MEMORANDUM OPINION

LEONIE M. BRINKEMA, District Judge.

Plaintiffs CACI International, Inc., CACI Inc. — Federal, CACI Premier Technology, Inc., and CACI N.V. (collectively "CACI") filed this declaratory judgment action against defendant St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company ("St. Paul"), seeking a declaration that, under its general commercial insurance policy, St. Paul is obligated to defend CACI in two pending lawsuits brought by Iraqi nationals claiming that they were abused and tortured by CACI employees. St. Paul has denied any duty to defend or indemnify CACI, arguing that the insurance policy expressly denies coverage for the conduct alleged in those lawsuits.

The parties have filed cross motions for summary judgment on the issue of St. Paul's duty to defend. For the reasons stated below, CACI's motion for summary judgment will be denied and St. Paul's motion for summary judgment will be granted.

Background

CACI, a Delaware company with its principal place of business in Virginia, provides logistical, engineering, technological, and professional support to the United States government. St. Paul, a Minnesota corporation with its principal place of business in Minnesota, provides property and casualty insurance to individuals and businesses.

On March 31, 2003, St. Paul issued a twelve month "Commercial General Liability Protection" policy to CACI. Coverage was capped at $1 million for each event, and $2 million for all claims. See Coverage Summary, Policy No. TE09001851, March 31, 2003. The policy also obligated St. Paul to defend CACI against any claim or suit for covered injury or damage.See Commercial General Liability Protection, at 3, Policy No. TE09001851, March 31, 2003. On March 31, 2004, CACI renewed the policy for an additional twelve months. The scope of coverage was not changed. See Coverage Summary, Policy No. TE09002030, March 31, 2004. The provisions of the two policies are identical in all material respects.

In May 2003, CACI acquired the assets of Premier Technology Group, Inc., a company specializing in the provision of intelligence support and information technology to the United States government. See Billings Decl. ¶¶ 5, 7. The company became a wholly-owned subsidiary of CACI and was renamed CACI Premier Technology, Inc. ("CACI Premier"). Id. ¶ 7.

Pursuant to two contracts issued in August 2003, CACI Premier agreed to provide interrogators and screeners to assist with military intelligence operations in Iraq. Id. ¶ 10. A third contract was awarded in December 2003. Id. Under these contracts, interrogators and screeners were deployed to various locations in Iraq, including the Abu Ghraib prison. Id. ¶ 11.

In late April 2004, the news media began airing reports of detainee abuse at the Abu Ghraib prison. On May 10, 2004, CACI notified its insurance broker of its potential involvement in the detainee abuse. See Stewart Decl. ¶ 6. On May 13, 2004, this information was relayed to St. Paul. Id. ¶ 7.

On June 9, 2004, a group of former detainees alleging abuse by CACI employees at the Abu Ghraib prison and the Buka prison filed a class-action suit against CACI and its subsidiaries in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California. In their complaint, plaintiffs allege that CACI interrogators committed numerous acts of abuse, including spraying naked detainees with cold water during the winter months, tying their hands behind their backs and leaving them naked on the floor, sometimes in the presence of dogs, and ordering them to stand naked in a room with the opposite sex. Plaintiffs also allege that CACI interrogators placed detainees outside during the summer months with their hands tied behind their backs; hit detainees with electric cables and stun guns; electrocuted detainees' penises, anuses, and tongues; sodomized detainees with sticks; forced detainees to masturbate and engage in sexual acts; kicked and hit detainees on their heads, backs, stomachs, and genitals; placed hoods over detainees for extended periods of time, causing them to become disorientated and suffer breathing problems; placed flexi-cuffs around detainees' wrists for extended periods of time, causing skin lesions; deprived detainees of food, water, and sleep; forced detainees to stand in stress positions — hands above head, standing on one leg, crouching, etc. — for hours or days; hung detainees from the ceiling by their hands; and threatened to kill members of detainees' families. See Complaint, Al Rawi v. Titan Corp., No. 04-1143 (S.D. Cal. June 9, 2004) ("the Saleh complaint"). The civil action was transferred to this district pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404, see Saleh v. Titan Corp., 361 F. Supp.2d 1152 (S.D. Cal. 2005), and finally to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. See Order [61], Al Rawi v. Titan Corp., No. 05-427 (E.D. Va. Jan. 13, 2006).

On July 27, 2004, another group of plaintiffs — seven Iraqi nationals alleging that they or their late husbands had been abused at Abu Ghraib — filed a similar complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. See Complaint, Ibrahim v. Titan Corp., No. 04-1248 (D.D.C. July 27, 2004) ("the Ibrahim complaint"). In that complaint, the plaintiffs allege that

defendants and/or their agents tortured one or more of them by: beating them; depriving them of food and water; subjecting them to long periods of excessive noise; forcing them to be naked for prolonged periods; holding a pistol (which turned out to be unloaded) to the head of one of them and pulling the trigger; threatening to attack them with dogs; exposing them to cold for prolonged periods; urinating on them; depriving them of sleep; making them listen to loud music; photographing them while naked; forcing them to witness the abuse of other prisoners, including rape, sexual abuse, beatings and attacks by dogs; gouging out an eye; breaking a leg; electrocuting one of them; spearing one of them; forcing one of them to wear women's underwear over his head; having women soldiers order one of them to take off his clothes and then beating him when he refused to do so; forbidding one of them to pray, withholding food during Ramadan, and otherwise ridiculing and mistreating him for his religious beliefs; and falsely telling one of them that his family members had been killed.

On June 10, 2004 and August 9, 2004, St. Paul received notice of the complaints. See Stewart Decl. ¶¶ 9-10. In a reservation of rights letter dated November 3, 2004, St. Paul concluded that its insurance policy with CACI did not cover the activities alleged in the two complaints, and it declined to pay for CACI's defense to the litigation. See Morse Decl. ¶¶ 18-19. St. Paul also filed a declaratory judgment action, asserting that it had no duty to defend or indemnify CACI or its subsidiaries in connection with the lawsuits. See Complaint, St. Paul Fire v. CACI International, No. 04-1336 (E.D. Va. Nov. 3, 2004).

Pursuant to a tolling agreement, St. Paul voluntarily dismissed its declaratory judgment action without prejudice to await the outcome of CACI's motion for summary judgment. See Morse Decl. ¶¶ 21-22. On November 6, 2007, Judge Robertson denied CACI's motion. See Ibrahim v. Titan Corp., Nos. 04-1248, 05-1165, 2007 WL 3274784 (D.D.C. Nov. 6, 2007).

On March 14, 2008, CACI filed the instant declaratory judgment action against St. Paul, seeking a declaration that St. Paul is obligated to defend CACI in the two lawsuits. St. Paul filed a counterclaim requesting a contrary declaration that St. Paul has no duty either to defend or indemnify CACI under the terms of the insurance policy.

Standard of Review

Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c);Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1985). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court should accept the evidence of the non-moving party, and all justifiable inferences must be drawn in that party's favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).

Discussion

The parties raise numerous issues in support of their respective motions. St. Paul first argues that the alleged abuses by CACI interrogators — assault, electrocution, deprivation of food, etc. — are knowing and intentional acts, and that intentional acts fall outside of the insurance policy's coverage. In response, CACI concedes that many of the alleged acts are intentional, but it argues that the complaints also permit proof that some of the detainees' injuries were caused by negligent conduct. Because injury resulting from negligence is expressly covered by the policy, CACI insists that St. Paul's duty to defend is triggered as a matter of law.

St. Paul next argues that it has no duty to defend CACI because all the alleged abuse and misconduct occurred in Iraq, which falls outside of the coverage territory of the insurance policy. CACI disputes this proposition, asserting that the terms of the policy are sufficiently capacious to encompass its activities in Iraq. Furthermore, CACI argues that the Saleh complaint alleges negligent hiring and supervision against the corporation, and that such alleged negligence presumably occurred within the United States.

Lastly, St. Paul contests whether CACI Premier is even a covered subsidiary under the policy, and whether CACI provided timely notice to St. Paul of its potential liability for its operations in Iraq.

There is no need to resolve each of these disagreements because the issue of geographic scope, that is whether CACI's alleged conduct falls within the coverage territory of the policy, is dispositive for purposes of summary judgment.

I. Scope of Coverage

The Eight Corners Rule first directs the Court to construe the terms of the insurance policy relating to the scope of coverage. Traditional rules of contract interpretation are used to determine the meaning of the terms of an insurance policy. Unambiguous provisions are to be given their plain and ordinary meaning. See Gov't Employees Ins. Co. v. Moore, 580 S.E.2d 823, 828 (Va. 2003). However, ambiguous provisions should be "construe[d] in favor of coverage or indemnity and against a limitation of coverage." United Servs. Auto Ass'n v. Webb, 235 Va. 655, 369 S.E.2d 196, 198 (Va. 1989).

Under the terms of the policy, St. Paul agreed to make payments "only for covered injury or damage that's caused by events that happen, or offenses that are committed" in the "coverage territory." Commercial General Liability Protection, at 6, Policy No. TE09002030, March 31, 2004. The "coverage territory" is defined as the United States, including its territories and possessions, Puerto Rico, Canada, and "international waters and airspace only during travel or transportation between any of the above places." Id. at 7. St. Paul also agreed to

apply, and make payments under, this agreement for covered injury or damage that's caused by events which happen, or offenses which are committed, in the rest of the world if . . . the events or offenses result from the activities of a person whose home is in the coverage territory, but is away from there for a short time on your business. . . .

Under the plain and ordinary meaning of this provision, coverage for injuries caused by events that happen or offenses committed outside of the coverage territory is excluded unless three conditions are satisfied: (1) the employee resides in the coverage territory; (2) his absence from the coverage territory is for "a short time"; and (3) he is acting within the scope of his employment or agency with the insured during the absence.

Although the phrase "a short time" does not fix a precise upper boundary for the length of time that an employee may be away from the coverage territory, the ordinary meaning of the adjective "short" is well established; it means "lasting a brief time."American Heritage College Dictionary 1260 (3d ed. 2000).

The phrase "a short time" must also be read in the context of the entire policy. Cf. Resource Bankshares Corp. v. St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co., 407 F.3d 631, 636 (4th Cir. 2005) ("As with other contracts, when interpreting a policy courts must not . . . examine certain specific words or provisions in a vacuum, apart from the policy as a whole."). Given the twelve-month duration of the policy, characterizing a multi-month overseas deployment as "a short time" away from the coverage territory would strain the ordinary meaning of "a short time." Rather, it is clear that this provision extends coverage only to brief business trips where the employee's permanent work site or duty station remains inside the coverage territory.

Having clarified the terms of the insurance policy, the Court must next discern whether any of the allegations in theSaleh and Ibrahim complaints potentially come within the coverage territory.

II. Allegations of Misconduct by CACI Interrogators

CACI argues the Saleh and Ibrahim complaints are silent as to the length of time that the CACI interrogators were allegedly in Iraq. CACI contends that because there is an open possibility that its interrogators were in Iraq for "a short time," St. Paul is obligated to defend it in the underlying lawsuits. In response, St. Paul references CACI's contracts with the United States government to demonstrate that CACI interrogators were deployed to Iraq for an extended duration, well beyond any reasonable definition of the "short time" period contemplated in the insurance policy. In arguing their positions, the parties vigorously dispute the quantum of evidence that the Court should consider under the Eight Corners Rule.

When applying the Eight Corners Rule, Virginia courts look only to the allegations in the complaint to discern whether the insurer has a duty to defend under the policy. See Reisen v. Aetna Life Cas. Co., 302 S.E.2d 529, 531 (Va. 1993). Evidence outside of that initial pleading cannot be considered. See Capital Envtl. Servs., 536 F. Supp.2d at 642. Given this rule, it is necessary to identify just what evidence is "intrinsic" to theSaleh and Ibrahim complaints.

There is a dearth of authority on what constitutes "intrinsic" evidence for purposes of the Eight Corners Rule. However, the Eight Corners Rule is a variant of the well-established Four Corners Rule, which is employed to test the legal sufficiency of a complaint at an early stage of litigation. When considering a motion to dismiss under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) in federal court or a demurrer in state court, a court must accept the truth of all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint and ignore any extrinsic evidence.

However, in some cases, a document or exhibit outside of the complaint may be "intrinsic" to the complaint. For instance, a document attached to the complaint is deemed part of that pleading, and may be considered in evaluating a motion to dismiss. See Sec'y of State for Def. v. Trimble Navigation Ltd., 484 F.3d 700, 705 (4th Cir. 2007) ("In reviewing the dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), . . . [w]e may consider documents attached to the complaint. . . .") (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 10(c)); Flippo v. F L Land Co., 400 S.E.2d 156, 156 (Va. 1991) ("On demurrer, a court may examine not only the substantive allegations of the pleading attacked but also any accompanying exhibit mentioned in the pleading.").

Furthermore, in federal court, "when a defendant attaches a document to its motion to dismiss, `a court may consider it in determining whether to dismiss the complaint if it was integral to and explicitly relied on in the complaint and if the plaintiffs do not challenge its authenticity.'" Am. Chiropractic Ass'n v. Trigon Healthcare, Inc., 367 F.3d 212, 234 (4th Cir. 2004) (alterations and citation omitted). In a similar vein, a defendant in Virginia may file a motion craving oyer to admit a written agreement that was referenced in the underlying complaint. The court may then consider that agreement on a demurrer. Cf. Ward's Equipment, Inc. v. New Holland North Am., Inc., 493 S.E.2d 516, 518 (Va. 1997).

There is no reason not to apply these principles here. If a document or exhibit could be considered in evaluating a motion to dismiss or a demurrer, it can also be considered under the Eight Corners Rule. When determining whether an insurer has a duty to defend its insured in litigation, a court may look to (1) the allegations in the underlying complaint, (2) any document or exhibit attached to the complaint, and (3) any document or exhibit explicitly relied on in the complaint if its authenticity is not challenged.

Given this approach, the exhibits attached to the Saleh complaint, which include a job posting for "Team Titan" and a military report documenting the abuses at Abu Ghraib, are intrinsic to the complaint and will be considered. See Complaint, Exhibits A-D, Al Rawi v. Titan Corp., No. 04-1143 (S.D. Cal. June 9, 2004). CACI's written contracts with the United States government also constitute appropriate intrinsic evidence. Although not attached to the Saleh and Ibrahim complaints, these contracts are expressly incorporated into the complaints, and several of the legal claims are predicated on the contractual relationship created by these documents. See, e.g., Saleh Complaint ¶¶ 48, 53, 57, 81, 289-91; Ibrahim Complaint ¶¶ 11, 27, 60, 88-90. Furthermore, CACI has not challenged their authenticity, nor could CACI credibly make such a challenge because it affirmatively offered these contracts as evidence in support of its motion for summary judgment before Judge Robertson. See Motion for Summary Judgment [79], Billings Decl., Exhibits 1-3, Saleh v. Titan Corp., No. 05-1165 (D.D.C. Aug. 4, 2006).

The Saleh and Ibrahim complaints are not, as CACI contends, completely silent as to the length of time that the CACI interrogators were in Iraq. Rather, they allege that CACI dispatched its personnel to Iraq to perform interrogations and maintain interrogation facilities for the United States military.See Ibrahim Complaint ¶ 1 (alleging that plaintiffs "were unlawfully tortured by agents or employees of the Defendants, who were under contract with the United States government to provide security and intelligence services and to maintain facilities for the incarceration of said detainees"); id. ¶ 11 (alleging that CACI "provided interrogation services to the United States government with respect to detainees held in Guantanamo and Iraq"); Saleh Complaint ¶ 86 ("[I]n or around October 2003, five Interrogation Teams . . . were sent to Iraq to set up a `Gitmostyle' prison at Abu Ghraib."). The complaints further allege that the detainees were confined and abused over the course of multiple months by CACI interrogators. See, e.g., Ibrahim Complaint ¶¶ 34-35, 38-39, 42-43; Saleh Complaint ¶¶ 117-18, 137. These alleged activities, by their very nature, are not indicative of a brief oversees business trip, but rather of a more permanent presence in Iraq.

The exhibits attached to the Saleh complaint further corroborate St. Paul's position. Exhibit A is a job posting for linguistics support positions with Team Titan's "Technical Operational Support Group" in Baghdad. Team Titan is described as a collaborative effort between CACI and other corporations "to maintain and enhance government owned computer software and provide intelligence analysis support" for the United States military. Id. at 1 (emphasis added). It is difficult to imagine how one could "maintain" software and provide intelligence support with only "short time" employees. Moreover, Team Titan required its employees "to work 12-hour shifts and in excess of 60-hour weeks," "to work as part of a civil-military team in an unstructured environment," and to "live and work in a harsh environment." Id. at 4-5. This job posting is compelling evidence that those CACI employees with Team Titan were not dispatched to Iraq for "a short time."

Exhibit D is a report from the Article 15-6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade. The report identifies two CACI employees as having direct responsibility for the abuses at Abu Ghraib and concludes that one employee improperly instructed military personnel to engage in improper interrogation techniques:

• "Mr. Steven Stephanowicz, Contract US Civilian Interrogator, CACI, 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, . . . [a]llowed and/or instructed MPs, who were not trained in interrogation techniques, to facilitate interrogations by `setting conditions' which were neither authorized and in accordance with applicable regulations/policy. He clearly knew his instructions equated to physical abuse." Id. at 48.

• "Specifically, I suspect that COL Thomas M. Pappas, LTC Steve L. Jordan, Mr. Steven Stephanowicz, and Mr. John Israel where either directly or indirectly responsible for the abuses at Abu Ghraib (BCCF) and strongly recommend immediate disciplinary action. . . . " Id.

Given the reportedly high level of involvement of these two CACI employees in the alleged abuse, and the time span over which such abuse is alleged to have occurred, it is not reasonable to conclude that these two CACI employees were in Iraq for "a short time."

Most significantly, the responsibilities of the CACI interrogation personnel were definitively outlined in CACI's contracts with the United States government. On August 14, 2003, CACI entered into a $13.8 million contract to "provid[e] the Assistant Chief of Staff (ACofS), C2, [Combined Joint Task Force-Seven] with interrogation operations support." CACI agreed to provide "Interrogation Support Cells, as directed by military authority, throughout the [Combined Joint Task Force-Seven Area of Responsibility] to assist, supervise, coordinate, and monitor all aspects of interrogation activities, in order to provide timely and actionable intelligence to the commander."

Under this contract, CACI agreed to provide the following personnel: one coordinator, one theater interrogation support cell (minimum 10 interrogators, six screeners, and six research clerks), and three division interrogation support cells (minimum four interrogators, six screeners, and two research clerks per cell). The support cells were expected to operate 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Each position required a security clearance and demanded a six or seven day work week, with 12-hour shifts each day. Before deployment, personnel had to secure appropriate documentation, visas, immunization shots, and readiness training.

The contract's period of performance was listed as August 1, 2003 to July 31, 2004, with an option for renewal. The place of performance was designated as follows: "The government intends the contractor personnel to perform from the offices of the [Combined Joint Task Force-Seven] Iraq and designated interrogation facilities."

On December 3, 2003, CACI entered into a separate $21.8 million contract to assist the Combined Joint Task Force-Seven "in performance of HUMINT and Counterintelligence (CI) missions at secure and fixed locations." The HUMINT Support Teams would

conduct missions such as debriefing of personnel, intelligence liaison with installation units/personnel, support to OPSEC/SAEDA awareness programs, CI/security assessments, screening of locally employed persons (LEP screening), initial handling of walk-ins, CI support to force protection, intelligence report writing/quality control, and screening/interrogation of detainees at established holding areas.

As part of this contract, CACI agreed to provide three CI/HUMINT advisors to coordinate screening and interrogation operations. CACI additionally agreed to furnish 15 senior counterintelligence agents, 30 junior counterintelligence agents, and 30 junior interrogators, all of whom had to have knowledge of military interrogation procedures. The positions required 12-hour shifts and six-day work weeks.

This second contract contained the same performance parameters as the first contract. CACI agreed to a one-year period of performance, from November 1, 2003 to October 31, 2004, with an option for renewal. The offices of the Combined Joint Task Force-Seven in Baghdad, along with subordinate divisional offices, were designated as the place of performance.

Given the one-year period of performance, the extensive job requirements and responsibilities, the mandate that these personnel obtain top level security clearances, numerous documents, and readiness training before arriving in the theater, and the military's provision of living quarters, personal amenities, and medical services, CACI's suggestion that its interrogators might have been sent to Iraq for "a short time" is not credible. They were not there for a business trip or a temporary job assignment. The government requested, and CACI provided, a corps of contract interrogators to live and work in Iraq for an extended time period.

On this record, all the evidence intrinsic to the two complaints and reasonable inferences therein support St. Paul's position that CACI's interrogators were not deployed to Iraq for "a short time." Because these employees were outside of the coverage territory of CACI's insurance policy, St. Paul has no duty to defend CACI against the allegations in the Saleh andIbrahim complaints.

III. Allegations of Negligent Hiring and Supervision

Lastly, CACI contends that, even if the policy excludes coverage for the activities of CACI's interrogators in Iraq, the policy requires St. Paul to defend it because the Saleh complaint alleges that CACI was negligent in hiring and supervising its interrogators in Iraq. This argument is not persuasive.

The intent of the parties in drafting the territorial limitations of the policy is unmistakable. Except in limited circumstances, St. Paul has expressly disavowed any duty to defend or indemnify CACI for "injury . . . that's caused by events which happen, or offenses which are committed, in the rest of the world." This territorial exclusion applies with equal force to claims of supervisory negligence, as the factual predicate for such claims arises from the underlying tortious conduct of the employee. If the underlying conduct of the employee — in this case, the alleged abuse and torture of detainees in Iraq — occurred outside of the coverage area, then there is no coverage under the plain language of the policy.

Conclusion

A separate order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered.