 (2000), the California Supreme Court recognized that "few employees are in a position to refuse a job because of an arbitration requirement," and thus an employment contract of adhesion is procedurally unconscionable.

Defendant contends that "[u]nder Concepcion , Iskanian , and Sonic II , the unconscionability doctrine established in Armendariz , 24 Cal. 4th at 114-15, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669 provides no valid basis for refusing to enforce an arbitration agreement." Mot. at 8. It argues that " Armendariz developed rules not generally applicable to all contracts, but instead only apply to employment arbitration agreements." Id. Defendant characterizes Armendariz as the court dispensing with "the requirement the complaining party lack a meaningful choice, and replaced it with a presumption employees had no meaningful alternatives to sign a preemployment arbitration contract." Reply at 4 (citing Armendariz , 24 Cal. 4th at 115, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669 ).

It is true that Armendariz found that "[g]iven the lack of choice and the potential disadvantages that even a fair arbitration system can harbor for employees, we must be particularly attuned to claims that employers with superior bargaining power have imposed one-sided, substantively unconscionable terms as part of an arbitration agreement." Armendariz , 24 Cal. 4th at 115, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669. This language is arguably in tension with the proposition that a court "may not ‘rely on the uniqueness of an agreement to arbitrate as a basis for a state-law holding that enforcement would be unconscionable, for this would enable the court to effect what ... the state legislature cannot.’ " AT & T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion , 563 U.S. 333, 341, 131 S.Ct. 1740, 179 L.Ed.2d 742 (2011) (quoting Perry v. Thomas , 482 U.S. 483, 493, 107 S.Ct. 2520, 96 L.Ed.2d 426 (1987) ). But the broader reading of Armendariz concerns the imposition of any one-sided unconscionable terms in an employment contract. Armendariz 's recognition of differential bargaining power between employers and employees is not unique to an agreement to arbitrate. The proposition that adhesive contracts in the employment context generally entails some degree of procedural unconscionability still obtains in both the California Supreme Court and the Ninth Circuit subsequent to Concepcion . See Poublon , 846 F.3d at 1260 ; Ramos v. Superior Court of San Francisco Cty. , 28 Cal. App. 5th 1042, 239 Cal.Rptr.3d 679 (Cal. Ct. App. 2018) (citing McGill v. Citibank, N.A. , 2 Cal.5th 945, 962–963, 216 Cal.Rptr.3d 627, 393 P.3d 85 (2017) ; Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., LLC , 61 Cal.4th 899, 910, 190 Cal.Rptr.3d 812, 353 P.3d 741 (2015) ; Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. , 57 Cal.4th at 1169, 163 Cal.Rptr.3d 269, 311 P.3d 184 for the proposition that "[s]ince Concepcion was decided, the California Supreme Court has reaffirmed the validity of Armendariz multiple times").

Employment cases cited by Defendant do not hold to the contrary. The courts in those cases found some, albeit a very low amount of, procedural unconscionability. See Serpa v. California Sur. Investigations, Inc. , 215 Cal. App. 4th 695, 704, 155 Cal.Rptr.3d 506 (2013), as modified (Apr. 19, 2013), as modified (Apr. 26, 2013) ("It is well settled that adhesion contracts in the employment context, that is, those contracts offered to employees on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, typically contain some aspects of procedural unconscionability."); Ortiz v. Volt Mgmt. Corp , No. 16-CV-07096-YGR, 2017 WL 1957072, at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 11, 2017) (Gonzalez Rogers, J.) (recognizing that adhesive contracts in the employment context contain some degree of procedural unconscionability); Grabowski v. Robinson , 817 F.Supp.2d 1159, 1172–73 (S.D. Cal. 2011) (Hayes, J.) (holding that in light of the Supreme Court's decision, Concepcion , it did "not find that the adhesive nature of the agreement weighs strongly in favor of procedural unconscionability", but nevertheless finding "that the arbitration agreement contains elements of procedural unconscionability, although the evidence of procedural unconscionability is not strong, in light of Concepcion ").

Although there is some procedural unconscionability here, "[w]here there is no other indication of oppression or surprise, the degree of procedural unconscionability of an adhesion agreement is low, and the agreement will be enforceable unless the degree of substantive unconscionability is high." Ajamian v. CantorCO2e, L.P. , 203 Cal. App. 4th 771, 137 Cal.Rptr.3d 773 (2012). Plaintiff in the instant case needs to show a high degree of substantive unconscionability to invalidate the arbitration provision.

2. Substantive Unconscionability

Substantive unconscionability exists where the contract is overly harsh or is unduly one-sided results. Moreno , 57 Cal. 4th at 1133, 163 Cal.Rptr.3d 269, 311 P.3d 184. Plaintiff argues that the arbitration agreement is substantively unconscionable because it lacks mutuality, requires Plaintiff to waive unwaivable claims, requires employees to bear a part of the cost of arbitration which is not allowed under California law, and requires Plaintiff to apply Illinois law and arbitrate in Chicago, Illinois.

a. Mutuality

The California Supreme Court found in Armendariz that given the basic and substantial nature of the rights at issue in requiring arbitration, the unilateral obligation to arbitrate may be so unfairly one-sided as to warrant a finding of substantive unconscionability. Armendariz , Inc., 24 Cal. 4th at 117, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669. The Armendariz Court found that "it is unfairly one-sided for an employer with superior bargaining power to impose arbitration on the employee as plaintiff but not to accept such limitations when it seeks to prosecute a claim against the employee, without at least some reasonable justification for such one-sidedness based on ‘business realities.’ " Armendariz , 24 Cal. 4th at 117, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669. The phrase "business realities" refers to legitimate commercial need. Id. "But an arbitration agreement imposed in an adhesive context lacks basic fairness and mutuality if it requires one contracting party, but not the other, to arbitrate all claims arising out of the same transaction or occurrence or series of transactions or occurrences." Id. at 120, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669 (finding unconscionability in part because "[a]n employee terminated for stealing trade secrets, for example, must arbitrate his or her wrongful termination claim under the agreement while the employer has no corresponding obligation to arbitrate its trade secrets claim against the employee"). Further, for a Defendant to employ the "business realities" justifying a one-sided arbitration agreement, those " ‘business realities’ creating the special, need must be explained in the terms of the contract or factually established." Fitz , 118 Cal. App. 4th at 723, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 88 (citing Armendariz , 24 Cal. 4th at 117, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669, quoting Stirlen , 51 Cal. App. 4th at 1536, 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 138 ).

As the Ninth Circuit noted in Tompkins v. 23andMe , 840 F.3d 1016, 1030 (9th Cir. 2016), the California Supreme Court has clarified the scope of Armendariz , making clear that no assumption can be made that arbitration is an inferior forum to courts. See also Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. , 57 Cal. 4th at 1125, 163 Cal.Rptr.3d 269, 311 P.3d 184 ("Although a court may not refuse to enforce an arbitration agreement imposed on an employee as a condition of employment simply because it requires the employee to bypass a Berman hearing, such an agreement may be unconscionable if it is otherwise unreasonably one-sided in favor of the employer."). Tompkins also pointed to California cases holding that a one-sided contract is not necessarily unconscionable. Tompkins , 840 F.3d at 1031 (citing Baltazar , 62 Cal. 4th at 1250, 200 Cal.Rptr.3d 7, 367 P.3d 6 ). For instance, Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., LLC , 61 Cal.4th 899, 190 Cal.Rptr.3d 812, 353 P.3d 741 (2015) held that a one-sided provision which provided for additional review of arbitral grants of injunctive relief benefitting sellers of cars was not unconscionable because "the extra margin of safety" provided was justified given the broad impact injunctive relief would have on the car sellers' business. Id. at 917, 190 Cal.Rptr.3d 812, 353 P.3d 741. In Baltazar , the court upheld a provision excepting preliminary injunctive relief likely to be used by employers, not employees, because that provision reiterated rights already existent under California Code of Civil Procedure § 1281.8. Baltazar , Inc ., 62 Cal. 4th at 1247–48, 200 Cal.Rptr.3d 7, 367 P.3d 6.

On the other hand, one-sided rights substantially benefitting one party over the other has been held in some circumstances to be unconscionable. For instance, in Farrar the court found unconscionable the agreement contained a "wholesale exception" to arbitration which exempted "any claim based on or related to the and Assignment of Inventions & Confidentiality Agreement between you and Direct Commerce," Farrar v. Direct Commerce, Inc. , 9 Cal. App. 5th 1257, 1273, 215 Cal.Rptr.3d 785 (Ct. App. 2017), review denied (June 14, 2017). The exception for "any claim" extended beyond the provisional judicial remedies exempted from arbitration in Baltazar ; the broad exception for all injunctions in Farrar was therefore distinguishable from the limited exception in Baltazar. Other courts have similarly found that provisions which carve out from arbitration claims for permanent (not just preliminary) injunctive relief are substantively unsconscionable. Carbajal v. CWPSC, Inc. , 245 Cal. App. 4th 227, 250, 199 Cal.Rptr.3d 332 (2016) ; see also Martin v. Ricoh Americas Corp. , No. C-08-4853 EMC, 2009 WL 1578716, at *4 (N.D. Cal. June 4, 2009) (citing cases).

In the case at bar, exemptions from arbitration are provided in section (c) Part VII of the Agreement:

The mandatory arbitration provisions of this agreement do not apply to: (i) any claim by you for workers compensation benefits or unemployment compensation benefits; (ii) any claim for injunctive or equitable relief, including without limitation claims related to unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, trade secrets or intellectual property; or (iii) any action brought relating to or arising out of any non-solicitation violations .

Id. at 14 (emphasis added).

As in Farrar , Part VII(c) carves out a wholesale exemption of claims for injunctive or equitable relief (beyond provisional relief) likely to benefit employers (who may seek, e.g. , to enforce confidentiality requirements set forth in Section V of the agreement) more than employees. The one-sided nature is heightened by Section VII(c)(iii) which allows employers to sue in court for damages as well as injunctive relief for non-solicitation violations – obligations imposed only on employees and not the company. The holding in Farrar that such one-sided "wholesale exceptions" are unconscionable is consistent with prior case law which scrutinize the practical impact of such provisions.

In Fitz v. NCR Corp. , 118 Cal. App. 4th 702, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 88 (2004), the court held an agreement can be unfairly one-sided if claims more likely to be brought by the weaker party are forced into arbitration, while claims likely to be brought by the party with greater bargaining power are not required to be arbitrated. See Fitz , 118 Cal. App. 4th at 724, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 88 (explaining that courts have found a lack of mutuality where "an employee terminated for stealing trade secrets would have to arbitrate his wrongful termination claim but the employer could avoid arbitration by simply requesting injunctive or declaratory relief"). Fitz held that the arbitration agreement "is unfairly one-sided because it compels arbitration of the claims more likely to be brought by Fitz, the weaker party, but exempts from arbitration the types of claims that are more likely to be brought by NCR, the stronger party." Id. Other courts are in accord. See Lara v. Onsite Health, Inc. , 896 F.Supp.2d 831, 844 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (James, J.) ("Accordingly, because the Arbitration Agreement allows the parties access to the courts only for injunctive relief, and this form of relief favors employers, the Court finds that this provision is substantively unconscionable."); Colvin v. NASDAQ OMX Grp., Inc. , No. 15-CV-02078-EMC, 2015 WL 6735292, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 4, 2015) (finding an arbitration provision unconscionable where the exception "creates a lack of mutuality wherein the Defendant can force employee claims to arbitration while reserving the judicial forum for claims that Defendant is more likely to bring against its employees."); Bermudez v. PrimeLending , No. LACV1200987JAKEX, 2012 WL 12893080, at *13 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 14, 2012) (finding that a provision providing for an exception that is "not limited to injunctive relief" unconscionable).

Defendant attempts to provide a "business reality" justification for the carve outs. It contends that "GRI has legitimate interests in protecting its intellectual property, trade secrets, and other confidential elements of their business." Reply at 8 n.4. But Defendant fails sufficiently to articulate a business reality justification. The arbitration agreement in a conclusory manner identifies a purported justification for breach of the non-solicitation clause stating that a breach will cause immediate irreparable injury. No other explanation is provided. And the agreement does not identify a business justification for injunctive relief not involving solicitation. Nor has Defendant factually established any such broader justification.

Accordingly, the non-mutuality of Part VII(c)(ii) and (iii) are substantively unconscionable.

b. Fee Shifting Provision

Plaintiff challenges as unconscionable a fee shifting provision because it subverts language in the Labor Code related to a requirement that an employer show bad faith on the part of a plaintiff to receive attorneys' fees. Defendant argues that the fee shifting provision does not even apply. The provision reads:

The Company may recover from you its attorneys' fees and costs relating to any action to enforce, defend, and/or prosecute this Agreement. You acknowledge that a breach of any provision of this Agreement will cause irreparable harm to the Company and that monetary damages will be inadequate and may be difficult or impossible to ascertain. Therefore, in the event of any such breach, or threatened breach, in addition to all other remedies, the Company shall have the right to require you to fulfill your obligations by way of temporary and/or permanent injunctive relief.

Plaintiff's Exhibit 1 at 14. Defendant contends that the claims raised here arise under the Labor Code and are not claims to "enforce, defend, and/or prosecute" the Agreement. In the hearing held on October 26, 2018, Defendant conceded that it would not be able to seek attorneys' fees in the present dispute.

It is true that Plaintiff does not claim breach of contract; rather Plaintiff's claims arise from the Labor Code. While an argument could be made that the present dispute (at least the motion at bar) involves "enforcing" the arbitration agreement, no party has so contended, and the Court must interpret the ambiguous language above in a manner that renders the contract lawful and enforceable. Ajamian , 203 Cal. App. 4th at 801, 137 Cal.Rptr.3d 773 ("As a general proposition (where the clear and unmistakable test does not apply), we agree that ambiguous terms should be construed, where reasonable, in favor of arbitration."); Pearson Dental Supplies, Inc. v. Superior Court , 48 Cal. 4th 665, 682, 108 Cal.Rptr.3d 171, 229 P.3d 83 (2010) ("When an arbitration provision is ambiguous, we will interpret that provision, if reasonable, in a manner that renders it lawful, both because of our public policy in favor of arbitration as a speedy and relatively inexpensive means of dispute resolution, and because of the general principle that we interpret a contractual provision in a manner that renders it enforceable rather than void.").

A reasonable interpretation of the language above is that the fee shifting provision does not apply to this matter as the cause of action arises under the Labor Code not a dispute over the contract itself. Therefore, Defendant's concession that it cannot seek fees herein is consistent with the Agreement and the Agreement will be so interpreted. The provision is not unconscionable.

c. Choice of Law

Plaintiff challenges the choice of law provision in the arbitration agreement as, not only inapplicable in this matter, but also as unconscionable. Opp. at 17–20. The provision states that "[s]uch arbitration shall take place in Chicago, Illinois, the applicable law will be the laws of the State of Illinois without regard to the conflicts of law provisions therein and the decision of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on you and the Company." Plaintiff's Exhibit 1 at 14.

Despite Defendant's failure to argue that Illinois law applies, the Court must still evaluate whether the choice of law provision would be substantively unconscionable at the time it went into effect. "[U]nconscionability is evaluated at the time the contract went into effect and not how it may be applied in the future." Loewen v. Lyft, Inc. , 129 F.Supp.3d 945, 960 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (Laporte, J.). Plaintiff argues that the choice of law provision applicable here would prevent her from bringing certain California state law claims that do not have an Illinois law counterpart. Opp. at 17–18. For this reason, she contends that the choice of law provision requires her waive certain "unwaivable" claims. Id.

Defendant cites to Washington Mut. Bank, FA v. Superior Court , 24 Cal. 4th 906, 919, 103 Cal.Rptr.2d 320, 15 P.3d 1071 (2001) and to Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court , 3 Cal. 4th 459, 466, 11 Cal.Rptr.2d 330, 834 P.2d 1148 (1992) for the proposition: "The proper inquiry when analyzing a choice-of-law provision is merely whether the provision, alone, is enforceable and which law should apply." Reply at 13. However, neither of these courts faced the question of whether a choice of law provision was unconscionable. Furthermore, rather than argue that the choice of law provision is not unconscionable, Defendant asserts that courts simply ignore the choice of law provision if it is not valid rather than invalidate the contract. Nonetheless, presented with a challenge on unconscionability, the Court must examine the choice of law clause.

In Pinela v. Neiman Marcus Group, Inc. , the California Court of Appeal found that it was substantively unconscionable to have a Texas choice of law provision because under Texas law a plaintiff could not bring a private right of enforcement under Labor Code provisions at issue. Pinela v. Neiman Marcus Group, Inc. , 238 Cal. App. 4th 227, 251, 190 Cal.Rptr.3d 159 (2015). Under California law a plaintiff would have been able to bring those claims. Id. The choice of law provision barring that right was unconscionable. Id.

Defendant argues that Pinela was wrongly decided because courts cannot rely on the uniqueness of arbitration when invalidating a contract. However, the problem with the choice of law provision is not peculiar to arbitration. It is problematic even if applied to a lawsuit in court. Pinela continues to be good law and applies. The choice of law provision has a high degree of substantive unconscionability.

d. Requirement to Arbitrate in Illinois

Plaintiff challenges the requirement to arbitrate in Chicago, Illinois. "[T]he California Supreme Court has stated that California courts must enforce a forum selection clause unless the clause is unreasonable because ‘the forum selected would be unavailable or unable to accomplish substantial justice’; inconvenience and expense of the forum alone is not sufficient." Poublon , 846 F.3d at 1264–65 (quoting Tompkins , 840 F.3d at 1027 ). A distant forum is not necessarily "unavailable or unable to accomplish substantial justice." Id. at 1265 (quoting Tompkins , 840 F.3d at 1027 ). "California appellate courts considering forum selection clauses in adhesion contracts have held that ‘[n]either inconvenience nor additional expense in litigating in the selected forum is part of the test of unreasonability.’ " Tompkins , 840 F.3d at 1028 (quoting Cal–State Bus. Prods. & Servs., Inc. v. Ricoh , 12 Cal.App.4th 1666, 16 Cal.Rptr.2d 417 (Cal. Ct. App. 1993) ) (alterations in original). However, if the forum is "so gravely difficult and inconvenient that [the plaintiffs] will for all practical purposes be deprived of [their] day in court", it is unenforceable. Id. at 1029 (alteration in original). Plaintiff has not set forth any facts establishing that arbitrating in Chicago is so difficult that she would essentially be denied her day in court. Moreover, Chicago has a nexus to this case; it is where Defendant's headquarters is located. Cf. Tompkins , 840 F.3d at 1029. For these reasons, Plaintiff has failed to set forth facts establishing the forum selection clause is unconscionable.

e. Conclusion

As explained above, Plaintiff has established a modest degree of procedural unconscionability. Plaintiff has established a high degree of substantive unconscionability as it relates to the choice of law provision and the lack of mutuality pertaining to exceptions from arbitration.

F. Severability

The agreement at issue here has a severability clause. The arbitration agreement reads:

To the extent a court of competent jurisdiction determines any provision is not enforceable, the parties agree that the court may modify the provision to the minimum extent necessary to make the provision enforceable. Further, any such invalid provision shall not invalidate the remaining provisions, which shall remain in full force and effect.

Docket No. 18-2 at 15. "It is the law that where no strong objections of public policy are present, a party to an illegal contract may be permitted to enforce it." Nevcal Enterprises, Inc. v. Cal-Neva Lodge, Inc. , 217 Cal. App. 2d 799, 806, 32 Cal.Rptr. 106 (Ct. App. 1963). "The presumption in favor of applying the law that tends to validate a contract is important where the alternative is no contract at all." Eli Lilly Do Brasil, Ltda. v. Fed. Express Corp. , 502 F.3d 78, 88 (2d Cir. 2007). Severability "clauses evidence the parties' intent that, to the extent possible, the valid provisions of the contracts be given effect, even if some provision is found to be invalid or unlawful." Baeza v. Superior Court , 201 Cal. App. 4th 1214, 135 Cal.Rptr.3d 557 (Ct. App. 2011). "The presence of a severability clause makes severance more feasible." Smith v. Vmware, Inc. , No. 15-CV-03750-TEH, 2016 WL 54120, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2016) ; Grabowski , 817 F.Supp.2d at 1179 ) (severing unconscionable provisions in part because the agreement had a severability clause).

Here, there are no strong public policy reasons barring the enforcement of the severability clause in the instant case. Indeed, its enforcement comports with common law principles governing severance.

"[A] court should sever an unconscionable provision unless the agreement is so ‘permeated’ by unconscionability that it cannot be cured by severance." Serafin , LLC , 235 Cal. App. 4th at 183–84, 185 Cal.Rptr.3d 151. The California Supreme Court has recognized that multiple unconscionable provisions "indicate a systematic effort to impose arbitration on an employee." Armendariz , 24 Cal. 4th at 124, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669. However, "the Court did not hold that any time there is more than one unconscionable provision, severance is not possible." Burgoon v. Narconon of N. California , 125 F.Supp.3d 974, 990 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (Chen, J.) (discussing Armendariz ). See, e.g. , Bermudez , No. LACV1200987JAKEX, 2012 WL 12893080, at *14 (severing four provisions including a bilateral shifting of attorneys' fees and a unilateral exclusion from arbitration for a defendant's claims); Colvin , No. 15-CV-02078-EMC, 2015 WL 6735292, at *9 (severing multiple unconscionable provisions). A court may refuse to sever illegal provisions where the "central purpose of the contract is tainted with illegality" or if "there is no single provision a court can strike or restrict in order to remove the unconscionable taint from the agreement." Poublon , 846 F.3d at 1273 (quoting Ontiveros , 164 Cal. App. 4th at 515, 79 Cal.Rptr.3d 471 ). "[T]he dispositive question is whether ‘the central purpose of the contract’ is so tainted with illegality that there is no lawful object of the contract to enforce." Id. (quoting Marathon Entm't, Inc. v. Blasi , 42 Cal. 4th 974, 996, 70 Cal.Rptr.3d 727, 174 P.3d 741 (2008) ).

In contrast, "[w]here parts of an arbitration provision are unconscionable, the arbitration provision can be saved when the unconscionable portion ‘represent[s] only a part of [the] agreement and can be severed without disturbing the primary intent of the parties to arbitrate their disputes.’ " Openshaw v. FedEx Ground Package Sys. , Inc., 731 F.Supp.2d 987, 998 (C.D. Cal. 2010) (Carney, J.) (quoting Spinetti v. Serv. Corp. Int'l , 324 F.3d 212, 215 (3d Cir. 2003) ) (alteration in original). Severance is appropriate where "the illegality is collateral to the main purpose of the contract, and the illegal provision can be extirpated from the contract by means of severance or restriction." Armendariz , 24 Cal. 4th at 124, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669.

In this case, the exceptions for the injunctive relief and GRI's ability to seek judicial remedies for violations of the non-solicitation clause do not "permeate[ ] the arbitration agreements to such an extent that the purpose of the agreements—i.e., to arbitrate rather than litigate—was transformed—i.e., to impose arbitration ‘not simply as an alternative to litigation, but as an inferior forum.’ " Burgoon , 125 F.Supp.3d at 990 (quoting Armendariz , 24 Cal.4th at 124, 99 Cal.Rptr.2d 745, 6 P.3d 669 ); see Grabowski , 817 F.Supp.2d at 1179 (severing "three substantively unconscionable provisions (the ‘carve out’ provision stating that the Dispute Resolution Agreement does not apply to ‘any claims by the Company that includes a request for injunctive or equitable relief’; the confidentiality provision; and the attorney's fees provision)" because of federal policy favoring arbitration); Pope v. Sonatype, Inc. , No. 5:15-cv-00956-RMW, 2015 WL 2174033, at*7, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 60815, at *16–17 (N.D. Cal. May 8, 2015) (also severing three unconscionable provisions—"(1) [the] trade secret misappropriation injunctive relief carve-out, (2) the requirement that arbitration take place in Washington, D.C., and (3) the requirement that Pope pay attorney's fees unless he is a prevailing party"). And in view of the severability clause, the unconscionable carve-outs can be severed "without disturbing the primary intent of the parties to arbitrate their dispute." Openshaw , 731 F.Supp.2d at 998. The objectionable provisions may be severed without re-writing the agreement.

Hence, the choice of law provision and the two exceptions to arbitration for injunctive relief and enforcement of the non-solicitation clause may be severed from the agreement.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated herein, Defendant's motion to compel arbitration is GRANTED . The choice of law provision and Sections VII(c)(ii) and (iii) are unconscionable and are severed from the agreement.

This order disposes of Docket No. 17.

IT IS SO ORDERED.